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18исторические науки / youji paolo nicolas takayama constantini / ntakayamac@gmail.com / удк 338.24.021.8 + 94
Evolution of the Chinese economic security doctrine from 1949 to the XXI century
Эволюция китайской доктрины экономической безопасности
с 1949 по XXI век
Youji Paolo Nicolas Takayama Constantini
Kazan Federal University ntakayamac@gmail.com DOI: 10.24412/2686-9675-2-2021-243-255
АННОТАЦИЯ
В данной статье представлено описание эволюции экономической безопасности в Китайской Народной Республике и ее особенно-стеи в современном столетии. Исследовательская работа ориентирована на разработку краткой, но исчерпывающей характеристики объекта исследования, разделенной на две части: 1. Краткое определение экономическая безопасность, 2. Эволюция доктрины экономи-ческои безопасности Китаискои Народнои Республики и 3. Современное состояние экономической безопасности этой страны в XXI веке. В статье также дается краткое описание концепции экономическои безопасности, принятых странами Восточной Азии, и взаимосвязи между экономическои безопасностью и протекционизмом, которые являются тесно связанными концепциями. Наконец, конечная цель этои исследовательскои работы состоит в том, чтобы предложить краткую теоретическую основу об основах и приоритетах, которые принимаются во внимание в процессе принятия решений Китайской Народной Республикой.
Ключевые слова: Экономическая безопасность, Китаи, протекционизм, экономическая доктрина Китая, развитие.
ABSTRACT
This article presents a description of the evolution of economic security in the People's Republic of China and its characteristics in the present century. The investigation work is focused on the development of a brief, but exhaustive characterization of the object of study, divided into two parts: 1. Brief definition of economic security, 2. Evolution of the economic security doctrine of the People's Republic of China and 3. The current situation of the economic security of this country in the XXI century. The article also offers a brief description of the concepts of economic security accepted by the countries of East Asia and the relationship between economic security and protectionism, which are closely related concepts. Finally, the ultimate goal of this investigation work is to offer a concise theoretical basis about the foundations and priorities that are taken into account in the decision-making process of the People's Republic of China.
Keywords: Economic security, China, Protectionism, China's economic doctrine, development.
international science journal / международный научный журнал
Для цитирования: Такауата К. Эволюция китайской доктрины экономической безопасности с 1949 по XXI век. Современные востоковедческие исследования. 2021; 3(2): 243-255.
For citation: Takayama K. Evolution of the Chinese economic security doctrine from 1949 to the XXI century. Modern Oriental Studies. 2021; 3(2): 243-255.
1. INTRODUCTION
The rapid economic development of the People's Republic of China over the past 40 years requires a detailed analysis of the basic values considered for proper planning with results not only at the economic level, but also at the social, political, military and even environmental levels.
However, this growth, which was uncontrollable at the beginning, stems from an old planning structure with the State as a fundamental actor and motor to concretize the development of the Chinese economy based on the interests of the country and its own citizens.
Consequently, the purpose of this research is to provide a detailed description and analysis of the stages of development of the economic security doctrine of the People's Republic of China: how it was born and intensified with the dissolution of the USSR in 1992, and currently covering big projects like the Silk Road.
2. METHODS
This research work comprises four methodological pillars: The descriptive method, which will provide a detailed and exhaustive knowledge about the reality of the object of study through the study of the information provided by other authors. This method also requires a rigorous interpretation of the information presented according to the formal criteria of the science to be treated; in this case, the political economy. The systemic method will allow to identify the different elements of the concept of economic security and establish an order that facilitates the analysis of subsequent case studies. The periodization method will clearly define each of the stages of development of the economic security of
the People's Republic of China, establishing a broader panorama of the historical reality of the evolution of this doctrine. The comparative-historical method will facilitate the analogical, differentiating and / or antagonistic search of the different stages of the economic security doctrine of the People's Republic of China.
