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13EXPERiENCE OF THE MOBiLE JOURNALiSM iN GLOBAL MEDiA SYSTEM
RAMAL IBRAHiMOV
Phd student of Nakhchivan State University Orchid code: 0000-0003-2140-1607
Summary This article deals with experience of the mobile journalism in global media system. Mobile journalism, which is developing against the background of the integration of our modern era into mobility, has developed at different levels in the countries of the world. This also promotes the spread of mobile journalism at the global level in terms of accelerating the exchange of information in the countries of the world. In this sense, to reach the changing audience, it is necessary to focus on new channels according to their interests. For this reason, integration into mobile journalism is a requirement of our modern age.
Key words: mobile journalism, global media, system, technological innovation
ОПЫТ МОБИЛЬНОЙ ЖУРНАЛИСТИКИ В ГЛОБАЛЬНОЙ МЕДИАСИСТЕМЕ
РАМАЛ ИБРАГИМОВ
Аспирант Нахчыванского Государственного Университета Orchid: 0000-0003-2140-1607
Аннотация. В данной статье рассматривается опыт мобильной журналистики в глобальной медиасистеме. Мобильная журналистика, развивающаяся на фоне интеграции нашей современной эпохи в мобильность, развивалась на разных уровнях в странах мира. Это также способствует распространению мобильной журналистики на глобальном уровне в плане ускорения обмена информацией в странах мира. В этом смысле, чтобы охватить меняющуюся аудиторию, необходимо ориентироваться на новые каналы в соответствии с их интересами. По этой причине интеграция в мобильную журналистику является требованием нашего времени.
Ключевые слова: мобильная журналистика, глобальные медиа, система, технологические инновации.
Introduction
In the background of technological progress, starting from 2007, mobile journalism spread rapidly around the world. The media's need for the possibilities of technological innovation and the fact that smartphones present these possibilities to the media have made it possible for countries to test the new experience. As a result, mobile journalism was born from the collaboration of UK media organizations with Nokia. In the first decade of the 21st century, Great Britain, the United States of America, Asia and the African continent began to benefit from the possibilities of mobile journalism. The media organizations of some countries are inclined to apply the new initiative themselves. In some cases, the situation was completely different. In a number of countries, information hunger, people getting information about events, organizing information provision against the background of the fight against censorship led to the increase in popularity of mobile journalism. In this article, the facts about the application possibilities, levels of use and effectiveness of mobile journalism in the media of Great Britain, United States of America, China, India, South Africa, Japan, Ireland, Turkey and Azerbaijan have been reflected. The research is based on the embodiment and development perspectives of mobile journalism in the world media.
Mobile journalism, which is developing against the background of the integration of our modern era into mobility, has developed at different levels in the countries of the world. At the global level, the countries where mobile journalism has achieved high progress are the United States of America and Great Britain. The main reason for this is that both countries tested this practice back in 2007-
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2008. But in this sense, the United Kingdom should be mentioned in particular. Media organizations such as the BBC and Reuters introduced "mojo" to Europe. Of course, the birth of a new trend in the media was not based on the individual activities of media organizations, but on the background of cooperation with technology companies. Reuters, in partnership with Nokia, introduced the mojo kit to its reporters, and the seeds of mobile journalism began to emerge in Europe. The kit included an N95 phone, a bluetooth keyboard (Nokia SU-8W), a tripod, a microphone, and a solar-powered battery called PowerMonkey. (1) It should also be noted that the software provided on the mobile device allowed reporters to edit and share multimedia products. Later, with this technology, journalists used it to cover the New York Fashion Week, the Edinburgh television festival and the Gadgetoff 2007 festival. As a result, thanks to the system, the video images taken from the events were also reviewed by the editors and quickly released. (2) The set was highly appreciated by journalists as it successfully passed the test in journalistic activity. Matt Cowan, Reuters' Europe correspondent for technology, media and telecommunications, evaluates mobile journalism in terms of rapid transfer of information and is one of those who highly appreciates the operational possibilities:
"It's an incredibly exciting tool. It's going to change the way we deliver certain stories... There's no more 'I'm here in front of this building and it happened 10 hours ago'. You have immediate interaction, communication closeness." (3. Anderson, Strange attractor)
After Reuters, mobile journalism was tested by the BBC. In February 2008, Darren Waters, the media outlet's technology editor, and his colleague Rory Cellan-Jones took advantage of the experience of mobile devices at a mobile phone convention in Barcelona. Out of 26 videos, the one with the highest number of views exceeded 60,000 views. The videos were recorded on the phone's memory card (micro SD) and sent to the laptop via bluetooth or cardreader. It was also possible to reduce the size of the video from 80 megabytes to 6 megabytes using a computer program. Waters appreciated the experience despite the poor facilities: "The picture quality was not too good, not too bad, the sound quality was poor. So is the content. But it was great." (4. Quinn, 2009:8) Later, BBC's Dougal Shaw promoted the widespread use of mobile journalism in the UK media. Shau, who works for the "World Hacks" program, created video materials on various topics with the mojo kit. In addition to the naturalness of mobile devices in shooting, he also compares phone with cameras: "You're not very flexible with a normal camera and all the equipment... and during news broadcasts, people don't even know the difference between taking pictures with a camera or a phone ..." (5. " An introduction to mobile phone journalism | RTS Futures")
On the eve of the formation of mobile media in Europe, the mojo experience was beginning to form on the other side of the ocean. The first examples of mobile journalism began to appear in 2008. John Culberson, the representative of the Republican party of Texas, broadcast live images from the US Congress through the software "Qik" on his phone. Appreciating the effectiveness of this opportunity, Culberson stated that the new media promises to create the next revolution that will allow us the people to take back control of our government. He emphasized that he was using Qik to illuminate the darkest corners of Congress. (6) Qik was not the only new app in the United States that could turn a cell phone into a pocket-sized TV station. Apps like Kyte.tv and Flixwagon were also available. Through all three services, it is possible to place a "video player" (which serves to open videos on the site) to sites. Thus, people could easily share videos, and after finishing the live broadcast, they had the chance to review and edit the video on the server. Because the video camera was on a mobile phone, anyone watching the live broadcast could text and send questions during the recording. Popular media blogger and journalism professor Jeff Jarvis praised the program for its coverage of the news:
"It's huge. This is a fundamental change in how news will work. If the news is what we are interested in, then it is not good to wait for the person who delivers the news to get there ". (7)
It was these sentences that spurred the further development of mobile journalism in the United States of America. In the wave of mass protests such as "Occupy Wall Street" (2011) and "Ferguson" (2014), the importance of mobile devices rose. The main reason for this was Tim Pool. Occupy Wall
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Street was a protest march in Zuccotti Park against economic inequality and the influence of money in politics. The rally, which drew thousands of Americans, was broadcast live by an independent website called The Other 99. It was Tim Pool who made it happen. He used his mobile phone to broadcast what happened at the scene to up to 30,000 viewers at the same time. Within a day, this figure exceeded 500,000. (8) Media organizations such as "NBC" and "Reuters" took advantage of Pool's photos. Thus, these events, which were difficult to cover by large media organizations, appeared in front of the public with shots taken with mobile phones. That is why he was included in the list of "Time's People Who Mattered" in 2011. (9) The "Ferguson" riots took place on August 10, 2014 in Ferguson, Missouri. The protests, which began a day after the shooting of Michael Brown by police officer Darren Wilson, sparked a heated debate in the United States about relations between law enforcement officers and African Americans, the militarization of the police, and the use of force law in Missouri and nationwide. Despite the danger to his life, Tim succeeds in his work and manages to share the footage with the public. When he remembered those moments, he said: "In August, when one person rained bullets into the sky, the other said to stop wasting bullets, shoot at the policemen." (10) Later, journalists such as Mike Castelucci and Nael Augenstein began to benefit from the experience of mobile journalism. Nael Augenstein managed to test the effectiveness of mobile devices on the radio. Although he is a radio journalist, he considers video recording in interviews more convenient: "I prefer video interviews because there are both video and audio elements. If the report just needs sound, I can easily remove the video during the editing process." (11) He has a combined 24 Emmy Awards for the Open Mike and Phoning it in projects. Also, the number of "Edward Rusko Marrow" awards has increased to two. Not content with this, Mike was awarded the "Associated Press Awards" and "TEGNA Innovative Storyteller Award". (12)
