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13During the current civil society reform period, Romitan district of Bukhara region has begun to use management methods that have a significant impact on the mood of citizens, such as improving the welfare of the population, increasing contacts with them, assisting vulnerable groups. In addition, in order to improve the mental state of the population, to strengthen the psychological impact of governance, significant attention was paid to the increase of cultural and spiritual activities.
In 2019-2020, People's Artists, representatives of education and culture, activists of national cultural centers will present "Uzbekistan - a tolerant country", "A place of neighborhood and harmony", "Our unity -a guarantee of peace and tranquility", "Under one sky, in solidarity - on the way to goodness and creativity" has become a tradition to hold meetings with local residents, experience of holding various meetings and dialogues in youth and educational institutions and schools to ensure interethnic and interreligious harmony in the country23.
However, although large enterprises and manufacturing companies have gained a lot of experience in improving the psychological environment in management, such management methods are now entering the local government. Until now, the state order for products such as grain and cotton, the growth of bureaucracy, the tendency to authoritarian rule in the khokimiyats did not allow the introduction of dozens of methods of psychological influence - "case", "360 degrees", assimilation in the
assessment of management and managers. Management practices that influence the improvement of such a psychological environment are now entering our lives.
The analysis shows that the role of psychological approaches in the management of the workforce, in stabilizing the psychological environment in it is incomparably high. After all, every work team is made up of many individuals. Each of them has its own unique character and demeanor. Therefore, if the leader works in management based on psychological factors, his management process will be effective, the work team will be able to fulfill its goals and objectives.
REFERENCES:
1. Labor Code of Uzbekistan // National Database of Legislation, 11.05.2019, No. 03/19/536/3114, 24.05.2019, No. 03/19/542/3177, 04.12.2019, 03 / 19/586/4106-issue).
2. The scale of neuroticism G. Eysenck // Typologies of personality // http://studme.org/1228112822064 / menedzhment / tipologii_lichnosti.
3. Territory and population of Romitan district // http: //romitan.buxoro.uz/full_content.php? Dt = pages & id = 119.
4. The labor collective, its signs and functions // https: //studme.org/124710139960/menedzhment/ trudovoy_kollektiv_ego_priznaki_funktsii.
5. Working team.// UzNE. First Volume.-T., 2000. -P.211.
Kazakbaev H.I.
Lecturer of Tashkent State University of Oriental Studies, Uzbekistan
DISPUTED TERRITORIES IN THE SOUTH CHINA SEA AND THE ROLE OF PEOPLE'S
REPUBLIC OF CHINA
Abstract. This article examines the general description, economic and geographical features of the disputed islands in the South China Sea, and the territorial claims of the countries in the region over the islands. The study also discusses the territorial claims of the People's Republic of China over the islands in the South China Sea.
Keywords: South China Sea, transport corridors, world economy, People's Republic of China, Paracel Islands, Nansha Island, Spratly Island.
Introduction. Today, the disputed islands in the South China Sea include the claims of a number of countries in the region, including Brunei, the People's Republic of China (PRC), Taiwan, Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines and Vietnam, to the islands and sea areas in the region. Every year, $ 37 trillion in global trade passes through the South China Sea, which accounts for a third of world maritime trade. Eighty percent of China's energy imports and 39.5 percent of China's total trade pass through the South China Sea. YuNCTAD estimates that about 80 percent of world trade and 70 percent of its value is transported by sea. Sixty percent of maritime trade passes through Asia,
with the South China Sea accounting for a third of global traffic. Its waters are especially important for China, Taiwan, Japan and the Republic of Korea.
In the 21st century, the two great powers, the PRC and the United States, are competing to become the hegemon of world politics and the world economy. The "trade war" between China and the United States, in particular, is escalating. For example, according to the decision of US President D. Trump, which came into force on May 10, 201, raised tariffs on Chinese imports by about $ 200 billion a year, from 10 percent to 25 percent. One of the areas where China and the United
23 Territory and population of Romitan district // http: //romitan.buxoro.uz/full_content.php? Dt = pages & id = 119
States have clashed over the past decade is the South China Sea.
The South China Sea is an important world trade route. The sea basin is rich in energy resources, marine food resources. The islands and reefs in the South China Sea are also strategically important in the fight against the US blockade due to their geographical location. Therefore, the South China Sea is a very important region for China to become a great power in the future.
