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POLITICAL SCIENCE
UDC 32 (327)
Акиф Марифли
Доктор философии по истории, Диссертант Академией Государственного Управления при Президенте Азербайджанской Республики по степени доктора наук.
DOI: 10.24411/2520-6990-2019-11580 ЭВОЛЮЦИЯ И ДИНАМИКА РАЗВИТИЯ ТЕРРОРИЗМА.
Akif Marifli
Ph.D. in History, the Dissertator doctor of sciences of the Academy of Public Administration under the President of the Republic of Azerbaijan
EVOLUTION AND DEVELOPMENT DYNAMICS OF THE TERRORISM
Аннотация
В статье были исследованы причины возникновения терроризма, его исходные формы и стадии развития, исследовались различные и сходные признаки террористических организаций. Одним из интересных качеств статьи, на которое указывается — это связь терроризма с некоторыми религиозными сектами, хронология различных террористических происшествий, ставших причиной большого шума в истории. В статье особо были отмечены заметные общие и специфические признаки возникновения и развития террористических организаций.
Здесь также была дана информация об истории возникновения террористических организаций, их цели, был открыт разговор о многочисленных человеческих жертвах, являющихся результатом реализованных операций. Указывается, что известное событие 11 сентября 2001-го года объединила всю международную общественность в создании антитеррористической коалиции и всё страны мира усилили свои меры предосторожности в борьбе с терроризмом.
Одной из привлекающих внимание задач то, что иногда в некоторых случаях причиной возникновения террористических организаций в некоторых странах является внутренняя и внешняя политика этих государств. Поэтому, ликвидация человечеством последствий терроризма зависит от универсальных ценностей государств и организаций.
Abstract
The written work covers the causes of terrorism, its primary forms, and dynamics. The author has also taken a brief excursion into the history of terrorism and examined diverse and similar features of terrorist organizations. As an interesting feature, the relations of terror with a number of religious sects and the chronology of several terrors causing uproar in the history are among the addressed questions. The author has rightly highlighted general and specific aspects of creation and development of terror organizations.
The article also contains information on dates of creation of terror organizations, their objectives and terrorist acts, also the consequent mass killings. It also draws attention to the fact that September 11, 2001 brought international community together in setting up counterterror coalition and reinforced their security measures in fight against terrorism.
One of the attention-getting affairs in article is that the nascence of terror organizations in a number of cases has been the consequence of internal and external policies of some states. Therefore, uprooting of terrorism implications worldwide is directly connected to the universal values of states and institutions.
Ключевые слова: террор, терроризм, действия, война, политика, организация, деятельность, идеология, сепаратизм и оккупация.
Keywords: terror, terrorism, acts, war, policy, organization, activity, ideological, separatism and occupation.
Introduction
There is no universally accepted definition of terrorism. Terrorism is characterized as committing an explosion, fire or other act resulting in death of people, damage to their health, significant property damage or other public danger with the purpose to undermine public safety, create panic among the population, or influence decisions made by the government bodies or the international organizations, as well as threatening to commit such acts for the same purpose.
Having a long history, since the 1960s, terrorism has been a major threat to international peace and security in recent years, in terms of its development and new forms, as one of the most pressing issues of the
international community. Seriously intensified terrorist activities show up in various forms, such as explosion of government and other public facilities, hijacking passenger aircrafts and ships, organizing attacks against diplomatic missions, airports, shopping centers, subway and train stations, kidnapping government officials, diplomats and businessmen or assassination of these people in many parts of the world. Terrorism has become a real influence element of international relations.
Terrorism has a unique history of development. A brief overview of it will help us deeper understand the nature of a number of issues. Expansion of the global network of international terrorist organizations,
strengthening interrelations among them, efforts to acquire weapons of mass destruction and trends in use of new technologies for terrorism have further increased the relevance of the straggle against international terrorism.