It is not only the United States and Great Britain that have integrated mobile journalism. This practice is also applied in Ireland. Philip Bromwell, an employee of the country's media organization RTE, made interesting subjects with his mobile phone. Dozens of videos on his Vimeo account, including "The King of Coffee" and "The Forest Bather", demonstrate the effectiveness of the mojo experience. (13) Turkey's experience also proves the effectiveness of mobile devices. During the military coup that took place in the country in 2016, President Recep Tayyip Erdogan joined the broadcast of the Ankara office of the CNN channel by mobile phone. There, the presenter broadcast the president's call on a mobile phone.(14) Currently, guests do not need to bring their mobile devices into the studio. It is possible to connect directly to the air of TV channels through Whatsapp and Skype. This practice was used more widely when the quarantine regime was set in Azerbaijan due to the Covid-19 virus. ARB24, ITV, Real TV and other television channels benefited from this experience. As a result, guests could join the broadcast without going to the offices of media organizations. In this way, mobile journalism optimized the information process, preventing work from slowing down in the television system even at the moment of crisis. Even in Azerbaijan, mobile journalism played the role of a source of information for media organizations. When he was working at "Baku TV", Nijat Ismayilov took a video with his mobile phone of sheep using the crossing and pedestrians violating traffic rules. (15) ARB24 channel reporter Parviz Mustafayev, who came to Baku for work from Sumgayit, was able to take pictures of the traffic jam with his mobile phone and send it to the channel staff. (16) Billura Yunus, the reporter of the "Olka.az" website, recorded Chingiz Abdullayev's harsh reaction to the journalist's question about expenses at the 13th congress of the Azerbaijan Writers' Union, precisely with the possibility of recording on a mobile phone. (17) Mobile devices were a unique step for instant access. This has also encouraged mobile journalism to become a source of information.
While mobile journalism was spreading in Europe and the United States of America, it was also beginning to emerge in the Asian region. In the Philippines alone, the first examples of mobile journalism appeared in 2007. Correspondents used Nokia mobile phones in media work. And these journalists operated under the name of a media outlet: Inquirer.net, a website affiliated with the Philippine Daily Inquirer Group. JV Rufino, who was the editor of the media organization until February 2009, recalled the effectiveness of mobile journalism as follows:
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"Print media reporters should have waited until the end of the day to write about the incident. But my team consists of multimedia reporters. They take photos and videos at press conferences and start writing the text right there." (18. Quinn, 2011:p 35)
Interest in mobile journalism has grown so much in the country that a special group of journalists has already been created in media organizations. "News5" media organization has a special section called "N5X". They create stories that are shot and produced exclusively on mobile phones. That is, reporters included in this group focus only on mobile content development. Reporters go to the scene with a mojo kit consisting of a company phone, a small tripod and microphones. They usually accompany a traditional film crew. The team can go live at any time via Facebook and the AviWest smartphone app, or via a television camera using portable satellite equipment. Journalists can submit video and audio reports using Facebook, Skype or Viber, and edit materials through their phones. The journalist can send the edited materials to the editorial office through his email account or share them directly on social media. Emailed images are uploaded to the Avid iNews system, where editors can access the material. Here, the material is viewed, the facts are checked, and the correspondents communicate. (19) The Japanese also benefit from the opportunities of mobile journalism. The new experience, which spread rapidly to Asia, created conditions for the creative presentation of information in the Japanese media system. As a result, the interest in products made with mobile devices began to increase year by year. Statistics from the Statista data agency on mobile content also suggest this. Thus, the value of the mobile content market in the developing country has been