Materials and Methods. In recent years, China's policy in the South China Sea has affected the national security and sovereignty of countries in the region. The free passage of Chinese ships into the economic zones of the ASEAN countries, the occupation of some islands by China, the construction of artificial islands and the deployment of Chinese military forces in them have caused strong protests from the states. However, many countries in Southeast Asia are economically closely linked to China and cannot openly oppose China. In this regard, the situation in the South China Sea is significantly complicated.
Conflicts in the South China Sea, one of the most painful points in international relations, have now spread not only to Southeast Asia and China, but to the entire Asia-Pacific region, has become one of the conflicts on an international scale. After all, any armed conflict in the South China Sea could lead to a new World War. All these factors indicate the urgency of studying this problem.
Results. The South China Sea is the third largest in the world and is located in the Pacific Ocean. According to the International Hydrographic Organization's 1953 Limits of Oceans and Seas, the South China Sea is located in southern China, eastern Vietnam, the western Philippines, the Malay Peninsula and eastern Sumatra. Around the sea are China, Vietnam, the Philippines, Cambodia, Thailand, Singapore, Malaysia, Indonesia and Brunei. Therefore, the sea plays an important role in the lives of more than 300 million people. The largest areas in the South China Sea are the Paracel Islands and the Spratly Islands.
The Paracel Islands (Chinese Vietnamese Xoangsha) are an archipelago between 15°46' and 16°8' north latitude, 11111' and 112°54' east longitude. It has 15 islands and reefs. The total area of the islands 3 km2. The distance from the archipelago to the Chinese island of Hainan is 290 km, and the distance to the Vietnamese port of Danang is 320 km. The Paracel Islands are divided into two groups: Amphitrite and Croissant Islands. The largest islands are Patl, Triton and Lincon.
China and Vietnam are claiming the Paracel Islands.
The Spratly archipelago (Chinese: S^^ft Nansha, Vietnamese Quan Bao Truang SaChiongsa) is located 500 km south of the Paracel Islands. 4° and
24How much trade transits the South China Sea? //
https://chinapower.csis.org/much-trade-transits-south-china-sea/
11°30' north latitude and 109°30' and 117°50' east latitude. The total land area is 5 km2, with the occasional island of 10 km2. The archipelago consists of more than 200 small islands and reefs. Some continents are visible only when the water level drops. In this case, the number of islands and reefs reaches 400. It is located between the Philippines, China, Vietnam and the island of Borneo. The Spratly archipelago is claimed by Vietnam, China, Malaysia, the Philippines and Brunei. For the participants in the conflict, the Spratly archipelago has military, political, strategic significance.
The Scarborough Reef (Chinese: ^^Xuanyan) is a landlocked body of water. The closest country to the Scarborough Reef is the Philippines, 220 km away. China and the Philippines claim the reef.
The regime of the disputed territories in the South China Sea has not yet been resolved. States' claims are primarily for economic gain. The South China Sea basin, especially near the Spratly Islands, is an important sea trade route, including an important sea route connecting the ports of the Far East and the Americas with South Asia, Africa, and the Middle East. In 2016, $ 3.4 trillion worth of trade was done through this sea, accounting for 21 percent of world trade.24 The main cargo transported through the South China Sea is oil and oil products, industrial raw materials, machinery and equipment. Japan and the United States, in particular, import large amounts of oil from the Persian Gulf. Japan also imports ores from Africa and India. The waterway in the South China Sea plays an important role in this.
The South China Sea is rich in energy resources. The United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific conducted a study in the sea basin and in 1968 discovered huge reserves of natural gas and oil. This discovery changed the situation in the South China Sea. Since then, territorial claims have intensified.
The South China Sea is rich in seafood and is one of the five largest fish zones in the world in terms of annual seafood production. The South China Sea accounts for 12 percent of the world's fish catch25. The South China Sea islands also have great potential for tourism development. Wind and solar energy are rich in marine energy resources.
A state that controls the region will have natural resources in the region and will have a military-strategic advantage in the fight against other states. The Paracel Islands and the Spratly archipelago are convenient points for the control of submarines, the construction of bases for the protection of maritime communications, and the storage of military forces. If war breaks out on the Asian continent, military forces in the Spratly Islands could easily block waterways in the South China Sea.
The main contender for the disputed territories in the South China Sea is, of course, China. China is
25Fishy business in the South China Sea //
https://theaseanpost.com/article/fishy-business-south-
china-sea
increasingly encroaching on the sovereignty of other countries, and the number of participants in this conflict is growing. Conflicts in the South China Sea, one of the most painful points in international relations, have now spread not only to Southeast Asia and China, but to the entire Asia-Pacific region. There is an integrated association of Southeast Asian countries. ASEAN is an integration organization founded in 1967 by Singapore, Thailand, the Philippines, Indonesia and Malaysia. As stated in the Bangkok Declaration (1967), the Association lays the foundation for regional cooperation. The role of ASEAN is also important in ensuring security and stability in the South China Sea. The South China Sea issue will be discussed in a joint statement of ASEAN foreign ministers.
