CC BY
162
ФИЛОЛОГИЧЕСКИЕ НАУКИ
PHRASEOLOGICAL EUPHEMISMS IN MODERN ENGLISH Akramova N.M.1, Dekhkonboy N.O.2 Email: Akramova17145@scientifictext.ru
1Akramova Nozima Muzaffarovna - Senior Teacher, TEACHING LANGUAGES DEPARTMENT, MANAGEMENT IN PRODUCTION FACULTY, FERGHANA POLYTECHNIC INSTITUTE;
2Dekhkonboy Nabirasi Omongul - Master, DIRECTION: ENGLISH LANGUAGE, LINGUISTICS FACULTY, FERGHANA STATE UNIVERSITY, FERGHANA, REPUBLIC OF UZBEKISTAN
Abstract: the article under discussion considers the issues of phraseological euphemisms in modern English. The author of the article believes that the interest in the study of "language in action" brings to the problems of language functioning in society, various aspects of the use of language as a tool of human communication, the study, ways of reflecting changes in the language in public consciousness, in the life of society, the change of cultural and social values, in other words, the problems of actual use of language in the social context. In this regard, euphemisms are of considerable research interest, as they are a sensitive indicator of cultural and social preferences of the language tradition of native speakers, record the traditional methods of substitution and register the most insignificant, immediate changes that reflect the peculiarities of public assessment of the phenomenon of reality. The relevance of euphemism is determined by the fact that in recent decades, the use of euphemisms in various genres has been particularly intense, and that they have become exceptionally widespread in socially significant spheres of speech activity, such as the media.
Keywords: intensity, mass, information, euphemism, phenomenon, evaluation, speech activity, peculiarity, genre, public, changes.
ФРАЗЕОЛОГИЧЕСКИЕ ЭВФЕМИЗМЫ В СОВРЕМЕННОМ
АНГЛИЙСКОМ ЯЗЫКЕ
12 Акрамова Н.М. , Дехконбой Н.О.
1Акрамова Нозима Музаффаровна - старший преподаватель, кафедр/л <збучения языкам, факультет управления в производстве, Ферганский политехнический институт; 2Дехконбой Hабираси Омонгул - магистрант, направление: английский язык, факультет лингвистики, Ферганский государственный университет, г. Фергана, Республика Узбекистан
Аннотация: данная статья рассматривает вопросы фразеологических эвфемизмов в современном английском языке. Автор статьи считает, что интерес к изучению «языка в действии» выводит на первый план проблемы функционирования языка в обществе, различные аспекты употребления языка как инструмента человеческой коммуникации, изучение, способов отражения языком изменений в общественном сознании, в жизни общества, смены культурных и социальных ценностей, иными словами - проблемы актуального использования языка в социальном контексте. В этом плане эвфемизмы представляют значительный исследовательский интерес, т.к. являются тонким чувствительным показателем культурных и социальных предпочтений языковой традиции носителей языка, фиксируют традиционные
способы замены и регистрируют самые незначительные, сиюминутные изменения, отражающие особенности общественной оценки явления действительности. Актуальность изучения эвфемии определяется тем, что в последние десятилетия использование эвфемизмов в различных жанрах отличается особой интенсивностью, они получают исключительно широкое распространение в общественно значимых сферах речевой деятельности, таких, как средства массовой информации. Ключевые слова: интенсивность, массовый, информация, эвфимизм, явление, оценка, речевая деятельность, особенность, жанр, общественный, изменения.
UDC 811.111-26
Linguistics of the 21st century is characterized by new directions, as well as the study of known phenomena in terms of new paradigms of knowledge. Interest in the study of "language in action" brings to the problems of language functioning in society, various aspects of the use of language as a tool of human communication, the study of ways of reflecting language changes in public consciousness, in the life of society, the change of cultural and social values, in other words, the problems of actual use of language in the social context. In this regard, euphemisms are of considerable research interest, as they are a sensitive indicator of the cultural and social preferences of the language tradition of native speakers, record the traditional methods of substitution and register the most insignificant, immediate changes reflecting the peculiarities of public assessment of the phenomenon of reality.