continuously increasing for 10 years and shows an upward trend. In 2012, this figure was equal to 0.85 trillion yen, and in 2021, the market value reached 2.82 trillion yen. This means an increase of approximately 2 trillion yen in 10 years. (20) Therefore, some of Japan's largest media companies continue to pursue radically different digital strategies. "Nikkei", which also owns the "Financial Times" newspaper, focused on organizing online subscriptions for the "Japan Economic Daily". The annual growth of the media organization, which reached 797,362 paid subscribers, was equal to 4.9%. (21) In addition, "Yomiuri Shimbun" provides free online content to attract new subscribers. "Asahi Shimbun" focused on more than 20 advertising banners in addition to subscription. "The Mainichi Shimbun" newspaper, on the other hand, attracts a digital audience with long-form analyzes by academics and experts, with an online-only section called "Premiere". (22) Mobile devices have also been effective in reporting events in Japan. Mobile devices played an exceptional role in media coverage of the "Tohuku earthquake" that occurred in the country in 2011. One of the witnesses of the effectiveness of mobile journalism during such sudden events is China. Mobile news has proven to be very powerful and effective in covering disasters such as the SARS epidemic in 2003, the Wenchuan earthquake in 2008, and the Wenzhou high-speed train accident in 2011. (23) Given the strict control of the media in China, mobile journalism has enabled the flow of information to bypass censorship. Thus, people who could not get information from mass media had to turn to mobile resources for news. At the same time, the lack of time and space limitations, the possibility of sharing information that is not broadcast or published in the mass media attracted the interest of the population. As a result, they also realized that they are able to transmit information with their mobile phones when they are at the place where the news or the incident happened. For this reason, the effectiveness of mobile devices in exposing corruption and social injustice in various ways in the country has attracted special attention. The example of Zeng Jinyan, who started working as an advocate for people living with HIV and AIDS, should be highlighted. She became an "advocate for human rights defenders" after her husband, activist Hu Jia, was jailed in 2006. She used social media tools such as Twitter to spread information about her husband and other activists. Back in 2010, in an article written by Gordon Ross, it was emphasized that he had 6,000 followers on Twitter. Zeng, who said that his activities on "QQ" and "MSN" were monitored by the government, said that the password of his email account was also broken. He also emphasized that he only uses Skype software, which allows users to make voice calls and communicate over the Internet and delete instant messages as soon as they are sent. (24) Ross mentioned other examples in his article. During the Iranian protests (green movement in Iran (2009-2010)), Chinese democracy activists launched their own campaign,
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known as the Twitter hashtag "#CN4Iran" or "China for Iran", to express solidarity with the Iranian opposition and denounce their government's complicity in violent repression. they had started. In early 2010, Feng Zhenghu, a well-known Chinese human rights defender, was detained at Tokyo's Narita Airport for three months because Chinese authorities refused to allow him to enter his homeland. Through blogs and social networking sites, Feng's story went viral, and in February Chinese authorities had to allow him to go home. (25) As a result of such cases, in 2011, the number of micro-blog users in China increased 4 times, that is, more than 300 million people registered on micro-blogs. There were posts on many topics from corruption to pollution. Sina Weibo became popular in 2012 because it became a forum for the people, and the number of users reached 250 million. (26) This shows that mobile journalism has emerged as a people's tribune in China. Due to the lack of trust in the media, the people got the opportunity to get true and accurate information, as well as to freely express their opinions against the government, thanks to mobile journalism. This has also encouraged the spread of mobile journalism in China. One of the countries where mobile journalism is used is India, where there is a high level of censorship. The country ranked 150th out of 180 countries in the 2022 World Press Freedom Index. Compared to a year ago, i.e. 2021, this indicator means a drop of 8 points. In 2016, the country ranked 136th. This means a decline of 14 steps in 6 years. Freedom of the press is stifled in a country where violence against journalists and political partisan media are widespread. (27) This allows people to access information through mobile devices. At the same time, mobile journalism is also effective in terms of obtaining information quickly during sudden events. This opportunity of mobile journalism allows journalists in India to focus on a new experience. 42-year-old Narendra Kumar, who has been working as a mobile journalist since 2011, is one of them. He calls mobile journalism 'Jugaad', an informal Indian term. This word roughly means "an approach to successfully solving any problem using simple resources." He filmed a video of a protest by farmers demanding compensation for their land 35 miles away in New Delhi. Narendra expressed his impressions as follows:
"To control the crowd, the police tried to scare the crowd with a baton and I recorded that video on my Blackberry phone. I used Blackberry messenger to send the video to my editor 450 kilometers away. I sent the video in 3gp video format (intended for 2G and 3G networks) and to my surprise, the channel used it in their latest news broadcast. People who came in big TV vans were surprised to see it on the news so quickly." (28)
The most surprising aspect of mobile journalism is that it appeared in the first decade of the 21st century in the African continent as well as in other regions. As early as 2009, it was possible to find examples of mobile journalism in Africa. Of course, this was made possible by the efforts of Europeans. Dutch journalist Ruud Elmendrop is one of the mobile journalists living in Kenya. By May 2009, he had produced 133 video reports from 22 African countries for his website videoreporter.nl. Also, the website "Bizcommunity.com", operating in the Republic of South Africa, collaborated with the "Nokia" company to create multimedia content. Mathia Nalappan, the general manager of "Nokia" for South Africa, emphasized that all the countries of the world understand the value of mobility and that his country is also facing this revolution. Nalappan said that thanks to mobile technology, journalists can freely create video and audio material on the go, saving time and increasing productivity. (29) Mobile journalism, tested in the media system in Africa, has also found its way into educational institutions. As an example, the University of the Witwatersrand operating in South Africa can be shown. Young people were taught the practical possibilities of mobile journalism at a higher educational institution. Students at the University of the Witwatersrand were also testing a mobile journalist kit while exploring the possibilities of technology in the process of creating and disseminating news. Thanks to Nokia's technical support, the Mojo kit for young people included an N95 phone with 8 gigabytes of RAM, a portable keyboard and a tripod. In Rhodes University, the mobile journalism project started in mid-2008. The project, launched with the support of the Knight Foundation of the United States of America, was designed to train citizen journalists among university students. 45 senior high school students were involved in the "Mobile Phone Journalism" project. They were assigned to write news for a local newspaper called "Grocott's Mail".
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Young people started to prepare content based on local politics, school news, sports and entertainment. (30) The result
As can be seen from the research, the media system of each country has its own development line. Therefore, the application of new innovations to the media system is carried out according to the media system of the countries. For this reason, if strong media control in countries like China created conditions for the emergence of mobile journalism, we are witnessing the opposite in countries like Great Britain. Media organizations in the United Kingdom have tended to adopt mobile journalism. The cooperation of Reuters and Nokia companies should be appreciated in this sense. Overall, the growth and spread of mobile journalism is driven by audience interests and increased use of smartphones in their daily lives. This creates the need to integrate mobile journalism in order to reach more mass media in the countries of the world. It is for this reason that mobile devices used to function as a media tool in the hands of citizen journalists, but now professional journalists are focused on using smartphones. This is not without reason. After all, journalists differ from citizens in terms of perceiving and objectively evaluating the informative value of a news, event, or story. This also promotes the spread of mobile journalism at the global level in terms of accelerating the exchange of information in the countries of the world. In this sense, to reach the changing audience, it is necessary to focus on new channels according to their interests. For this reason, integration into mobile journalism is a requirement of our modern age.
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M0Jn6qpSlsVj OTWmHqYOKIlqnuKWTZtxB0b0gjNQkkM0fV44R j5JX4rkstHYePTJ eK5Gud3y4HekV0kSFxWtTugcqKBjGt1iwGtgFBDnSXMw0rzcaDmKYeqxfmrEYHKv9 7Zv9P6wIBAjs2xmiYw
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