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2022. Т. 41. С. 85—95
Онлайн-доступ к журналу: http://mathizv.isu.ru
Серия «Математика»
Research article
УДК 517.95 MSC 35Q51, 35Q53
DOI https://doi.org/10.26516/1997-7670.2022.41.85
Exact Traveling Wave Solutions of
the Loaded Modified Korteweg-de Vries Equation
IrodaI. Baltaeva1, IlkhamD. Rakhimov1^, Muzaffar M. Khasanov1
1 Urgench State University, Urgench, Uzbekistan И [email protected]
Abstract. This paper is dedicated to finding the traveling wave solutions of the loaded modified Korteweg-de Vries equation. It is shown to find the solutions via (G'/G) — expansion method which is one of the most effective ways of finding solutions. When the parameters are taken as special values the solitary waves are also derived from the traveling waves. The traveling wave solutions are expressed by the hyperbolic functions, the trigonometric functions and the rational functions. This method is easy to implement using well-known software packages, which allows you to solve complex nonlinear evolution equations of mathematical physics.
Keywords: soliton solution, loaded mKdV, nonlinear equations, expansion method
For citation: Baltaeva I. I., Rakhimov I. D., Khasanov M. M. Exact Traveling Wave Solutions of the Loaded Modified Korteweg-de Vries Equation. The Bulletin of Irkutsk State University. Series Mathematics, 2022, vol. 41, pp. 85-95. https://doi.org/10.26516/1997-7670.2022.41.85
Научная статья
Точные решения бегущей волны нагруженного модифицированного уравнения Кортевега-де Фриза
И. И. Балтаева1, И. Д. Рахимов1И, М.М.Хасанов1
1 Ургенчский государственный университет, Ургенч, Узбекистан И [email protected]
Аннотация. Статья посвящена нахождению решений типа бегущей волны нагруженного модифицированного уравнения Кортевега-де Фриза. Показано, что такие решения можно с помощью метода (0'/0)-раеширения, который является одним из
наиболее эффективных способов поиска решений интегрируемых уравнений. Решения типа бегущей волны могут выражаться через гиперболические, тригонометрические, а также рациональные функции. Применяемый метод прост в реализации с использованием известных программных пакетов, что позволяет решать сложные нелинейные эволюционные уравнения математической физики.
Ключевые слова: солитонное решение, нагруженный мКдФ, нелинейные уравнения, метод расширения
Ссылка для цитирования: Baltaeva I.I., Rakhimov I.D., Khasanov M.M. Exact Traveling Wave Solutions of the Loaded Modified Korteweg-de Vries Equation // Известия Иркутского государственного университета. Серия Математика. 2022. Т. 41. C. 85-95.
https://doi.org/10.26516/1997-7670.2022.41.85
1. Introduction
It is known that loaded differential equations have great practical applications. In the literature [2; 5; 6; 10; 14], loaded differential equations are typically called equations containing in the coefficients or in the right-hand side any functionals of the solution, in particular the values of the solution or its derivatives on manifolds of lower dimension. These types of equations were explored in the works of N.N. Nazarov and N.N. Kochin. However, they did not use the term "loaded equation". At first, the term has been used in the works of A.M. Nakhushev, where the most general definition of a loaded equation is given and various loaded equations are classified in details, for instance, loaded differential, integral, integro-differential, functional equations etc., and numerous applications are described.
The theory of nonlinear wave processes finds its application in models of arterial mechanics, in which the artery is considered as a thin-walled prestressed elastic tube with a variable radius (stenosis), and blood as an ideal fluid [12], [7]. These models are reduced to the perturbed Korteweg-de Vries equation
qt + ^\qqx + №ххх - h(t)qx = 0,
where are constants depending on the properties of the tube material,
t is a scaled coordinate along the axis of the vessel after static deformation, which characterizes stenosis on the surface of the arterial wall, and x is a coordinate variable along the axis of the vessel. Here h(t) the form of stenosis, q(x,t) characterizes the averaged axial velocity of the fluid.
In the past several decades, finding solutions to nonlinear evolution equations has been studied by many researchers. There are direct and inverse methods for finding solutions to integrable nonlinear evolution equations. In particular, the solutions of the integrable nonlinear evolution equations
were found by using the Hirota direct method [9; 15], inverse scattering problem [1;8;19] and Darboux transformation [16; 20]. Alternatively, the (G'/G) - expansion method [3;4; 13; 17; 18; 22-27] is also effective in finding traveling wave solutions of nonlinear evolution equations.
Integration of the loaded modified Korteweg-de Vries (mKdV) equation in the class of periodic functions is studied in [11].
In this article, the solutions of the loaded mKdV equation are explored by usage of (G'/G) - expansion method.
Consider the following loaded mKdV equation
qt - 6 q2qx + qxxx - l(t)q(0, t)qx = 0, (1.1)
where q(x, t) is an unknown function, x E R, t> 0, ^(t) - is the given real continuous function.