In today's understanding, the term terrorism has been included in the relevant literature related to the French bourgeois revolution of 1792-1794. In the early years of the Revolution, terrorism was used in one way or another against citizens who did not accept the new regime. However, the history of terrorism, of course, goes far to ancient times. Terrorism has also been used as a method in the Jewish rebellions against the Roman occupation (in 66-73y). JUDEA partisans (israil, 2008) (Zealots of JUDEA) is the first organization having some of the characteristics of modern terrorist organizations. The Jews continued this tradition in the 1930-1940s. They also committed terrorist acts against local Arabs as well as mandate figures who were incompatible with them to speed up the establishment of the Israeli state in the Palestinian lands (Perliger, 2006).
The second group, known in the history as the assassins, were Assassins representing the Ismaili Shi-ites, or the Hashhashiyans (1090-1275). Their leader, Hasan Sabbah, used assassination tactics to kill their enemies' leaders (Early). Hassan Sabbah's terrorist activity was purely based on religious-sectarian motivations. The Syrian branch of the Ismailis was called the Nizar Ismailis. The word Hashhash (Hashish) in their name has been linked to their drug use (Gener, 2007).
2. Materials and methods
The materials are mainly used from the works of the foreign scholars who had researches in the sphere of terrorism, periodicals, and official internet resources. The methodological grounds of the work consist of the basic methods of objective, systematic and chronological links between the events, comparative analysis of terrorist acts of the distant past and modern terrorist acts and their types, as well as synthesis of scholarly researches in this area, and analysis of theoretical, practical and virtual methods and techniques applied by the famous terrorist organizations.
The article provides a comparative analysis of the consequences of terrorism, in the modern world, which is claimed to be a terrible death, and it is emphasized that it has become a global problem and disturbs the whole humanity.
The outcomes of the research can be used as analytical materials in the educational process of the universities as well as by specialists as a reference.
3.Discussion
Today, there are many terrorist organizations and groups in the world spread across a wide area and having sufficient material and technical capacity. Al Qaeda is one of the leading terrorist organizations in the lists of many countries of the modern world. After the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks in the US, Al Qaeda has become the most important and most talked about terrorist organization in the world. The organization has a multinational structure that does not have a specific center and has members all over the world. Al-Qaeda was established in 1988 to provide support and coordination among fighters from various countries to support the Afghan jihad, which began after
the 1979 Soviet invasion of Afghanistan and, initially, it has emerged as an international network that provides financial and ideological support to groups that share the same ideas as themselves, rather than being a popular terrorist network (Whelan, 2006). Al-Qaeda continues its existence in modern times. At the same time, other groups and organizations have been influenced by its ideological ideas and operate in a number of regions and countries.
Another organization, which has generally adopted al Qaeda's methodology but has emerged as a more rigid organization in terms of its operations is ISIS. ISIS remembered during 2014, with its terrorist acts, as well as the lands it seized in Iraq and Syria was established in 1999 by Abu Musab al-Zerqavi in Afghanistan as the Tawheed and Jihad organization and in 2001 it fought against the US Army in northern Iraq. The organization was formed in 2004 in connection with al-Qaeda and renamed as Iraq Al-Qaeda. As a result of Zerqawi's death in June 2006, Al-Muhajir was brought to the leadership, and in October 2006, the Islamic State of Iraq was established and Abu Omar al-Baghdadi was elected as a leader. Since 2007, it has begun to lose power under the influence of the United States. In 2010, Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi was elected as a leader of the organization. On April 8, 2013 al-Baghdadi announced the establishment of the Islamic State of Iraq and Levant, however, this decision was not recognized by Al-Qaeda and eventually connection with Al-Qaeda was severed. On June 29, 2014, he announced the establishment of the Caliphate and the Islamic State (Erdogan, 2015).
One of the organizations occupying a special place among international terrorist organizations is the Kurdistan Workers' Party. Established on November 27, 1978 by Abdullah Ocalan, in its early years it was a nationalist-oriented Marxist-Leninist-based terrorist organization, which has since officially abandoned Marxism. The organization aims to create an independent Kurdish state in southeastern Turkey, where the Kurds are concentrated, and since 1984 has begun military operations against the Turkish state. Even arrest of Ocalan in Kenya in 1999 by the special services of Turkey and subsequent life imprisonment did not stop the activity of PKK and made the activities of the PKK even more intense. As a result, more than 50,000 people, including children, elderly, and women, have lost their lives on both sides and the country's economy suffered a loss of billions of dollars (Mahmudlu).