The implementation of these methods as a whole will allow a holistic study of the object of study and will define the theoretical framework on which the information and interpretation obtained will be presented. In turn, it will establish a fundamental basis for the evaluation of particular cases in the future.
3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
To understand the concept of economic security, it is essential to understand the idea of "security", which evokes in the person the feeling of belonging, stability and direction, and whose sphere of influence fundamentally covers the political, economic, social and technological sphere. Security provides man, as a social being, with a purpose and a scale of values in the face of risk. Its antithesis, insecurity, leads to an excess of individualism, opportunism and irresponsibility that, consequently, ends up causing inequality and marginali-zation on different scales. (International Labor Office, 2004) Security is, therefore, a multidimensional system that can only be defined considering its different dimensions and their interaction between them to face risks or threats that endanger the sustainable development of the existence of the individual and, therefore, of the society. Its direct institutional representation at the state level is "national security", which encompasses five essen-
исторические науки / youji paolo nicolas takayama constantini / ntakayamac@gmail.com / удк 338.24.021.8 + 94
tial dimensions: military dimension, informatics dimension, environmental dimension, economic dimension, and political dimension. Studying one dimension in particular requires that the others be considered as well, since they are all complementary and the weakness of one represents the weakness of the system as a whole. (Dr.Csath, et al., 2019) Given the exorbitant economic growth of the Chinese economy and its emergence as a nascent pole of power and influence in the world, it is imperative to study the evolution of its doctrine in the area of its national security; in this particular investigation, in its doctrine of economic security. Economic security is a form of security that arises from the dangers that come from a comprehensive global market (globalization) and its priority is the defense of fundamental economic values. This is achieved through political mechanisms based on human rights, in social welfare systems, and in a correct and modern institutional framework, which must guarantee minimal damage in the face of threats, both external (for example, economic sanctions, unfair competition and abusive, subsidies or dumping) as internal (for example, revolts, policies that limit human rights or the absence of institutions or groups for the representation of the majority). (Nesadurai, 2006)
It is important to establish basic mechanisms of economic security in every State, since these guarantee "minimum" conditions to live with dignity, respecting fundamental human rights and establishing a society of good living. To establish these mechanisms it is necessary to recover and promote collective action, cooperation based on common objectives to achieve a joint vision: the development of society.
The lack of these basic mechanisms leads to a degree of insecurity that plunges society into opportunism, irresponsibility, lack of moderation, lack of tolerance and violence, where those who possess and monopolize more resources are usual-
ly more favored, leaving a space for marginaliza-tion and the subsequent "retributive justice" (violent actions of the marginalized classes against elites in the long term). (International Labor Office, 2004)
Being clear about the concept of economic security, one can proceed to answer the question: How has economic security evolved in the People's Republic of China? To understand the beginnings of this doctrine, it is necessary to establish clear historical parameters.
After the collapse of the Qing dynasty (16441911), whose government left the nation in political and economic stagnation, along with drastic inequality and famine, a political-economic revolution began in China accompanied by modern industrial development, as well as the development of communication and transportation channels. After a total political fragmentation and a civil war, the Nationalist Party (Guomindang) reached a consensus in the nation, thus beginning the period of a "nationalist China", which lasted for a short period of 10 years (1927-1937). After this brief period of peace, the war against Japan began (1937) and accompanied by the Second World War (1939). The war against Japan greatly weakened the nationalist coalition, whose army after 1945 faced the communist army in a civil war, with the Communist Party winning. Thereafter, the period of "Popular China" began in 1949, which represents a great divide in Chinese history and a turning point towards political (towards socialism) and economic change (rapid, rapid and modern growth, unprecedented in history). (Naughton, 2007). With the beginning of the period of Popular China, under the mandate of Mao Zedong, the medium-term economic and social plans called "Five-Year Plans" began, which originated in the Soviet Union as an instrument of centralized planning for strategic and of economic policy (Antuna S., 2016). Therefore, to understand the evolution of the economic
international science journal / международный научный журнал
security of the People's Republic of China, the evolution of the five-year plans must be understood, since these are instruments that define the security mechanisms for economic development and the
economic values indispensable for the country's economy.