Scientists have been addressing the problem of the essence and functions of euphemisms since ancient times, considering euphemistic substitution among the methods and means associated with the execution, or deliberate failure to comply with the requirements for correct speech, also called qualities of speech. The list of communicatively significant qualities of speech was formed in antiquity, evidence of which can be found in the works of Aristotle, Cicero, Quintilian, and other Greek and Roman scientists in the V- I centuries BC. The main qualities in the Greco-Roman tradition were correctness, unambiguity, logic, clarity, accuracy, euphony, beauty, diversity, clarity, conciseness and relevance of speech, as well as the plausibility of its content. Euphemisms were responsible for the appropriateness of speech, while respecting the plausibility of its content or deliberately distorting its meaning [1].
The relevance of euphemism is determined by the fact that in recent decades, the use of euphemisms in various genres has been particularly intense, and that they have become exceptionally widespread in socially significant spheres of speech activity, such as the media. Euphemization is widely spread in the serious spheres of linguistic reflection of social and political events and becomes an important tool to soften the presentation of events that can cause anxiety, fear and even public protest.
The analysis of one of the most famous English-language dictionaries of euphemisms "Dictionary of Euphemisms" by G. Eito confirmed the hypothesis that the majority of euphemisms presented in the dictionaries of euphemisms are phraseologisms. We define this group of words in this paper as phraseological euphemisms.
Phraseological euphemisms are frequency formations and are characterized by greater semantic capacity, represent the most convenient way of euphemistic renaming, differ by pronounced evaluative, expressive and functional-stylistic components, allow to express more figuratively the emotionally valued attitude of the people - native speakers of the language to the system of social values, reflect their cultural and historical experience, which has developed in the society of the ideas of acceptable and unacceptable, of the phenomena that require a different story.
Characteristic features of phraseological euphemisms are, first of all, the joint sign function of the separately designed lexical components that make up the phraseology; it provides a holistic orientation to the designated reality. Also, the cultural feature of phraseology, which is manifested in the culturally significant components of either the nature of life, or aspects that have a social burden. The figurative metaphor underlying the
phraseology makes it possible to draw an analogy with the most diverse objects and phenomena of folk culture [2].
As the analysis of modern use of phraseological euphemisms on character of sphere of replacement of direct nominations shows, they can be divided on household and social. Household euphemisms originate from the times of tabooing of vital topics for a person, where the main purpose of the use is the etiquette and ethical softening of the unpleasant in speech. Phraseological euphemisms of this type describe the life of a person in his or her intimate, family and daily activities. Social phraseological euphemisms are an embellishment of reality, softening the description of negative actions or events. Among social phraseological euphemisms there are two types of euphemisms: "actually social" and "socio-political". The units of such a linguistic and cultural field as crime belong to the very social ones. The spheres of functioning of socio-political euphemisms include, first of all, politics, diplomacy and military affairs.
In conclusion, euphemisms have clear functional characteristics: they are used in situations and contexts where the language is in action, their understanding of moral and ethical values dictates the need to replace direct nominations with indirect ones. Euphemisms are a visible indicator of certain stereotypes that exist in a given society at the present time; what is often called directly in some social conditions, in others, in changed conditions and in another era, requires euphemistic designations. Analyzing the euphemisms of the modern English language, we can agree that there is a redistribution of the share of different stylistic layers of the euphemistic vocabulary with the separation of a bookish vocabulary on the background and the wider application of colloquial speech [2].
References / Список литературы
1. Gaybullayeva Nafisa Izatullayevna. Semantic and structural variation of euphemisms // Nauchnyye issledovaniya, 2018. № 6 (26). [Electronic Resource]. URL: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/semantic-and-structural-variation-of-euphemisms/ (date of access: 26.11.2019).
2. Khudaybergenova Nodira Rustamovna. The theory of English euphemisms and their peculiar features in language teaching methodology // Problemy pedagogiki, 2017. № 9 (32). [Electronic Resource]. URL: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/the-theory-of-english-euphemisms-and-their-peculiar-features-in-language-teaching-methodology/ (date of access: 26.11.2019).
