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EUPHEMISMS DEDICATED TO THE THEME OF ANIMALS IN THE ENGLISH AND UZBEK LANGUAGES Dekhqonboy Nabirasi O.M. Email: Dekhqonboy688@scientifictext.ru
Dekhqonboy Nabirasi Omongul Makhamadsoli qizi - Postgraduate Student, DIRECTION: LINGUISTICS (ENGLISHLANGUAGE), FOREIGN LANGUAGES FACULTY, FERGHANA STATE UNIVERSITY, FERGHANA, REPUBLIC OF UZBEKISTAN
Abstract: this article demonstrates the characteristics and comparisons of euphemisms used in the relation to the theme of animals in the Uzbek and English society. The author of the article considers that euphemism has been the most essential parts of human speech. There are certain arguments about euphemism based on linguistic point of view because it is too close to synonyms and metaphors. A number of euphemistic themes: gender, disease, death, politics were studied and compared in Uzbek and English. However very few of the researches have attempted to make a comparison in the theme of "Animal euphemisms" between two languages. Due to the geographical location of the regions and the diversity of the fauna there, the use of euphemisms in speech has had an impact in language use. Keywords: euphemism, linguistic fig leaves, livestock, bear, dog, wolf, rabbit, tiger, lion, snake, scorpion, pig.
ЭВФЕМИЗМЫ, ПОСВЯЩЕННЫЕ ТЕМЕ ЖИВОТНЫХ, НА АНГЛИЙСКОМ И УЗБЕКСКОМ ЯЗЫКАХ Дехконбой Набираси О.М.
Дехконбой Набираси Омонгул Махамадсоли кизи - магистрант, направление: лингвистика (английский язык), факультет иностранных языков, Ферганский государственный университет, г. Фергана, Республика Узбекистан
Аннотация: в данной статье демонстрируются характеристики и сопоставления эвфемизмов, используемых в отношении темы животных в узбекском и английском обществе. Автор статьи считает, что эвфемизмы играли важную роль в человеческой речи. Существуют определенные аргументы об эвфемизме, основанные на лингвистической точке зрения, т.к. это явление близко к синонимам и метафорам. Ряд эвфемистических тем: гендер, болезни, смерть, политика были изучены и сопоставлены на узбекском и английском языках. Однако лишь немногие из исследований попытались провести сравнение по теме "животные эвфемизмы" между двумя языками. В связи с географическим расположением регионов и разнообразием фауны в них, использование эвфемизмов в речи оказало влияние на использование языка.
Ключевые слова: эвфемизм, языковые фиговые листья, домашний скот, медведь, собака, волк, кролик, тигр, лев, змея, скорпион, свинья.
UDC 811.111-26
Culture, tradition religion, political views, psychological and geographical orientations and social issues are the main reasons of influencing the language. Language plays great role in the development of these areas. Certain words or expressions are prohibited in public by individuals, societies or religions and they are covered up by the speakers' or writers' speech and writing. This process is what is linguistically called euphemism. Euphemism has been the most essential parts of human speech. There are certain arguments about euphemism based on linguistic point of view because it is too close to synonyms and metaphors. However the main point is that it helps to soften impolite, unpleasant or
restricted words namely euphemism plays a role of a mask to hide exact meaning. When people want to talk about some sensitive, offensive or taboo topics and want to be polite at the same time, they would probably use euphemisms. The use of euphemism varies with the gender, age, social status and occupation [1].
There are number of definitions about euphemism. Some linguists contrast it as a deodorant but the others say that it is like a curtain of bad, unpleasant words. If we pay attention to the history, human being has already planted the seed for the use of euphemisms. It is written in Muslims' religion book "Koran" that when Adam and Eve ate prohibited fruit of paradise they became naked and began to use "fig leaves" to cover up intima parts of their bodies. That is why some linguists call euphemisms "linguistic fig leaves".
In Uzbek linguistics this term is placed in 1963-1964 by N. Ismatullayev's dissertation called "Euphemisms in modern Uzbek language". He was the first to collect data about the phenomenon of taboo and euphemism, elucidated the phenomenon of taboo and euphemism by scientific and practical aspects [5]. A.Omonturdiyev investigated euphemistic bases in Uzbek speech. He wrote that euphemism is one of the themes that must be deeply studied as a research theme. According to A. Omonturdiyev's point of view " A euphemism is like a "curtain", paraphrased with pleasant words which are restricted to tell directly or considered to be unpleasant, bad-mannered, or makes scare in imagination and cannot be pronounced openly [2].