Activities of the PKK terrorist organization -formation, growth, change, reduction of its influence -are studied in four stages. 1985-1991s cover the period in which the organization was declared, but did not begin to operate, the period when organizational and ideological work was conducted. The growth phase in 1991-1994s covers the period when the organization's operations increase and its activities reach its peak. 1995-1999s is the period when the influence of the terrorist organization decreased and Abdullah Ocalan was arrested. From 1999 to the present, there have been some changes in the position of the organization. PKK has twice changed its ideology in order to maintain its sustainability in the international system and without losing its social standing. These changes are tactical changes without deviating from the strategic
objectives of the organization. Although the PKK started to politicize at its Seventh Congress, it did not abandon its weapons except for certain periods of inactivity and continued its terrorist activity (Sokmen, 2012).
At some point, the Turkish government adopted a political course called the "Peace Process" to reduce the effects of the PKK terrorist organization and address the Kurdish problem. According to 2014 data, 41% of the population fully supported the peace process and 16% partially supported the peace process (Turkiye'de, 2014). As a result of changes in 20132015 at the national and regional levels, the strengths, abilities, positions, and alliances of the parties involved in the settlement process have changed dramatically. Significant work has been done in Turkey for two and a half years. The process became publicized, the idea of peace became a dominant idea and, although insufficient, the legal infrastructure was developed (Ci?ek, 2016). However, the activation of PKK in the recent years has made the situation critical again. At present, Turkey continues its military operations against the PKK terrorist organization.
One of the organizations mentioned on the list of international terrorist organizations is Hezbollah. Lebanese members are composed of both civilians and Shiite believers which are its armed branch. Hezbollah was established in 1982 inspired by the victory of the Islamic Revolution in Iran to expel the Israeli occupation forces from southern Lebanon. The current leader of the party is Sayyid Hassan Nasrallah. By the late 1970s, he was deported from Iraq along with many Lebanese students receiving religious education and returned to Lebanon (Loub, 2014). After his return to the country, Nasrallah joined Amal Movement. Then we separated from this organization due to disagreements and together with a number of individuals established Hezbollah. As a result of Hezbollah's continued guerrilla operations against Israel, on May 15, 2000, the Israeli army withdrew completely from Lebanon. And in 2006, Hezbollah won the 33-day Lebanon-Israeli War (Masters, 2014).
Hezbollah made its first attack against targets in the Western countries, with the Islamic Jihad bombing the French Embassy in Beirut on May 24, 1982. In addition, he carried out the following terrorist acts and attacks: July 19, 1982, attack on Lebanese soldiers on the Syrian-Lebanese border; May 15, 1983, attack on Italian soldiers in the UN mission; April 9, 1983, attack on French soldiers; April 18, 1983, a car attack on the US Embassy in Beirut, killed 63 people, including 9 intelligence officers. One more example, on October 23, 1983, 241 US and 58 French soldiers killed because of the Lebanese government's request for US assistance during the Civil War. It should be also mentioned that the news was also spread that Mossad was aware of the incident several weeks before the terrorist act. In November 1983 there was strike on Israeli military facility, on January 17, 1984, an explosion at the Beirut Marble Town Hotel, on January 18, 1984, Malcolm Kerry, Rector of the American University of Beirut was kidnapped, on June 1985, TWA passenger Flight 847 was hijacked. One of the passengers killed. In March 1992, the Israeli Embassy in Buenos Aires, Argentina was bombed. On July 11, 1994, the Argen-
tine Israelite Mutual Association building was bombed and as a result 100 people were killed (Soker).
One of the points we are interested in is assessment of the Hezbollah's political activity. Hezbollah's military success did not repeat in politics. The movement lost a significant portion of its social base in both Lebanon and the wider region after the 2006 war. Its involvement in the conflicts in the region - in Iraq, Syria and Yemen - reinforced the idea that Hezbollah was a military and political force "only for the Shi-ites". Hussain Matar, a Lebanese political analyst that is close to the party, said that "Although Hezbollah sees itself as a national actor with regional influence, today it is seen as a model for Shiites due to its political and military success in the region. When the war in Syria acquired a sectarian character, Hezbollah's appearance on the stage was perceived as interference in the Sunni majority of the country. As a result, many Arabs who have supported Hezbollah in the past, began to look at the movement through the Sunni-Shiite prism.
