CC BY
26
Бреслер М.Г. Bresler M.G.
кандидат философских наук, доцент кафедры «Международные отношения, история и востоковедение», ФГБОУ ВО «Уфимский государственный нефтяной технический университет», г. Уфа, Российская Федерация
ПРЕДП РИНИМАТЕЛЬСТВО
Сулейманов А.Р. Suleymanov Л.К
кандидат политических наук, доцент кафедры «Международные отношения, история и востоковедение», ФГБОУ ВО «Уфимский государственный нефтяной технический университет», г. Уфа, Российская Федерация
Рабогошвили А.А. Rabogoshvili A.A.
кандидат исторических наук, доцент кафедры «Международные отношения, история и востоковедение», ФГБОУ ВО «Уфимский государственный нефтяной технический университет», г. Уфа, Российская Федерация
Сердюк А.В. Serdyuk A.V.
магистрант кафедры «Международные отношения, история и востоковедение», ФГБОУ ВО «Уфимский государственный нефтяной технический университет», г. Уфа, Российская Федерация
УДК 316.346.36:004 DOI: 10.17122/2541-8904-2022-2-40-53-64
FACING THE DIGITAL FUTURE: CIE POTENTIAL OF GEN Z
Gen Z has reached the age of 18-24 and will exert an essential impact on the social, economic and political processes in information/digital society. This society attaches great significance to such qualities as Sustainability-Oriented Creativity, Innovation, and Entrepreneurship (CIE), which expand opportunities for networking and creation of communications, give a competitive advantage and contribute to the development of an individual and the society. The purpose of the study is to reveal the possession of generation Z representatives of creative, innovative and entrepreneurial potential, and the presence of a propensity for creative labor. Using the information and communication method we have carried out an analysis based on literature data and our own research such as a Gen Z questionnaire survey and interview data from representatives of the older generation who communicate with young people (Gen Y&X). The completed research shows an
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aspiration of most of the Centennials for creative labor, proficient use of digital technologies and their desire to work in modern industries, in particular, IT-sphere. The authors of the paper concluded that the formation of the future entrepreneurship activities would be impacted by CIE factors based on horizontal ties and network interaction. It predicts the decreasing role of bureaucracy and the transition of management from organization towards coordination and facilitation of work for professionals, which allows us to assume the possibility of an optimistic forecast for the social development in the medium term. The authors believe that predictions of replacing humans with Artificial Intelligence (AI) in the industrial sector are unlikely. The high potential of the CIE will allow Generation Z to work successfully using all the achievements of digital technologies for the development of the society. This is changing the common perception of the future as a world dominated by robots, god-like elites and marginalized masses.
Key words: generational theory, generation Z, creativity, innovation, entrepreneurship, information society, network society, digital technologies, network, innovative economy.
ВЫЗОВЫ ЦИФРОВОГО БУДУЩЕГО: ТВОРЧЕСКИЙ, ИННОВАЦИОННЫЙ И ПРЕДПРИНИМАТЕЛЬСКИЙ ПОТЕНЦИАЛ ПОКОЛЕНИЯ Z
Представители поколения Z, достигшие возраста 18-24 лет, будут оказывать значительное влияние на социальные, экономические и политические процессы в информационном/цифровом обществе. В этом контексте большое значение придается таким качествам, как ориентированное на устойчивое развитие творчество, инновации и предпринимательство (CIE). Они расширяют возможности для нетворкинга и создания коммуникаций, дают конкурентное преимущество и способствуют развитию личности и общества. Целью данного исследования стало выявление наличия у представителей поколения Z творческого, инновационного и предпринимательского потенциала, а также наличия склонности к творческому труду. С помощью информационно-коммуникативного метода был проведён анализ на основе литературных данных и собственных исследований (анкетный опрос поколения Z, данные интервью представителей старшего поколения, общающихся с молодежью (поколение Y&X)). Проведенное исследование свидетельствует о стремлении большинства центиниалов к творческому труду, грамотному использованию цифровых технологий и об их стремлении работать в современных отраслях, в частности, в IT-сфере. Авторы статьи пришли к выводу, что будущая предпринимательская деятельность представителей поколения Z будет основываться на силах горизонтальных связей и сетевого взаимодействия. Прогнозируется снижение роли бюрократии и переход от управления организацией к содействию профессиональному росту специалистов. Это позволяет в среднесрочной перспективе допустить возможность оптимистичного прогноза общественного развития. Авторы считают, что прогнозируемая замена людей искусственным интеллектом (ИИ) в промышленном секторе маловероятна. Высокий творческий, инновационный и предпринимательский потенциал позволит поколению Z успешно работать, используя все достижения цифровых технологий для развития общества. Это меняет общее представление о будущем как о мире, в котором доминируют роботы, богоподобные элиты и маргинализированные массы.