There are certain competitive reasons why to use euphemisms instead of real names of animals. The reason to use euphemistic and metaphoric names is not to wonder animals by the talk of hunters or if the animal knows, hunter should replace straight forward names with mild and soft words to calm down the animal. There are still so deeply rooted views about the objects: the words are the reflection of objects, if they are mentioned there will be communication between word and object. It is said that words keep those words' peculiarities, for that reason a number of cultures don't use a person's real name especially dead people's and king's, because saying the real name of dead person may wake up his or her ghost. It is believed that telling the name of bear's name may cause it occur in any time.
Bear. The Russian linguist A. A. Reformatsky notes the variety of euphemisms for 'bear' among Russian commercial hunters. Actually even the common word (мёдаед>медвед) is an old euphemism, its literal meaning is 'honey eater.' Eventually secondary euphemisms developed: хозяин (landlord or boss), ломака (he who breaks things, like bones may be), мохнат (the shaggy one), лесник (the forest dweller) or simply OH(he). In Uzbek language bear is called as polvon (wrestler), maymoq (big foot), paxmoq (the shaggy one), u (he), o'sha (that one).
- Tog'da qiynalmadimi? - Yo'g'-e, faqat bir marta polvon qo'rqitibdi. Polvon qo 'rqitibdi dedingmi? - Ayiq-da.
- E, tog 'da ko 'p hayvonlarni o 'z nomi bilan atashmaydi-ya, irimqilishadi. Bo 'rim ham bo 'rideyishmaydi. - Jondor deyishadi (SH.X., «So 'nggi bekat», 168-6.).
Wasn't it hard on the mountain ? No, the wrestler only threatened once . Did you say the wrestler scared ? - Yes Bear [3].
Wolf. The wolf is called by different euphemistic names in different places: oqquloq (white eared), ko'ktaka (blue goat), jondor (creature), qabishqir (in the sense of letting its jaw being closed), qarishqul, itqush (dogbird), qora (black), «egasi» (owner as allegory). In the pasture, especially at night, wolves come to hunt some sheep or caw. In this situation, the sentences like itlar chapalanayapti (dogs are getting worried), qattiq-qattiq hurishayapti (dogs are barking soundly), itlar qorako'rganday (dogs are behaving as if having seen a black), qora aylanayapti(black is going round), jondor aylanayapti (creature is going round), qo'ylar hurkiyapti bezovta bo'layapti, pirqillashayapti (sheep are getting afraid) are used instead of telling the wolf came for sheep or the wolf is walking around to hunt. Furthermore sentences as suruvga jondor boribdi (creature came to livestock) , jondor chopibdi
(creaute ran), jondor oralabdi; bo'ri qo'yni yebdi (the wolf ate sheep), bo'ri olibdi
(the wolf has taken it) is used instead of the wolf came to the livestock.
Euphemism can and should be the object of research not only of philologists but also of cultural sciences, because the areas of origin of euphemisms are determined by culture. In order to establish linguistic friendships between different cultures, it is necessary to conduct more and more comparative research on linguocultural euphemisms between men and women. The use of euphemisms in speech helps to develop politeness, tolerance towards people, honesty according to the rules of human society. Thus, we can say that euphemisms are a highly educated, effective and important unit of language. The peculiarities of their structure help to gain knowledge of the literary norms of cultural discourse.
A number of euphemistic themes: gender, disease, death, politics were studied and compared in Uzbek and English. However very few of the researches have attempted to make a comparison in the theme of "Animal euphemisms" between two languages. Due to the geographical location of the regions and the diversity of the fauna there, the use of euphemisms in speech has had an impact in language use. The fact is that Uzbekistan has very few forests and deserts compared to the English speaking countries. For that reason instead of using euphemisms for wild animals only giant animals and poisonous insects are euphemized. This research will obviously be a good guide for those who make comparative study in the theme of euphemisms in animal theme [6].
References / Список литературы
1. Allan K. & Burridge K. Euphemism and dysphemism: Language used as shilled and weapon. New York: Oxford University Press, 1991.
2. Omonturdiyev A. Ozbek nutqining evfemik asoslari. Toshkent Press, 1997.
3. Rawson H. A dictionary of euphemisms and other double talk. New York: Crown Publishers, 1981. P. 230
4. Ismatullayev N. Evfemizmy v sovremennom uzbekskom yazyke: avtoref. diss. kand. filol. nauk. Tashkent, 1963. S. 24.
5. Omonturdiyev A. Professional nutk evfemikasi (Surkhondaro va yatashk adaro viloyatlari chorvadorlar nutki misolida). «Fan» nashriyoti, 2009. S. 25.
6. Akramova N.M., Dekhkonboy N.O. Phraseological euphemisms in modern english // Проблемы Науки, 2019. № 12-2 (145). [Electronic Resource].URL: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/phraseological-euphemisms-in-modern-english/ (date of access: 22.05.2020).