N° Plan Objectives Results
I (1953-1957) Concentrate the main resources on industrial development with the help of the USSR and carry out a socialist transformation in agriculture, crafts, industry and private businesses. All planned investment projects were fulfilled and the fundamental basis of relations of socialist production (nationalization of main industries, banking centers and wholesale trade) was established. Problems: The development of agriculture did not go hand in hand with industrial development and the socialist transformation in a hasty and intense way brought with it financial problems.
II (1958-1963) Continue with the development of heavy industry (for the technical transformation of the national economy) and with the socialist transformation, through the improvement of the collective property system, infrastructure, commerce, transportation, the material and cultural standard of living of the population (education and scientific research to adapt to the needs of socialist development). Significant increase in industrial production. Significant migration of workers from the agricultural sector to the industrial sector. Many industries merged with smaller ones. Problems: Financial difficulties due to excessive production. In 1960 the numbers and targets had to be readjusted: the Chinese economy could not continue to grow as originally planned in this plan.
исторические науки / youji paolo nicolas takayama constantini / ntakayamac@gmail.com / удк 338.24.021.8 + 94
N° Plan Objectives Results
Crisis (1963-1965) Planning errors in the Second Five-Year Plan, together with a series of natural disasters that lasted for three years (1959-1961), caused the "Great Chinese Famine", a widespread famine crisis with a result of 25 to 30 million dead.
III (1966-1970) Solve problems with food, clothing and articles of use; increase the quality and variety of production, guiding it towards a greater degree of self-sufficiency in the national economy and hand in hand with the development of the sectors mentioned in the II Plan, thus representing a point of gravity and proportionality. All objectives were met. Transportation infrastructure (railways, highways, and ports) was greatly improved. Agriculture, national defense and the beginnings of innovation were improved. Problems: Rapid and uncontrolled growth that would bring negative longterm consequences.
IV (1971-1975) Continue the development of industry, agriculture and infrastructure based on high objectives to be achieved. Many of the proposed objectives were met and exceeded. Growth of industry and agriculture of more than 12% annually.
V (1976-1980) Achieve new indices of industrial and agricultural development. The industrial system and the economic system were reformed on the basis of "indicative planning" (trying to meet the objectives as well as possible, without having to run without control for it). The government presented new principles of "readjustment, reform, rectification and improvement" that allowed a balanced growth of the national economy. Problems: In the first years, there was uncontrolled growth and structural imbalances, which required a reform of the economic system.
international science journal / международный научный журнал
N° Plan Objectives Results
Projected industrial and agricul- It was the most complete five-
tural growth at 5% annually; de- year plan and with worldwide
velop the scientific and techno- recognized achievements: An
logical base for the creation of increase of more than 11% in
new technologies; economic effi- agricultural and industrial
ciency to increase government production was achieved, as well
revenues and achieve stable fis- as an annual 10% in GDP along
cal balances and debts; foreign with stable fiscal accounts. New
VI capital and its technology were international relations and a
(1981-1985) allowed in; supply and demand new approach to foreign trade
for products were leveled; ener- and technological exchange.
gy saving; transportation and Important advances in the field
communications development; of infrastructure and technologi-
environmental Protection; cal innovation.
national defense. Problems: Too much investment in fixed assets, vertiginous increase in consumption and monetary issue.
Maintain market equilibrium, Stable growth was reached with
fiscal stability and a coordinated an average of 8% per year and
drive between efficiency and adjustments in the economic
economic growth; intensification field continued to reform the
of commercial and technological inconveniences caused by un-
exchanges; continue to improve controlled growth in previous
the standard of living and build periods. Compulsory
VII socialist civilization; education began to be estab-
(1986-1990) readjustments in the investment and impulse structure of the energy, communications and telecommunications industries. lished.