Ключевые слова: теория поколений, поколение Z, творчество, инновации, предпринимательство, информационное общество, сетевое общество, цифровые технологии, сеть, инновационная экономика.
The modern society is undergoing a transition towards information/digital stage, characterized by the rapid transformation of social institutions, organizations, social and economic processes. The formation of a dynamically stable sustainable society in the XXI century is based
on a variety of factors, including the development of entrepreneurship, activation and involvement of wider layers of the global population in productive labor as well as the creation of innovative products. This is particularly important in view of the burgeoning industry of
robotics, rise of the Artificial Intelligence (AI) technology, which, as futurist scholars opine [1], will inevitably lead to the critical shrinkage of job offers on the part of large companies. The attainment of sustainable society ideals depends on our ability to adapt to the emergent life and labor conditions, our readiness to work within creative industries and seemingly the most viable IT industry.
Following the universally accepted practice of using the concept of CIE, we stress its importance here and set out to use it throughout the article as «Sustainability-Oriented Creativity, Innovation and Entrepreneurship». The integral triad of CIE presumably determines a successful trajectory of a single individual and the society in general. The rate and scope of societal transition towards CIE in the future can plausibly be predicted through the systematic study of predilections of the younger generation (those born at the turn of the XX and XXI centuries) for the CIE, as this generation is about to set future trends in the society.
Over the last three years, Generation Z (the authors use the set terms for generation Z, such as Gen Z or centennials, as synonyms) has been oftentimes in the focus of scholarly attention. In the previous articles, we already stated that Generation Z demonstrates pragmatism, multitasking [2] and complex identity, formed based on multiple values. This manifests itself, inter alia, through their keen interest in different styles of art, no longer used by them as certain signs of self-identification, unlike the preceding Generations X a Y [3]. Among other features identified earlier we can also notice their particularly serious attitude toward veracity/ accuracy of information, acquired by them from social networks, and more generally, towards ecology of network communication.
The development of digital technologies changes drastically the character of work bringing brainwork to the fore, while downplaying physical labor and providing people with less time for testing hypotheses. Therefore, creativity is becoming essential to a person of the digital society as it serves to enhance the quality and quantity of his
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communications, or his communication capital [4].
As representatives of the information/digital society, Gen Z also underwent a certain transformation in work motivation. Unlike the preceding generations, espousing in most cases the values of the industrial era and displaying a certain work motivation in close correlation with the person's age throughout the XX century [5], Generation Z perceives work as part of their life, as a type of communication activity, making it possible for them to secure social recognition, and also personal development, which are no less important for them as material reward and career progress (crucial factors for the Gen X and Gen Y) [6].
Work motivation as a key factor for Gen Z has been recently described with regard to diverse domains, including the motivation of medical students towards teaching [7]. The attractiveness of work depends directly on the social appreciation of its results [8] and the opportunities for creativity. At the same time, it is assumed that centennials are ready to endure financial hardships and household inconveniences for the sake of potential success of a project [9].
In economically developed nations, Gen Z tends to share a number of glocal features. In this review we specially emphasize the case of East and South Asia, as the society in the two regions show a particular concern for upbringing their Generation Z in line with the model of the future/ digital society.
«The Opinions of the General Office of the State Council on Regulating the Development of After-School Tutoring Institutions» [10] adopted by the General Office of the State Council of the People's Republic of China (PRC) are intended to optimize study time at secondary schools. The Covid-19 pandemic and transition to the online format of education along with the intention of parents to prepare their children for annual and final graduation exams led to the excessive workload for students and huge expenses on private tutors for their parents.