The acceptance of Hezbollah as a leading Shiite sect in the Middle East has also led to increased diplomatic pressure on the party. Historically, the Gulf States have always had a zigzag relationship with Hezbollah. Assassination of former Lebanese Prime Minister Rafic Hariri in 2005 and subsequent proceedings were the culmination from this point of view. However, after Hezbollah's intervention in Syria and opposition to the war under the leadership of the Saudi people in Yemen, the Gulf states demonstrated open hostility against it, declared Hezbollah a terrorist organization and deported Lebanese Shiites living in the Gulf Cooperation Council countries (Foreign).
One of the organizations operating in Latin America and listed by a range of organizations and countries is Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia (FARC) established in 1966 as an armed organization of the Colombian Communist Party. It is considered the biggest guerrilla organization in the country. The main purpose is to expel Americans from the country and to make the communist revolution. The organization has a city front which is a structure committing terrorist acts and operations in the city. It operates mainly with the income from drug trafficking. The number of members is 5 500 people.
Colombia has been dominated by armed conflicts between government security forces and leftist organizations called the Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia (FARC) and the National Liberation Army (ELN) in the last half-century. The civil war, which began in Colombia in the late 1940s after the so-called La Violencia (Violence) revolts, continued for years. Subsequent continued pressures against communists all over the country accelerated the emergence of rebel organizations such as FARC (Norman, 1967). In the last 50 years, the ongoing guerrilla struggle, conflicts and ongoing riots in the country have disrupted the order and stability in the country. In the 1980s, FARC tried to integrate into legal politics within the country and for this reason the Patriotic Union political party was established, but this attempt didn't succeed. The FARC controlled a large area in southern Colombia with income obtained from drug trafficking, kidnapping, and threats. In 1999, the US and the European
Union and in 2002, Peru and Colombia ranked FARC on the list of terrorist organizations (Turkoglu, 2014).
Taliban (Arabic - "students") is a movement established in 1994 and controlling the whole territory of Afghanistan in 1996-2004. The movement was set up at a madrassah in Kandahar with 30 students led by Sheikh Mohammed Omar. The Taliban for the first time showed its existence in 1994 by seizing the Ispik Boldak district on the Chaman border in Kandahar province between Pakistan and Afghanistan. Shortly after the capturing Kandahar, Taliban easily seized other provinces of Afghanistan. The Taliban seized Kandahar and Ghazni provinces in November 1994, and Herat province in September 1995 (Salihy, 2014). On April 10, 1996, at the suggestion of the United States and Russia, the UN Security Council decided to impose an arms embargo on Afghanistan after the Taliban seized many provinces and declared the Afghan emirate by Mullah Mohammed Omar in April 1996. Despite this decision, Pakistan continued to provide the Taliban with weapons (Loub, 2014). The Taliban, which took over power in Afghanistan in 1996, remained in power as a Muslim fundamentalist group until 2001. The Taliban's support for Osama bin Laden during its tenure and its' being a rigid interpreter of Islamic law has been on the agenda.
Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam - was the most dangerous terrorist organization of Sri Lanka. The organization emerged in 1976 as a sign of protest against the strengthening of the discriminatory policy of the predominant Sinhalese society in the country. The main aim of the organization was to create an independent Tamil state. The leader of the organization was Velupillai Prabhakaran, and the ideologist was Balasingam. Since 1983, the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam have begun a guerrilla war against the government. They mostly committed the terrorist acts against officials, political and military leaders in rural areas. In 1990-1993s, the organization committed a series of terrorist attacks against high-ranking officials. Thus, in 1990, Tamil politician Amer Taling-ham, minister Ranjan WijeratneRa, in 1991, India's Prime Minister Rajiv Gandh, in 1992, army general Denzil Kobbakaduwa, General Admiral Clanc Fernando and, in 1993, President of Sri Lanka Rana-singhe Premadasa were assassinated. Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam committed terrorist acts in the most populated areas, temples, banks, and transport. The organization has troops more than 10 000 troops. Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam control the northern and western parts of Sri Lanka. The main place of terrorists is the Jaffna peninsula. The organization has numerous branches abroad. The World Tamil Association, the World Tamil Movement, and the Federation of Associations of Canadian Tamils are among them and are included in the list of international terrorist organizations by the United States and the European Union. Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam were defeated on May 19, 2009, during a joint military operation by the US, India and Sri Lanka.