2. Description of the generalized ( G'/G) - expansion method
Let us be given a nonlinear partial differential equation in the form below
F(q, qt, qx, qtt, qxx, qxt,...) = 0, (2.1)
with two independent variables x and t. q = q(x, t) is a unknown function, F is a nonlinear function of q(x, t) and its partial derivatives. Now we give the main steps of the (G'/G) -expansion method [21]:
Step 1. We use the travelling wave transformation in the following form
q(x, t) = q(0, i = kx + Q(i), (2.2)
where k is a parameter and Q(i) is a continuous function which depends on . We reduce equation (2.1) to the following nonlinear ordinary differential equation:
P (q, q', q", q"',...) = 0, (2.3)
where q' = dq(£)/dt;, q" = d2q(£)/d£2, ... .
Step 2. We assume that the solution of equation (2.3) has the form:
m / g' V
^) = EM -G) . (2.4)
j=0 ^ '
Here G = G( ) satisfies the following second order ordinary differential equation
G" + \G' + nG = 0, (2.5)
where G = dG(£)/<%, G" = d2G(0/d£2 and A, aj (j = 1, 2, ..., m) are constants that can be determined later, provided am = 0.
Step 3. We determine the integer number m by balancing the nonlinear terms of the highest order and the partial product of the highest order of (2.3).
Step 4. Substitute (2.4) along with (2.5) into (2.3) and collect all terms with the same order of (т^у), the left-hand side of (2.3) is converted into
a polynomial in . Then, set each coefficient of this polynomial to
zero to derive a set of over-determined partial differential equations for aj (j = 1, 2, ..., m) and £.
Step 5. Substituting the values aj (j = 1, 2, ..., m) and £ as well as the solutions of equation (2.5) into (2.4) we have the exact solutions of equation (2.1).
3. Exact Solutions of the loaded mKdV equation
In this section, we will show how to find the exact solution of the loaded mKdV equation using the ( G /G) - expansion method. For doing this, we perform the steps above for equation (1.1). The travelling wave variable below
q(x, t) = q(0, i = kx + Q(i), (3.1)
permits us converting equation (1.1) into an ordinary differential equation for = ( )
tt't(t)q' - 6 кq2q' + к3q"' - kj(t)q(0, t)q' = 0, (3.2)
integrating it with respect to once yields to
С + tt't(t)q - 2kq3 + k3q'' - kj(t)q(0, t)q = 0, (3.3)
where С is an integration constant that can be determined later.
We express the solution of equation (3.3) in the form of a polynomial in (G'/G) below
m / g' \j ?(0 = £аЛ G , (3.4)
j=0 4 ^
where G = G( ) satisfies the second order ordinary differential equation in the form
G" + XG' + ^G = 0. (3.5)
Using (3.4) and (3.5), q3 and q" are easily derived to
3 3 (G\3m Q3(0 = аЦ Gj + ..., (3.6)
/ G'\ m+2
q" (0=m(m + 1)a^ ^J + .... (3.7)
Considering the homogeneous balance between q'' and q3 in equation (3.3), based on (3.6) and (3.7) we required that m = 1. Taking into account the above considerations, the form of is as following
q(0 = ai(^ G) + a0. (3.8)
Then we know the exact view of 3
= G) +3aia^ GG) + a30.
Using (3.8) and (3.5) q" is easily derived to
(3.9)
<?"(£) =2 o^Cpj +(2oij + a1X2)(^CQ + aiXj. (3.10)
By substituting (3.8)-(3.10) into equation (3.3) and collecting all terms with the same power of (G'/G), the left-hand side of equation (3.3) is converted into another polynomial in (G'/G).
(-2kai + 2k3ai)(G) + (-6fcafao + 3k3ai\) (G]
,3„ ,2 ^„ ^ (3.11)
+ ( C + ^t(t) ao - 2ka0 + a^X/j. - k7(t)q(0, t)ao) = 0.
+ (ti't(t) a1 - 6 ka1a0 + 2k3a1ß + k3a1X2 - k7(t)q(0, t)a1) G^j
Equating each coefficient of expression (3.11) to zero, yields a set of simultaneous equations for a0, a\, Q(i) and G which have the following form:
3
G )
G x2 G.
g \1
G
- 2ka3 + 2k3a1 = 0,
- 6 kafa0 + 3k3a1X = 0,
Ü't(t) - 6ka0 + 2 k3ß + k3X2 - k7(t)q(0, t) = 0,
G) : C + n't(t)a,0 - 2ka3 + a1k3Xß - k7(t)q(0, t)a0 = 0.
By solving these the equations, we obtain the followings k
a° = T^A, a1 = k, C = 0,
k3(\2 _ 4. ) rt (3-12)
Q(t ) = ^^-^t + k 7(r)q(0, r)dr + Q°.