However, this document contains some inner meaning, in particular, the focus is now directed towards the Teacher - (Laoshi) as
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Confucius would understand it - that is the main source of life wisdom and scientific knowledge. The idea of the PRC authorities is that the fundamental knowledge transmitted by the school teacher as combined with different kinds of art and sports, would serve to educate the new generation of information/digital society or cognitariat who share some typical traits of this social group - need for the creative labor, autonomism, network solidarity. Besides, Gen Z just as the current generation in China are receiving the impact defined in another program document «CPC Central Committee and State Council «Plan for the implementation of the moral construction of a citizen in a new era» [11] which aims at the adaptation of society, and primarily Gen Z and later generations, to the realities of the global information/digital society.
The society in the PRC just as in other countries of the Chinese civilization (Taiwan, Singapore) pays special attention to the upbringing of a creative personality within the CIE approach. Shu Yu, Ho S. and Huang T-C
[12] suggest a division of the general education program into levels ranging from the basic level of creative knowledge and skills to the second level of improving knowledge and its realization in applied fields and the third level of entrepreneurship with social responsibility. It should be emphasized that the authors deal with general education and work in innovative sectors, primarily, in Al-industry. The advanced economies of East Asia are in need of highly qualified staff and the governments of these counties are now allocating huge resources to the development of creative industries and entrepreneurship among the young generation.
In contrast to this region, South Asia (India, Pakistan, Bangladesh etc.) has a larger proportion of poor population, which does not have access to the financial resources of banks, venture funds or state programs for the development of entrepreneurship.
Nevertheless, under the circumstances of striking poverty South Asia saw the rise and development of another CIE model - «Jagaad»
[13] - an intention to create not a sophisticated and technically complex product, but a search for a quick and frugal innovation that would
satisfy the needs of local consumers. As part of «Jagaad» system, humans rely on the disobedience towards the daily hardships. The system emphasizes self-instruction through the trial-and-error approach. Students are to select the most efficient solution with the minimum of resources available [14]. The system generated millions of entrepreneurs, some of whom can possibly prove successful within the boundaries of their region, state (India) or the country in general. This type of entrepreneurship produces a negative impact on the classical scheme of entrepreneurship [15] as it facilitates the autonomization of the most active and talented people which in turn makes them adapted to the conditions of information/digital society as we conceive of it. This study aims to reveal how Gen Z can and want to work in the digital future.
Our research was conducted at the Ufa State Petroleum Technological University (Ufa, Russia) in May-September 2021 as part of a wider project on the study of Gen Z.
Methodology of research. The research is based on the application of the Information-Communicative Method (ICM) in the frame of the Cluster-network paradigm. Being part of the structural-functional approach, ICM views communication structure as ways of information exchange, allowing to assess interaction and the mutual impact of actors. The choice of the method is due to the fact that in the cluster paradigm the ICM considers Gen Z as participants in network interaction who use a network form of communication, and not a linear one typical for the previous generations. The authors consider representatives of generations as communities (clusters) mostly including representatives of one of the age cohorts. This method has been successfully applied by the authors in their previous studies and is described in detail in their previous publications [16].
Representatives of Gen Z are conceived of as a network community related to a multitude of other communities, limited by both age and local properties. Interaction also takes place in the framework of the «household cluster», aggregation of people united not only through family ties but also through shared values [17].
The impact of the «household cluster» as a separate theme is beyond the confines of the research and will be dealt with in detail later. Here we focus is on the attitude of Gen Z towards CIE philosophy.
Generation determination is highly significant. Development of information/digital society as sustainable entity depends largely on creative labor, enhancing the value of labor output [18]. Of special significance is the attitude of young people towards digital technologies, which is a key parameter at the stage of information/digital society formation.
The main tool of the research is questionnaire presented as Google Form. The survey embraced 400 respondents including 88 % - 352 individuals belong to the 18-24 age group (Gen Z). As a control group, we selected 12 % respondents in the age group 25-40 - Gen Y (4.2 %) and 41+ - Gen X (7.8 %).
The research united students of technical, science and humanity departments. In addition, during the research preparation period, we considered gender, ethnic and demographic diversity among respondents. Thus, we can assert that the survey is quite representative of Gen Z in general. From the social perspective, the respondents represent middle class - student, university professors, and media managers. This selection of respondents in this kind of research is used for a number of reasons. First, the middle class possesses quite a stable economic foothold and display diverse motivations such as their aspiration for education unlike other classes.
Second, unlike upper classes, most of the respondents strive to increase their income and accept the necessity of intensive labor as a source of welfare. Third, university students participating in surveys can be conceptualized as a young generation of the most active and intellectual groups of society.