A number of terrorist organizations operating in Western Europe are mainly focused on the implementation of the ideas of separatism. Western European countries also suffer from separatism. This, in its turn, undermines the idea that separatism is only a characteristic of third world countries with weakly devel-
oped, unstable political and social status. Western European separatism (Northern Ireland in the UK, Basque country in Spain and Catalonia, Corsica in France, Flanders in Belgium) is characterized by the leading role of ethno-confessional and socioeconomic factors. Except for Northern Ireland, Corsica and the Basque country, the separatist centers in Western Europe have had no negative impact on the stability of the states for long time. Here, for example, in Catalonia and Flanders, high population activity does not exceed the limits of civil political struggle.
The launch of terrorist activities in Northern Ireland has been largely linked to the policy pursued by the United Kingdom. In the 1960s of the 20th century, the situation in the region had become virtually hopeless. In 1969, with the next military intervention, the British side created a new wave of development in the Northern Ireland crisis. Thus, the British party decided to use military force against the demonstrators - Catholics' struggle for civil rights. In the late 1960s and early 80s of the 20th century Ulster crisis stepped into its most acute phase (Mammadov, 2015). In 1967, leaders of the Catholic movement in Northern Ireland formed an association for the struggle for civil rights. This organization required equal rights for Catholics and Protestants. Although prohibited by the Northern Ireland Interior Ministry, in 1968 the Association began to hold numerous rallies in defense of the Catholic population. This signified the crisis in the Northern Ireland government. Within the government, the position of the representatives more radical Protestant groups was strengthened. In 1895, the Orange Order was restored. The police of the kingdom led by the Protestants in Ulster and the special anti-terrorist units of B-Specials BC speeches have gradually become a weapon of discrimination on the basis of religious conflicts. In response, the movement of extremist Catholic groups also intensified. The Irish Republican Army (IRA) once again entered the political arena. Its radical part ("temporary wing of the IRA") chose a terrorist method of struggle. The clashes on the religious grounds took place in the town of Apoqe in 1968 due to the events in Londonderry. On August 3, 1969, extremist-Protestants committed armed riots in Belfast as it was in Londonderry. In response, the London government deployed regular troops at Northern Ireland in August 1969. The local police were disarmed, the Ulster Defense Regiment was set up in its place, and began to implement the role of the law enforcement body. But the collisions could not be fully prevented. Northern Ireland has reached the situation of civil war (Mustafayeva, 2009).
Boko Haram (original title: Group of the People of Sunnah for Preaching and Jihad) - Nigeria's radical Islamic sect. Mohammed Yusif, a man in northern Nigeria, was excommunicated from two mosques in Maiduguri for promoting radical views and built a mosque called Center as a center for the movement and established Boko Haram in 2002 (Ogwuru). Its main goal was to apply sharia throughout the whole of Nigeria and eradicate Western lifestyle. In May 2014, it was included to the list of terrorist organizations by the UN Security Council.
Boko Haram prohibits Muslims from engaging in any political or social activity similar to Western society considering it as "haram". Boko Haram considers
Nigerian government to be run by unbelievers. The official name of the group is Jama'at Ahl as-Sunnah lid-Da'wah wa'l-Jihad in Arabic. It means Group of the People of Sunnah for Preaching and Jihad (Nigeria, 2014).
Residents of Maiduquri in the northeast of the group's home country are calling the organization a shorter name - Boko Haram. The name is translated from the Hausa language as Western education is ha-ram. At first, "boko" meant fake, but then it referred to Western education. The organization that took over the responsibility for numerous acts of terrorism since it was established, has become even more active since 2009 and has committed horrible terrorist attacks to date (Nigeria, 2014).