исторические науки / youji paolo nicolas takayama constantini / ntakayamac@gmail.com / удк 338.24.021.8 + 94
N° Plan Objectives Results
Maintain stable economic A historic milestone in China's
growth; intensify foreign trade; development history was
priority in the technical and reached: Stable economic
competitive development of the growth of 11% per year with
different industrial sectors; exe- GDP in 1995 that was 4.5 times
cution and start-up of infrastruc- higher than in 1980 (initially
ture, transportation, energy, and projected for 2000). A new fi-
VIII (1991-1995) communications projects; con- nance system (with fiscal decen-
tinue with the reforms in the economic structure. tralization) and a new tax system (with value added tax as priority) were established. The economy had as its main body the public sector in key sectors and the role of the market as a resource distributor was reinforced. China is ranked 11th in the world for the volume of imports and exports.
Increase in GDP to mitigate the Poverty was reduced and mod-
negative effects of population estly stable living standards
expansion; Improve the quality were achieved; Companies were
of life of the population; modernized and the economic
modernization of the economic system of the socialist market
system. was established.
IX
(1996-2000)
international science journal / международный научный журнал
N° Plan Objectives Results
X (2001-2005) XI (2006- 2010) 7% annual increase in GDP; optimization and updating (with informatics) of the economic (industrial and international competitiveness) and social (access to IT) sectors. Even greater increase in infrastructure and urbanization. Scientific-technical and technological research with a participation of 1.5% of GDP and intensifying compulsory education. Improving the quality of life and protecting the environment. For the XI: Intensify the previous objectives with a greater focus on social welfare and the environment Now all objectives were divided into "indicative" and "mandatory". In the X plan, 14 of the 22 planned objectives were met. GDP grew at almost a 10% annual rate. Public services (sanitary, cultural, minimum vegetative areas, public order, telecommunications, among others) were improved. In the XI plan, 20 of the 23 planned objectives were met. More than 60% of these objectives were oriented to social welfare and the environment GDP reached an average annual growth of 11.23%.
XII (2011-2015) Due to the 2008 crisis, the objectives followed the same approaches as the previous plans but with the difference that they were now aimed at building an economy that did not depend excessively on external demand (as well as on foreign capital). GDP grew an average of 6.9% and GDP per capita, 7.4% (both well above the global average ate). The quality of life improved markedly: Employment remained stable and unemployment in a range of 4%; poverty was reduced. Innovation and the technology industries and manufacturing equipment grew enormously and played a fundamental role in maintaining stable employment.
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N° Plan Objectives Results
XIII (2016-2020) Priority to economic growth supported by increased public investment, advancement of advanced technology and industrial development, and private investment; carry out structural reforms due to the overcapacity present in various sectors; Accelerating the transformation of development engines now based on innovation (large-scale foreign investment and export will take a back seat). Axes of development of the plan: - Innovation and new technologies. - Coordination and regional integration in the country. - Sustainable development. - International opening. - Shared social benefits. The most favored sectors will be: agriculture, environment and renewable energy, internet, robotics, infrastructure, aerospace industry, public and financial services, biotechnology and health, tourism, culture and entertainment.
Таблица 1: Пятилетки КНР
Источник: Antuna S. (2016); Central Committee of the Communist Party of China (2015); China Internet Information Center (2006); Naughton, B. (2007). Table 1: Five-year plans of the People's Republic of China.
Source: Antuna S. (2016); Central Committee of the Communist Party of China (2015); China Internet Information Center (2006); Naughton, B. (2007).
The following is a table with China's five-year plans throughout its republican period with their respective objectives and results:
Table 1 clearly shows development patterns that change according to the priorities or fundamental values on which the country's economy is supported. In the 1st and 2nd Plan, the priority is to establish relations of socialist production through the nationalization of industries, focus on the development of heavy industry and agriculture, and construction of infrastructure for transportation and communications.