At the same time, the responses of Gen Z demonstrate maximalism and youth romanticism typical of their age. To correct the results of the questionnaire data and to record the age factor, an interpretive approach was applied. Expert interviews gave us an opportunity to come up with a certain «look from outside» on Gen Z, which allowed us to correct the age factor. As
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additional instrument expert interviews were used (N= 10), for which we talked to university teachers, leaders of research and engineer companies. The experts, on condition of anonymity, were representatives of Gen Y -university professors (N = 4), middle managers of industrial enterprises (N = 3), heads of small and medium-sized media companies and advertising agencies (N = 2), a head of an IT company (N = 1).
The purpose of the study is to analyze the CIE potential of Gen Z as an important factor of successful production activities in the information/digital society.
The objectives:
1. To identify opportunities and needs for creative labor, and the role of creativity in Gen Z production activities.
2. To analyze the attitude of the older generation to the specific features of Gen Z and the possibility of their adaptation to working teams.
Results of research. As the survey revealed, most of the respondents involved representing Gen Z displayed a certain inclination for creative activities. More than 70%, that is the bulk of the, practiced music, dances, theater at art schools, clubs and studios in school years. This makes centennials distinct from their predecessors, Gen Y, who were mostly involved in creative activities on an individual basis. Presumably, this has to do with the bettering of economic situation in the country and a certain change of priorities among their parents.
More than half of the centennials believe they have an aptitude for creative activity (65.3 %). Systemic instruction in arts lays the foundations for their interest in creativity. At the same time, centennials show less concern for the public manifestation of their creativity than the older generations. Pic. 1 presents a distribution of responses by Gen Z (row 3), Gen Y - (row 2) and Gen X (row 1).
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70 60 50 a 40
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Pic. 1. Public manifestation of creative activities Diagram: blue row represents Gen X, orange raw - Gen Y, gray row - Gen Z. Columns: 1 means «yes, participated in festivals, concerts, exhibitions»; 2 - «yes, published videos and photos of my creative activities in social media websites»; 3 - «yes, organized apartment concerts and exhibitions for my kins or friends»; 4 - «yes, but only remotely and anonymously - through social networking websites»; 5 - «no, I practice creative activities for my own pleasure»; 6 - «no, no one cares for my creativity except myself». Own research
As the diagram demonstrates, the biggest ratio of responses of Gen Z (row 3) is represented by response № 5 - 'I practice creative activities for my own pleasure», as the centennials consider that involvement in creative activities can facilitate work, studies (65 %), are an integral part of work, studies (59,3 %). In our opinion, centennials are immersed in
information/digital environment and regard creativity pragmatically as part of wider work activity. At the same time, they regard their involvement in music, art or theater practices as hobby that can possibly evolve into their major activity. This argument confirms their responses to the next question - that is what helps to develop creative faculties, as shown on pic. 2.
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12 3 4 5 6 7 8
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Pic. 2. Creative faculties are facilitated by: Diagram: blue row represents Gen X, orange row - Gen Y, row grey - Gen Z. Columns: 1 means «communication with creative people»; 2 - «studying cultural legacy of my ethnic group»; 3 - «studying
cultural legacy of humanity»; 4 - «interaction on social networking websites»; 5 - «video games, cybersport»; 6 - «comfortable life conditions»; 7 - «possibilities for the commercialization of creative work»; 8 - «creative environment on the team». Own research
As the picture shows, unlike older generations centennials prefer communication with «creative people» and colleagues, who are within their cluster. In contrast, most of the responses of Gen Y h X relate to № 3 - 'Studying cultural legacy of humanity» which implied a deeper focus on the creative process.
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The attitude of centennials towards entrepreneurship in general can be indirectly inferred from their attitude towards IT-industry. Pic. 3 shows a diagram of responses to the question - «IT-industry is attractive because...».
Pic. 3. Question: «IT-industry is attractive because...» Responses: 1 means «large incomes and comfortable work conditions» (blue sector); 2 means «complex tasks and great opportunities for creativity» (red sector); 3 means «a great chance to make use of your knowledge» (orange sector); 4 means «new fashionable industry» (green sector); 5 means «attractive image promoted by cinema» (violet sector). Own research
Most of the respondents (52.6 %) went for № 1 - «large incomes and comfortable work conditions». However, 76.3 % of the respondents among Gen Z conformed to the statement that «among the vacancies offered to me I will pick up the one which provides more opportunities for creativity». The dichotomy of material and non-materials motivations can be explained by the fact that their responses share a certain irony as they assume this industry to provide high levels of income.