In Vietnam, the South China Sea is called the East Sea (Bien Dong). The Vietnamese state considers all the Paracel Islands to belong to Vietnam. China will never relinquish its claim to the Paracel Islands. In January 1974, China occupied the Paracel Islands. On March 15, 1979, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of North Vietnam issued a memorandum on the Sino-Vietnamese border. According to the document, the Xoangsha (Paracel) Islands were discovered and occupied by the Vietnamese. During the Nguyen Empire, the islands came under Vietnamese sovereignty. Prior to China's military occupation of the islands, Vietnam had established its sovereignty over Xoangsha.
Tonkin Bay (Chinese Beybu Bay, Vietnamese Bakbo Bay) is located between the coasts of Vietnam and China, and since 1992 there have been disagreements between the two countries over the demarcation of the continental shelf. The Sino-Vietnamese Agreement on Demarcation of Territorial Waters, Exclusive Economic Zone and Continental Shelf in the Beybu, signed on December 25, 2000 between the People's Republic of China and the Socialist Republic of Vietnam was signed "The Sino-Vietnamese Agreement on Demarcation of Territorial Waters, Exclusive Economic Zone and Continental Shelf in the Beibu Gulf'. But the process of demilitarization of maritime borders has not yet been completed. In October 2011, a bilateral agreement was signed on the Basic Principles for the Control of Territorial Disputes. The agreement contains six principles for resolving disputes. Both sides agreed to complete the demarcation of Tonkin Bay and develop the region. During the official visit of the Prime Minister of the People's Republic of China Li Kechiang to Hanoi in October 2013, an agreement on the joint use of natural resources of the Tonkin Bay was signed between China and Vietnam. It was agreed to solve simple problems, such as completing the delimitation of borders, improving transport links, expanding
£) // http://www.gov.cn/ldhd/2013-
10/14/content 2506103.htm
investment cooperation, and then the disputed territories26.
Vietnam also claims the Spratly archipelago. Its claim has alarmed Malaysia. In 1979, Malaysia published a map of its continental shelf, which included seven islands in the Spratly archipelago. Malaysia's claims have also affected the interests of the Philippines, Vietnam and Brunei.
The regime of the islands in the South China Sea is closely linked to the national security of the Philippines. In the late 1960s and early 1970s, the Philippine government began to control the islands. Philippine military garrisons were built on the islands of Titu (Pagasa), Loayta (Kota), West York (Likas), Nanipan (Lavas), and Flet (Patas). In September 1979, President Marcos declared that the new islands were under Philippine sovereignty and had previously been neglected and desolate. In the same year, by presidential decree, the island of Kalayaan was annexed to the province of Palawan. On June 11, 1978, the President of the Philippines issued a secret decree establishing Philippine authority over all the islands in the archipelago, according to which Kalayaan Island is located on the Philippine continental shelf and is a historical territory of the Philippines.
At present, relations between China and the Philippines are strained. In 2016, Rodrigo Duterte was elected President of the Philippines, and in his speeches he expressed his dissatisfaction with China's actions at sea. However, on April 25, President Duterte met with Chinese President Xi Tzinpin as part of the forum "One Place, One Way".
In terms of China's rise, Vietnam, the Philippines, Malaysia, Brunei and other countries have tried to solve the South China Sea problem, to limit China with the help of other countries, and tried to solve the South China Sea problem internationally. First, the South China Sea problem exchanged views on this issue during the ASEAN meetings. The Philippines proposed the 1992 ASEAN Declaration on the South China Sea (also known as the Manila Declaration) at the ASEAN Foreign Ministers' Meeting and called on the parties to resolve the South China Sea issue peacefully and implement the Declaration. Since then, the issue of the South China Sea has been mentioned in the Joint Statement of all ASEAN Foreign Ministers. In 2002, China and ASEAN signed the Declaration on the Movement in the South China Sea §■) in Phnom Penh, Cambodia. The parties promised to resolve territorial disputes peacefully with mutual respect based on international principles27. Stakeholders can cooperate in the following areas to resolve the dispute:
(1) Marine environmental protection;
(2) Marine scientific research;
(3) Maritime safety;
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https://view.news.qq.com/original/legacyintouch/d498 .html
(4) Search and rescue;
(5) Combating international transnational crime, including drug trafficking, arms smuggling and armed piracy at sea.