After the Great Famine, China realized that
economic development was not only important in the development of heavy industry, but also in consumer goods (especially clothing and food). For this reason, starting with the 3rd Plan, self-sufficiency was taken into consideration; Furthermore, until the 4th Plan, the first steps were taken for national defense and innovation; however, they were not yet able to control overproduction caused by excessively rapid economic growth.
From the 5 th Plan, and with Mao Zedong's departure from the presidency (1973), the periods of reform began and the objectives would become a guide towards which to approach as best as possible and no longer a goal of strict compli-
MODERN ORIENTAL STUDIES
СОВРЕМЕННЫЕ ВОСТОКОВЕДЧЕСКИЕ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЯ
international science journal / международный научный журнал
ance (indicative planning) and, in the 6th Plan, the opening to foreign capital began, trade intensified and the issue of environmental protection began to be addressed. From the 5th to the 7th Plan, the priorities continued to be the development of industry and agriculture, but maintaining stable growth, constantly comparing them with that of other sectors such as transport and communications infrastructure, technology and adequate fiscal stability. and mercantile.
With the 8th Plan, perhaps the most important and with world-renowned results, China boosted itself on the international stage as an emerging commercial power, demarcating a line of development that would extend until the 11th Plan, based on industrial competitiveness, scientific competitiveness -technique and foreign trade with significant investment in key sectors such as infrastructure and energy; all without neglecting the standard of living and the cultural level of the population (always adapting it to the demands of the accelerated growth of the economic system of the socialist market).
Finally, with the crisis of 2008 and from the 12th Plan, the direction of the economy takes a more independent course from external demand and points to self-sustainability and "focuses its attention on innovation as a vital element for the transformation of the economy of the country ".
It is important to highlight that China develops long-term economic projects in parallel with the five-year plans; for example:
- Along with the 9th Five-Year Plan, the first medium and long-term plan based on the socialist market economy was also approved: the "Long-term plan until 2010" (1995). This plan envisaged doubling the GDP of the year 2000 by 2010. The final result was not a doubling, but a quintupling of the GDP for the year 2010. And currently, together with the 13th Plan, the long-
term plan called "Made in China 2025" (2015), which is the first phase of a strategy planned for 30 years that includes: "reducing development differences with other countries (2025), maintaining the position (2035) and leading innovation (2045)". Made in China 2025 aims to make China the world's leading technological power through the implementation of policies to restructure the manufacturing industry aimed at "innovation, intellectual property and sustainable development". (Gomez P., 2016);
- During the course of the 9th Five-Year Plan, the "New Security Concept" was also implemented in China, which included a win-win diplomacy (maximize benefits without harming the other) and identified 5 types of security: economic, military, political (regime), social-environmental and scientific-technological. China, of course, regards economic security as the highest priority in the post-Cold War period (Kumar, 2012). On the other hand, military power will be used strictly in defense scenarios, self-defense with immediate response to an attack, and active defense (The State Council Information Office of the People's Republic of China, 2019).
- China is currently implementing the "One Belt, One Way" initiative. This is an ambitious project consisting of two parts: The Silk Road and the Sea Route. Both consist of the participation of more than 60 countries (Europe, Russia, the CIS, the countries of the Near and Middle East, the ASEAN countries) with a total of 4.4 billion people and with the aim of developing infrastructure logistics (transportation and communications) to improve the flow of supplies, migration and tourism flows, information exchange, research and technology, among others. With this initiative, China does not impose any ideology or changes in economic policy, but an opportunity for the mutual economic development of the participating countries. (Виноградов, 2018)
исторические науки / youji paolo nicolas takayama constantini / ntakayamac@gmail.com / удк 338.24.021.8 + 94
The "Road and Bealt" initiative is a response from China to its excessive industrial capacity in some sectors and to the Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership (TTIP) proposed by the US. (Kostecka-Tomaszewska, 2018) The economic security of the People's Republic of China is threatened by the consequences of globalization and the values that it defends focus mainly on the strength and integrity of the State through zero-sum negotiations. (Zha, 1999) Kostecka-Tomaszewska (2018) argues that economic security is the ability of an economy to grow in a stable manner and in turn create favorable conditions for the "widely understood" well-being of its citizens and, furthermore, argues that this must be done "Under the conditions of free trade and the free movement of factors." On the other hand, the former president of the Republic of Ecuador, Correa, R. (2012) affirms that free trade is an "extreme fallacy, closer to religion than to science and that it does not resist even the slightest theoretical analysis. " In this sense, he maintains that trade with countries of the same level of development is beneficial; but a free trade agreement with countries with a higher level of productivity and competitiveness leads the country towards a degradation of its productive base and, in the case of underdeveloped countries, a setback to the agro-export model.