Apart from that, involved in the digital environment as users, about half of the centennials (50.9 %) have a vague idea of IT-industry, while 49.1 % stress their engagement in cybersports, promotion of goods and services on the social media websites, their work as bloggers, tiktokers, creation of websites and mobile apps, etc.
Of particular interest are also responses № 2 (complex tasks and great opportunities for creativity) - (18 %) and № 3 (a great chance to make use of your knowledge) - 16 % which testifies to a serious mindset and their attitude towards IT-industry on the part of those centennials who intend to work or already work in this industry.
The general interest of centennials in digital environment is also revealed by the question «Are you ready to work in the area of robot manufacture and maintenance, if need be, in the future? In case you go through additional instruction and you fail to find a job within your own specialization». As was expected, about 43.9 %, of the respondents answered in the affirmative provided they get a good salary, for 27.7 % this is an interesting job and 28.4 % would not accept this offer.
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Expert interviews enabled us to correct the responses of Gen Z in consideration with the age factor. Having analyzed the data provided by the survey, the experts noted the respondents' serious attitude towards their current creative activities but also some sort of irony when it came to their future activities including those in the IT-industry. A typical response is «The future work within the existing system is seen by students as a continuation of the «game», a sequence of pleasure and entertainment».
At the same time, we registered pragmatism characteristic of Gen Z, as they value material welfare in the pursuit of which they are ready to work systemically, as well as to acquire new knowledge and competencies.
Experts point out that Gen Z is different from its predecessors. They have got accustomed to «living on the net» and exchanging information in real time. Mr. B., the head of an oil company department, claims that they get surprised if the boss or a partner does not reply them immediately through the messengers of social networks, but asks them to come to the office. They try to avoid traditional correspondence and information transferring through various departments. They prefer to contact the person they need right away. However, once they find themselves in an environment with an established relationship format, they can quickly adapt. Once they understand the rules of the game, they are more likely to accept them if they see them as a way to improve the efficiency of the work process than to spend their resources on changing them.
Unlike the previous generation Y, centennials are not really fascinated with the prospects for entrepreneurship. The pragmatically oriented Generation Z prefers more efficient form of work, whether it is a sole proprietorship, volunteering or working in a company. However, they will not build long-term relationships with a company that does not embrace their ideas and values.
Another expert - Mr. I., a leading manager of an IT-company, stated, «It is difficult to make them [Gen Z] stay at the company only by material benefits or social package or through commonly used teambuilding techniques. It is necessary form them to feel that their
competences are needed, to resolve new tasks, requiring a creative approach. Of particular significance is the general atmosphere in the team, its friendliness towards new colleagues».
Discussion of results. The research has provided new insights into Gen Z's behavior, which makes it possible for us today to make scenarios of the future information/digital society. We assume that formation of the digital society relies on the development of human communicative capital and creativity as a chance to create a unique product, whose image is similar to the communicative codes of consumers. Creativity as it is conceived within CIE complex is very close to Gen Z [19]. From the beginning of the XXI century, their creative abilities are cultivated at educational institutions. However, most Gen Z representatives rather view their engagement in art practices as a hobby, and pragmatically apply their skills in productive activities, including digital area. Further development of creative abilities among centennials occurs in the process of communication within the network communicative cluster, in interaction with «creative people» and thanks to the creative atmosphere of the work team [20].
It is generally accepted to consider Gen Z as existing inside the digital environment [21]. The research data support such views. About half of the respondents are engaged in the information/ digital industries and receive their income as part of these industries, while also they identify themselves as proficient users of digital technologies. Gen Z possesses a sort of naturally cultivated digital competencies, unlike representatives of the older generations, who might find more difficult to master digital technologies. For this reason, a bulk of them is ready to get a job in IT-industry, even if they have to receive additional training as robotics technicians. This once again confirms the pragmatism of Gen Z representatives, who prefer stable work in the area known to them, in contrast to the romantic and risk-taking Gen Y. This difference is due to the differences in values [22] as well as to the fact that Gen Z possesses predominantly the network form of thinking, in contrast to the linear form of thinking of Gen Y.