Article 4 of the Declaration states that certain disputes should be resolved only between sovereign states directly involved in the conflict. In addition, Article 5 stipulates that the interaction must be voluntary, not mandatory. Finally, according to Article 10, the Declaration can be amended only by consensus28. Relevant parties should continue consultations and talks on relevant issues through the model agreed by the parties, including regular consultations on the implementation of this Declaration, encourage good neighborly relations and transparency, harmonization, to develop mutual understanding and cooperation, to strive for the peaceful settlement of disputes. The Parties remain committed to respecting the terms of this Declaration and to taking action in accordance with this Declaration. The Parties urge other States to respect the principles set forth in this Declaration. The two sides reaffirmed that the South China Sea will help ensure peace and stability in the region, and agreed to achieve the ultimate goal on the basis of the agreement. All this shows that China's interests are more important than those of ASEAN countries. The United States or the United Nations are not a direct participant in the conflict, so the South China Sea cannot interfere in the settlement of disputed territories. Voluntary cooperation also gives China the freedom to cooperate.
Conclusion. We know that ASEAN is an integration organization whose members are directly involved in the South China Sea issue. However, the ASEAN countries have different approaches to this problem, which also leads to divisions within ASEAN. For example, today, based on the position of the countries of the region, they can be conditionally divided into three groups:
- Chinese: Laos, Cambodia, Myanmar. They prefer to get economic aid from China. Brunei has also recently supported this position.
- Officially neutral countries: Singapore, Indonesia, Thailand.
- Anti-Chinese block: Vietnam, Philippines, Malaysia.
In short, China will never give up the territories included in the "nine-point line" and, conversely, will continue to expand its territory by building artificial islands. Chinese President Xi Tzinpin has said that China's full sovereignty has been established in the South China Sea. For example, the White Paper on Security Cooperation in the Asia-Pacific Region, published in January 2017, states that China has full sovereignty over the Spratly Islands and adjacent territory. China's 21st Century Maritime Silk Road Project both are very carefully designed and the South China Sea will never be allowed to be controlled by the United States. Today, the South China Sea is an
https://www.mfa.gov.cn/web/wjb_673085/zzjg_67318
important area of conflict between China and the United States. U.S. intervention in territorial disputes in the South China Sea is further complicating the situation. The fate of the world in the near future will be decided by who will win the competition in the region.
REFERENCES:
1. Игнатьев С.В. Юго-восточная Азия в проекте КНР «Морской Шелковый Путь XXI века»: аспекты безопасности. // Юго-восточная Азия: актуальные проблемы развития. 2018, № 2 (39). C.42.
2. Комиссина И.Н. Морской Шёлковый путь XXI в.—глобальный геополитический проект Китая // Проблемы национальной стратегии. 2017, № 1 (40) C.60-65.
3. Новосельцев С.В. Территориальные споры в Южно-китайском море: позиции Индонезии и Сингапура // Вопросы политологии. 2017, № 4(28) C. 248-254.
4. Усов И.В. Интересы КНР в ЮжноКитайском море // Проблемы национальной стратегии. 2014, № 4 (25) С. 49-64.
5. Канаев Е.А. Проблема Южно-китайского моря: новые категории анализа // Юго-восточная Азия: актуальные проблемы развития. 2017, № 35. С. 32-44.
6. Канаев Е.А. Совещание министров обороны АСЕАН+8 // Север - Юг - Россия. 2013. М.: ИМЭМО РАН. 2014. С. 116-118.
7. Орлов А.С. Понятие международного территориального спора / / Вестник Удмуртского университета. Серия «Экономика и право». 2010, №3. С.98
8. Feng Z. The Tribunal Award and Its Implications on the South China Sea Disputes // ASEAN Focus. Special Issue on the South China Sea Arbitration. July, 2016. P. 13-14.
9. Galang M.A. Unpacking the Philippines' 2018 National Security Strategy: Examining the Case of the South China Sea Dispute // NDCP Executive Policy Brief. 2018, № 4. P.8.