4. CONCLUSIONS
The economic security doctrine of the People's Republic of China begins with the establishment of the Communist Party in 1949 and the development of five-year plans on the basis of socialist relations of production. From the beginning, its economic values focused on economic development with the State as the main planner, support and supervisor of all economic, political and social activity in the country. Currently, its doctrine along with its economic activity itself is being redirected
towards a development based on the industry of
innovation and science, as well as self-sufficiency.
Литература
1. Antuna S., G. (2016). 13° Plan Quinquenal de la República Popular China. Pekín: ICEX Espana Exportación e Inversiones. https:// www.icex.es/icex/es/navegacion-principal/ todos-nuestrosservicios/informacion-de-mercados/paises/navegacion-principal/ elmercado/estudios- informes / D0C2016672545.html?idPais=CN
2. Banco Mundial. (2018). Crecimiento del PIB (% anual) - China. Retrieved May 16, 2020, from Banco Mundial: https:// datos.bancomundial.org/indicador/ NY.GDP.MKTP.KD.ZG?locations=CN
3. Central Committee of the Communist Party of China. (2015). The 13th Five-Year Plan for economic and social development of The People's Republic of China (2016-2020). Beijing: Compilation and Translation Bureau.
4. China Internet Information Center. (2006). Diez planes quinquenales de desarrollo economico y social de la Nueva China. Retrieved May 06, 2020, from IV Sesion de la X APN y IX Sesion del X Comite Nacional de la CCPPCh: http://spanish.china.org.cn/ spanish/222422.htm
5. Correa, R. (2012). Ecuador: De Banana Republic a la No Republica. Bogota: Random House Mondadori S.A.
6. Dr.Csath, M., Fasi, C., Nagy, B., Palfi, N., Taksas, B., & Vinogradov, S. (2019). Soft Factors of Economic Security. Academic and Applied Research in Military and Public., 117129.
7. Gomez P., E. (2016). Plan Made in China 2025. Pekín: ICEX Espana Exportacion e Inversiones.
international science journal i международный научный журнал
8. International Labour Office. (2004). Economic Security for a Better World. Geneva.
9. Kostecka-Tomaszewska, L. (2018). Economic security of China in 21st century: SWOT analysis. En D. a. Agency, Economic and Social Development: Book of Proceedings (pags. 486-496). Varazdin: Varazdin.
10. Kostecka-Tomaszewska, L. (2018). Economic security of China: the implications of the belt and road initiative. Optimo. Estudios Economicos, 166-182.
11. Kumar, A. (2012). New security concept of China. Retrieved May 06, 2020, from Institute of Peace and Conflict Studies: www.jstor.org/stable/resrep09340
12. Naughton, B. (2007). The Chinese economy: transitions and growth. Massachusetts: MIT Press.
13. Nesadurai, H. E. (2006). Globalisation and Economic Security in East Asia: Governance and Institutions. New York: Routledge.
14. The State Council Information Office of the People's Republic of China. (2019). China's national defence in the new era. Beijing: The State Council Information Office of the People's Republic of China. Obtenido de http://english.www.gov.cn/ archive/whitepaper/201907/24/ content_WS5d3941ddc6d08408f502283d.html
15. Zha, D. (1999). Chinese considerations of "economic security". Journal OfChinese Political Science, 69-87.
16. Виноградов, И. (2018). Эволюция геополитической стратегии Китая нарубеже XX-XXI вв. ЛОКУС: люди, общество, культуры, смыслы, 75-85.