Gen Z is ready to learn, to comprehend new things, as this increases their competitiveness and expands their opportunities [23].
The authors partly agree that Gen Z values lie in the field of humanism, benevolence, self-development, but unlike the opinions of Malinvisa Sakdiyakorn, Maria Golubovskaya, and David Solnet [24], we do not consider these values identical to the values of previous generations. Gen Z strives not to «gain credibility in the team», but to maximize the quality and quantity of communication by expanding interaction using networking principle. Sometimes the opinion of community members is more important to them than the opinion of the management and this should be taken into account while working with Gen Z. Results of the research demonstrate a greater aspiration for the formation of horizontal ties and autonomy of managers. It is possible that in the near future the managers will administer several projects simultaneously at different companies, unless it is going to cause a possible conflict of interests. Unlike preceding generations Gen Z consider that they just «sell» to their employers a certain output of their labor, while their time, competencies, work instrument or labor itself still remain their property. «Setting up» a relationship with Gen Z requires significant effort [25], but it is a good «investment» in effective teamwork.
Conclusion. Data revealed by the research suggest that in the short-term perspective our society will undergo essential changes. The present-day Gen Z - young people of 18-24 years are just about to start their career, but in the future, they will possibly exert impact over economic, political and social processes. Already now, most of Gen Z representatives pay huge attention to creativity and even have some basic training or even professional education in arts. Besides, they tend to view art as hobby, and use their creative faculties for the productive activity. As the received data testify, future economic processes will take on a turn for more creativity. The CIE (The Sustainability-Oriented Creativity, Innovation, and Entrepreneurship) complex will prove attractive for the bulk of the active population.
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As for entrepreneurship, in most cases it is not of crucial importance for Gen Z if he/she works as an individual developer on a team, as an employee of a company or a self-employed entrepreneur. Of greater importance are comfortable working conditions, creative atmosphere and non-toxicity of teams. The development of social network solidarity, crowdfunding and other forms of collective financing change the character of economy and CIE as the basis for its development. At the same time, the society will see the decreasing role of bureaucracy, social hierarchies and the increasing role of horizontal ties. The pragmatic mindset of Gen Z will lead to the rise of more efficient forms of human interaction.
At the same time, managers from Gen Y should take into account that the Gen Z's network nature of thinking is more effective in the digital environment so they should not try to «socialize» them according to their standards, but, on the contrary, adapt themselves to the new requirements of the information / digital era.
This conclusion from our research has not only academic, but also great practical importance. The presence of Gen Z at the labor market will change the global corporate culture. In order to maintain their attractiveness to employees and consumers, companies will have to become more open, to implement digital technologies and adjust the motivation system.
Finance. Статья подготовлена в рамках реализации программы стратегического академического лидерства «Приоритет - 2030» проект «Социогуманитарное конструирование будущего: мегаполис для поколения Z (цифровой сервис-технология «Mega-Z»)» на базе созданной в УГНТУ Цифровой междисциплинарной лаборатории конструирования будущего «Digital Future».
Acknowledgments. The authors would like to thank the Head of the Department of International Relations, History and Oriental Studies S.D. Galiullina, the Head of the Institute of Business Ecosystems and Creative Industries N.Z. Solodilova, and the rector of USPTU O.A. Baulin for supporting our scientific research on the specifics of Generation Z.
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Conflict-of-interest statement. The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare.
Статья подготовлена в рамках реализации стратегического проекта «Новая среда жизни» по программе стратегического ака-
демического лидерства «Приоритет-2030», проект «Социогуманитарное конструирование будущего: мегаполис для поколения 2 (цифровой сервис-технология «Мega-Z»)».
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мшшяштшжшмж
Ш Й4 î^è [О документе Генерального штаба Государственного совета «Мнение Главного
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22. Gabrielova K., Buchko A.A. Here comes Generation Z: Millennials as managers // Business Horizons. - 2021. - Vol. 64, Iss. 4. - P. 489-499.
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24. Sakdiyakorn M., Golubovskaya M., Solnet D. Understanding Generation Z through collective consciousness: Impacts for hospitality work and employment // International Journal of Hospitality Management. - 2021. - Vol. 94.
25. Chillakuri B. Understanding Generation Z expectations for effective onboarding // Journal of Organizational Change Management.
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