In a statement issued on May 9, 2014 the UN Security Council condemned the attacks by Boko Haram in Nigeria, including the kidnapping of Chibok schoolgirls. The Council stated that some of the actions of Boko Haram could lead to crimes against humanity, emphasized that the perpetrators and organizers of these responsible terrorist acts as well as sponsors and supporters need to be brought to justice and called on all states to fulfill their commitments (Ikeji, 2015). Since the kidnapping of Chibok girls, the international community's interest in Boko Haram has grown considerably. In response to the social media campaign - Bring Back Our Girls!. Countries such as China, France, England and the United States have offered their support to the Nigerian government in helping to rescue kidnapped girls. In addition, France called for a summit of the countries bordering Nigeria on May 17, 2014 to mobilize regional coordination and support, and the UK also hosted a similar meeting on June 12, 2014. Most notably, on May 22, 2013, the UN Security Council approved the addition of Boko Haram to the list of individuals and entities subjected to targeted financial sanctions and weapons embargoes in paragraph 1 of the Resolution 2083 of the Al-Qaida Sanctions Committee (in 2012, adopted in accordance with Chapter VII of the UN Charter (Ikeji, 2015).
When we identify the factors that have created the prevalence of terrorism in Nigeria, we see that the country has witnessed terrorism at various levels since its establishment. Thus, turning Bako Haram into a terrorist organization as a result of devastating robberies and murders has posed serious threats to Nigeria and its neighboring countries. Nigeria has become a fertile ground for the cultivation of terrorism due to multinational groups and their uneven distribution. Of course, numerous small and large gangs in the region, from time to time, have joined Bako Haram, expanded their circle and played an important role in its rapid evolution as a destructive terrorist organization. Of course, social problems are one of the biggest factors that contribute to the escalation of terrorism. Thus, unemployment (the most young people are unemployed) and poverty is one of the main factors contributing to terrorism in Nigeria. This is why most terrorist acts in Nigeria are politically motivated. The election period in Nigeria is always scandalous and intriguing. Even most Nigerian politicians have used methods such as assassination, kidnapping and intimidation to silence or suppress the opposition. Assassination of Mandy Onuoha in 2005, or Funsho Williams
in 2006 (Funsho) and others all were politically motivated.
ETA Basque terrorist organization is acting in Spain, another European country. Although this organization was not initially intended to act as a terrorist organization, as a result of the Franco regime the organization adopted the terrorist acts as a method of struggle (Cokmez, 2008). This organization was established in 1958. Although originally it intended to protect the Basque language and culture, they have begun terrorist activities since the 60s of the 20th century. During its activities, a large number of terrorist acts were committed.
What is ASALA from which many countries suffered and were subjected to its attacks?
ASALA is an Armenian terrorist organization founded in 1975. The founders are Hagop Hagopian, Gevorg Ajemian, Simon Simonian, and a cruel killer whose name is known among terrorist murders Monte Melkonian. The headquarters of the organization is located in Beirut, and training camps are located in Syria. The main goal of ASALA is to establish a Greater Armenia state in the territory including Eastern Turkey, Northern Iran, Nakhchivan and Nagorno-Karabakh territories of Azerbaijan. ASALA mainly commits terrorist acts against Turkish and Azerbaijani citizens. Its leader, Hagop Hagopian, played an important role in establishing the organization's relations with such terrorist groups like Abu Nidal and Black September.
Although there have been numerous investigations on terrorism so far, very few objective researches have been made on the Armenian terrorism against Turkish diplomats and ambassadors. U.S. Under Secretary of Defense for Policy, Fred Ikle, in his statement about ASALA to the Senate Subcommittee on Terrorism and Homeland Security said "one of the most dangerous, yet ignored terrorist movements" (KarakoQ, 2009). During 1975-1991s, ASALA committed bombings at Turkish embassies and consulates in various countries around the world, especially in Europe, as well as at various Turkish catering facilities and many Turkish diplomats were killed (Karakog, 2009). It would be appropriate to give a brief account on Monte Melkonian, the main author of this scenario. After being arrested as the organizer of the Orly Operation, Melkonian was accused of committing four more terrorist acts and imprisoned in France in 1985. Only four years later, in 1989, he was released for " unspecified reason" and deported to Lebanon. Melkonian, who was able to return to France shortly afterwards, arrived to Nagorno-Karabakh in 1990, where he was active in operations against Azerbaija-nis. In 1993 he was killed in the battle near the village of Marzili in Agdam. There is a university, school, bridge and charity fund in Armenia named after Melkonian, killed by Azerbaijani soldier Ibad Huseynov.