References
Antuna S., G. (2016). 13° Plan Quinquenal de la RepUblica Popular China. Pekín: ICEX Espana Exportación e Inversiones. https:// www.icex.es/icex/es/navegacion-principal/ todos-nuestrosservicios/informacion-de-mercados/paises/navegacion-principal/ elmercado/estudios-informes/ D0C2016672545.html?idPais=CN
Banco Mundial. (2018). Crecimiento del PIB (% anual) - China. Retrieved May 16, 2020, from Banco Mundial: https:// datos.bancomundial.org/indicador/ NY.GDP.MKTP.KD.ZG?locations=CN
Central Committee of the Communist Party of China. (2015). The 13th Five-Year Plan for economic and social development of The People's Republic of China (2016-2020). Beijing: Compilation and Translation Bureau.
China Internet Information Center. (2006). Diez planes quinquenales de desarrollo economico y social de la Nueva China. Retrieved May 06, 2020, from IV Sesion de la X APN y IX Sesion del X Comite Nacional de la CCPPCh: http://spanish.china.org.cn/ spanish/222422.htm
Correa, R. (2012). Ecuador: De Banana Republic a la No Republica. Bogota: Random House Mondadori S.A.
Dr.Csath, M., Fasi, C., Nagy, B., Palfi, N., Taksas, B., & Vinogradov, S. (2019). Soft Factors of Economic Security. Academic and Applied Research in Military and Public., 117129.
Gomez P., E. (2016). Plan Made in China 2025. Pekín: ICEX Espana Exportacion e Inversiones.
International Labour Office. (2004). Economic Security for a Better World. Geneva.
исторические науки i youji paolo Nicolas takayama constantini i nnakayamac@gmail.com i удк 338.24.021.8+94
9. Kostecka-Tomaszewska, L. (2018). Economic security of China in 21st century: SWOT analysis. En D. a. Agency, Economic and Social Development: Book of Proceedings (pags. 486-496). Varazdin: Varazdin.
10. Kostecka-Tomaszewska, L. (2018). Economic security of China: the implications of the belt and road initiative. Optimo. Estudios Economicos, 166-182.
11. Kumar, A. (2012). New security concept of China. Retrieved May 06, 2020, from Institute of Peace and Conflict Studies: www.jstor.org/stable/resrep09340
12. Naughton, B. (2007). The Chinese economy: transitions and growth. Massachusetts: MIT Press.
13. Nesadurai, H. E. (2006). Globalisation and Economic Security in East Asia: Governance and Institutions. New York: Routledge.
14. The State Council Information Office of the People's Republic of China. (2019). China's national defence in the new era. Beijing: The State Council Information Office of the People's Republic of China. Obtenido de http://english.www.gov.cn/ archive/whitepaper/201907/24/ content_WS5d3941ddc6d08408f502283d.html
15. Zha, D. (1999). Chinese considerations of "economic security". Journal OfChinese Political Science, 69-87.
16. Vinogradov, I. (2018). Evolyuciya geo-politicheskoj strategii Kitaya na rubezhe XX-XXI vv. LOKUS: lyudi, obshchestvo, kul'tury, smysly, 75-85.
Информация об авторе Такаяма К.Ю.П.Н.
Казанскии федеральныи университет 420008, Казань, ул. Кремлевская 18 Россия
ntakayamac@gmail.com
Information about the Author
Takayama Constantini, Youji Paolo Nicolás
Kazan Federal University
420008, Kazan, Kremlyovskaya str., 18
Russia
ntakayamac@gmail.com
Статья одобрена рецензентами: 30.04.2021 Статья принята к публикации: 11.05.2021 Reviewed: 30.04.2021 Accepted: 11.05.2021