2 J°
Here A, t, k and Q° are arbitrary constants. Using (3.12), expression (3.8) can be rewritten as
9(0 = k(f) + kA, (3-13)
where £ = kx + fc3(A22-4^ + k f° 7(r)q(0, r)dr + Q°. The function (3.13) is a solution of equation (3.3), provided that the integration constant C in equation (3.3) is taken as that in (3.12). Substituting the general solutions of equation (3.5) into (3.13), we have three types of travelling wave solutions of the loaded mKdV equation (1.1) as follows: When ( A2 - 4.) > 0,
2 U Ch + ^ h ( J
where = k x +
fc (A2~4^ + k/°7(r)g(0, r)dr + Q°, ci, C2 and Q° are arbitrary constants. It is obvious that the function q(0, t) can be easily found based on expression (3.14).
For example, let 7(t) have a form below
7«=11 t^ - ^) ^ - ^ ±«<
where aj (j = 1,2, ..., n) are constants. If c1 =0, c2 = 0 and (A2-4.) > 0, then ( x, ) becomes
q(x, t) = 4t kth 4t (kx + Eajij)) . (3.15)
The function (3.15) is the solution of the following loaded mKdV equation.
2 I 1 ^ j-1 k2(A2 — 4t)
qt - 6 q qx + qxxx - | k/^^ajV--2- I ^ = 0. (3.16)
j=i
Figure 1. The solution (3.15) of the loaded mKdV equation (3.16) for A = 2,
^ = -1, k = 1, a0 = 0, a\ = 1, a2 = 2.
When ( A2 - 4/) < 0,
k\!4/1 - A2 ( -Ci sin ^^ + C2 cos ^
( )=
J 4—2 t . J 4—2 t ^ cos — q - c2 sin ^—q
(3.17)
where £ = kx - k (4^2 x ^t + k /0 7(r)q(0, t)(1t + Q0, c1, c2, and Q0 are arbitrary constants. It is not difficult for us to find q(0, t) based on expression (3.17). Let
7(*) = - | ¿Z^-1 +
k2(4/ -A2) | 2
j=i
2 - A2
\J4/ - A2
2 ^ j
3=0
where a.j (j = 1,2, ..., n) are constants, in particular, if c\_ =0 and c2 = 0, then ( x, ) becomes
Q(x, t) = -^P2 ktg (^p2 (kx + ±a3t>) | .
(3.18)
3=0
The function (3.18) is the solution of the following loaded mKdV equation.
qt - 6 q2 qx + qxxx - | 1 Y^jajtj-1 + k (4/ A ) | qx = 0. (3.19)
2
Figure 2. The solution (3.18) of the loaded mKdV equation (3.19) for A = 3,
^ = 3, k = 1, a0 = 0, a\ = 1, a2 = 2.
When (A2 - 4^) = 0,
9(0 =
kC2
C1 +
(3.20)
where £ = kx + k f0 j(t)q(0,r)dr + Q0, c\, c2, and Q0 are arbitrary constants. The function q(0,t) is found based on expression (3.20). If c\ = 0, c2 = 0, (A2 — 4^) = 0 and 7(t) has the form
7 (i) =
E"=0 ajу E"=1 y-1 k2 '
then q(x, t) becomes
q(x,t) =
kx + ^ ™=1 aj P
(3.21)
We know that the function (3.21) satisfies the following loaded mKdV equation.
qt - 6q2qx + qxxx - | ^ jajtj
J=1
-1
qx = 0.
(3.22)
Figure 3. The solution (3.21) of the loaded mKdV equation (3.22) for A = 2,
^ = 1, k = 1, a0 = 0, a\ =4, a2 = 1, a3 = 3.
Exact solutions of the results describe different nonlinear waves. For the established exact solutions with hyperbolic solutions are special kinds of solitary waves solutions.
4. Conclusion
The results of this study show that the (G'/G) - expension method is effective in obtaining the exact solutions of the loaded mKdV equation. Parameters c\, c2, A, k and arbitrary function 7(t) in solutions (3.14), (3.17), (3.20) provide sufficient freedom for constructing solutions.
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Об авторах
Балтаева Ирода Исмаиловна,
кандидат физ.-мат. наук, Ургенчский государственный университет, Узбекистан, 220100, Ургенч, [email protected], https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5624-7529
Рахимов Ильхом Давронбекович, аспирант, Ургенчский государственный университет, Узбекистан, 220100, г. Ургенч, [email protected], https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1039-3616
Хасанов Музаффар Машрипович, канд. физ.-мат. наук, проф., Ургенчский государственный университет, Узбекистан, 220100, г. Ургенч, [email protected]
About the authors Iroda I. Baltaeva, Cand. Sc. (Phys.-Math.), Urgench State University, Urgench, 220100, Uzbekistan, [email protected], https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5624-7529
Ilkham D. Rakhimov,
Postgraduate, Urgench State University, Urgench, 220100, Uzbekistan,
[email protected], https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1039-3616
Muzaffar M. Khasanov, Cand. Sci. (Phys.-Math.), Urgench State University, Urgench, 220100, Uzbekistan, [email protected]
Поступила в 'редакцию / Received 16.05.2022 Поступила после рецензирования / Revised 08.06.2022 Принята к публикации / Accepted 17.06.2022