It should be noted that, besides ASALA, Armenians had other small terrorist organizations or groups and their list is provided below:
1. Justice Commandos of the Armenian Genocide was an Armenian (Established in 1972 in Vienna at the Dashnaktsutyun Party congress);
2. Armenian Liberation Front (1979);
3. Orly Group" (1981, France);
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4. Armenian Union (1988, Moscow);
5. Young Armenians Union (1990, France);
6. June 9 Group (1991, Switzerland);
7. Switzerland Group (1991);
8. Suicide Squad (1981, France),
9. Apostle (2001);
10. Gegaron (2001);
11. Armenian Liberation Movement (1991, France), etc.
These terrorist organizations have their own media network as well:
1. "Hayastan" - official newspaper of ASALA.
2. "Hay-Baykar"
3. "Armenial"
4. "Kaytzer" magazine (Published in London)
5. Voice of Lebanin Armenian (radio station, broadcasted in Lebanon)
6. Hayastan.com, etc. (Qan).
4.Result
All terrorist acts have common goals. 'Attracting attention' and 'to be heard' are among these goals. Of course, as we mentioned in the previous chapters, "terrorism" also aims to intimidate individuals and the general public. Because the main aim of terrorism is to destroy the sovereignty, the relationships it manages to attack. Each terrorist act therefore wants to explain its "thoughts" against sovereignty, as well as to show its "power". From this point of view, each act of terrorism is a "propaganda" movement in terms of public relations. There are three purposes of this propaganda activity: to minimize the sovereignty relations it attacks, to defeat it on one hand, to intimidate the goals within this sovereignty relationship, and finally to give its followers a "moral spirit", on the other hand. In the course of classification of the international terrorist organizations operating in the world it was revealed that there are groups operating on the basis of religious, class, and other ideological motives. Their origin, conditions and dynamics of formation have a direct impact on their activities. Also, the fact that organizations involved in the terrorist activities have local, regional and global networks is of particular importance in their classification. The structure of the international terrorist organizations also varies. While some terrorist organizations have serious subordination and hierarchy, others simply have an ideological unity with independent groups. Their activities and acts of terror are governed by the local leaderships, not from the central office. In terms of ideological characteristics, the imperatives of terrorist organizations are sometimes based on religious and sometimes other ideological grounds. This means that the specific rules of behavior are established and implemented as they are. The system of strategic and tactical parameters may differ in the activities of the terrorist organizations. Some terrorist organizations generally want to completely change the political order of the world. In some cases, unfortunately, the double standards in the policies of some countries related to terrorism, as well as the post-modern neocolonialism trends feed the strategic goals of terrorism. Tactical settings, however, are different. In the first case, the armed forces of the US, UK, France, and other countries involved in foreign military operations may be targeted, and sometimes the tactical parameters may include killing of civilians and destruction of infrastructure. One of the
problematic issues is that the countries are involved in terrorism in one way or another. State-sponsored terrorism is characterized by acts of violence by states or national groups associated with states to create a climate of fear over the target community for the achievement of strategic, political and religious goals. In modern times, state-sponsored terrorism, which has more lethal force and more operational capabilities than traditional terrorism, is now perceived as a manifestation of low-density war. In theory, terrorism, a method of psychological warfare, has become a serious threat to international peace and security as a result of the state support it has gained in this area. From this point of view, it may seem logical to say that although World War II was conducted under military conditions, it would be logical to say that the order of World War III will be based on the terrorist acts.
5. Conclusion
As a result of all this, we can state that there are common and specific features in establishment and development of the terrorist organizations. What they all have in common is that their activities are contrary to national, international law and accepted humanistic values. However, it is worth noting here that in some cases, domestic and foreign policies of some countries have also led to the establishment of the terrorist organizations. Therefore, elimination of the consequences of terrorism is directly linked to the states and organizations advocating the universal values.
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