10. Le H.H. Perspective from Vietnam // ASEAN Focus. Special Issue on the South China Sea Arbitration. July, 2016. P. 21. // https://www.iseas.edu.sg/images/pdf/ASEANFocusSC hinaSeaArbitration.pdf
11. Jennings P. Perspective from Australia // ASEAN Focus. Special Issue on the South China Sea Arbitration. July, 2016. P. 22 https://www.iseas.edu.sg/images/pdf/ASEANFocusSC hinaSeaArbitration.pdf
12. Jay L.B. Into Stormy Seas ahead // ASEAN Focus. Special Issue on the South China Sea Arbitration. July, 2016. P.11-12 // https://www.iseas.edu.sg/images/pdf/ASEANFocusSC hinaSeaArbitration.pdf
3/yzs_673193/dqzz_ 673197/nanhai_673325/t848051.sht
13. China Sea Oil and Gas Resources // http://www.ciis.org.cn/english/2015-
05/11/content_7894391.htm
14. Fishy business in the South China Sea // https://theaseanpost.com/article/fishy-business-south-china-sea
15. Minutes of meeting between vice foreign minister and US delegation on South China Sea issue // http://www.china.org.cn/world/2016-06/08/content 38628381.htm
Каримова Н.Э.
доктор исторических наук, профессор, Ташкентский государственный институт востоковедения,
Узбекистан. Чжан Пэн PhD докторант,
Ташкентский государственный институт востоковедения,
Узбекистан.
МЕСТО ШОС ВО ВНЕШНЕПОЛИТИЧЕСКИХ КОНЦЕПЦИЯХ КИТАЙСКОЙ
НАРОДНОЙ РЕСПУБЛИКИ
Аннотация. В статье исследуются внешнеполитические концепции КНР на современном этапе и место ШОС в них. Выделены основные практические задачи КНР при создании Шанхайской организации сотрудничества. Отмечаются основные внешнеполитические задачи КНР в начале XXI в.Показано влияние международных и внутренних процессов на трансформацию внешнеполитической доктрины КНР. Выделены несколько основных направлений современной внешней политики КНР в Шанхайской организации сотрудничества, среди которых ключевое место занимает сфера безопасности.
Ключевые слова: Шанхайская организация сотрудничества, Центральная Азия, расширение состава, безопасность, военно-техническое сотрудничество.
Внешняя политика Китайской Народной Республики с конца ХХ в. претерпела ряд трансформаций, связанных с изменениями международной ситуации и бурным внутренним развитием страны. После распада СССР внешнеполитическая стратегия КНР вынуждена была адаптироваться к изменениям мирового порядка. Изменился и сам Китай, а начавшиеся в 1978 г. реформы Дэн Сяопина заложили основу экономической модернизации Китая.
С начала XXI в. Китайская Народная Республика стала осуществлять политику «мирного развития», в целях которой выстраивается мирное международное окружение, способствующее достижению Китаем статуса политически и экономически сильной державы.
Поэтому основными внешнеполитическими задачами КНР в начале XXI в. стали: защита национального суверенитета и обеспечение экономической безопасности; борьба с гегемонизмом, политикой силы и терроризмом, установление рационального и более справедливого нового мирового порядка; адаптация к изменениям в международных отношениях после «холодной войны», которые касаются пересмотра взаимоотношений крупных мировых держав и появления различных региональных и межрегиональных организаций сотрудничества; также адаптация к воздействию на Китай тенденций экономической глобализации и развития высоких технологий [1, 2].
В 2012 г. Председателем КНР Си Цзинь пином была предложена новая внешнеполитическая концепция «китайской мечты», основанная на идее
о великом возрождении китайской нации, которая с Опиумных войн 1840-х гг., по мнению главы государства, потеряла свой былой статус и величие. Одним из средств достижения этой цели КНР видит в укреплении экономического взаимодействия и расширении пространства сотрудничества в Евразии, а осуществление «китайской мечты» превратит Китай в богатое, могущественное, демократическое, цивилизованное и гармоничное модернизированное социалистическое
государство.
Премьер Госсовета КНР Ли Кэцян, выступая на Всемирном экономическом форуме 22 января 2015 г. отметил, что поскольку «современный мир полон неопределенности и надежд, необходимо рассмотреть новые подходы к сложившейся глобальной ситуации» [3]. Он подчеркнул, что Китай активно выступает за обеспечение мира и стабильности на планете, за сохранение эффективного мирового порядка, за гармоничное сосуществование и многообразие мировых культур, а также за «взаимное уважение, толерантность и познание различных культур, религий и народов» [3].
На необходимость трансформации внешнеполитической доктрины КНР повлияли международные и внутренние процессы, среди которых отметим рост государственной мощи страны и превращение ее во вторую после США мировую экономическую державу, стратегическое решение США «о возвращении в АТР» [4], политическая нестабильность в сопредельных Афганистане, Пакистане и на Ближнем Востоке, сложные отношения со странами Юго-Восточной
