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СОВРЕМЕННЫЕ НАУКИ И ОБРАЗОВАНИЕ
UDK 004.02:004.5:004.9
Abdullaev U.S.
professor
Andijan Machine Building Institute Uzbekistan, Andijan
ETHNOGENETIC PROCESSES IN ANCIENT FERGANA
Annotation: This article is devoted to the analysis of ancient and early medieval ethnogenetic processes in the Fergana Valley, where the ancient agricultural culture of Uzbekistan was formed and ethnically diverse. It examines the migration and ethnointegration processes that have taken place in the valley area over the centuries based on an analysis of sources and literature.
Keywords: agricultural culture, ethnic composition, ethnogenetic and ethnointegrationprocesses, sedentary, semi-sedentary, semi-nomadic. It is known that the Fergana Valley is one of the oldest settlements in Central Asia with a developed agricultural culture. In ancient Iranian and Greco-Roman written sources, information about this country and its population in ancient times is very rare.
True, the ancient Greek historian Herodotus refers to the satrapies of the Achaemenid Empire and mentions a people called the "wigs". However, in the scientific literature there are different opinions about the relevance of the "wigs" mentioned by Herodotus to the people of ancient Fergana (including the origin of the name Fergana).
The idea that the "wigs" mentioned by Herodotus lived in the present-day Fergana Valley was first suggested in 1910 by the German scientist E. Hertzfeld put it forward. [1.24] This idea was later developed by K.V. Trever, A.N. Bernstam and Yu.A. It was supported by scholars such as Zadneprovsky. [2.108109; 7; 196-198]
Another group of researchers, including I.M. Dyakonov and V.M. Masson opposed this idea, arguing that the "wigs" lived in Media and Ecbotany, not Fergana [3.338; 144].
I.M. Dyakonov argues that the term "wigs" refers to the pre-Aryan population of Iran, and that it is incorrect to associate the name only with Fergana.
Meanwhile, ethnographers N.G. Mallitsky and M.S. The Andreevs studied the etymology of the word "Fergana" and drew attention to the fact that the word was pronounced "Pargana" by the locals. In the Rushan dialect of Tajikistan, "Pargana" means "plain or valley with only one side open and the other side surrounded by mountains", and the word "bargona" in the Yazgulom dialect also means "surrounded valley" [4.283; 35- 37].
Although the origin and meaning of the word "Fergana" is not fully understood today, the literature uses the ethnonym "wigs" in reference to the population of ancient Fergana.
Various Sak tribes lived in the territory of ancient Fergana. However, some researchers also object to the idea that Sak tribes are located in Fergana. In particular, Yu.A. Zadneprovsky writes that there is no evidence in written sources that Saks lived in Fergana, adding that "the question of whether Saks lived in Fergana remains open" [5.198].
B.A. Litvinsky, on the other hand, says that at that time there were various Sak tribes in the Fergana region, which belonged to the Sak Khaumavarka tribe, and the settlements of Kayrakkum in the VI-IV centuries BC belonged to the Sak [6.120; 95; 298-299]. In his time, V.V. Grigorev also expressed the opinion that "part of the Sakas lived sedentary" [7.59-79]. However, this idea was not accepted by most researchers.
In the middle of the first millennium BC on the left side of the Syrdarya lived a people called the Egli. The Egli were one of the Sogdian tribes, the main part of which was located in the present-day Khojand district [8.68]. In addition, along the Syrdarya, near the western lands of Fergana and in the Tashkent oasis lived obi Scythians or Apasiaks ("water Scythians") [9.7].
In the second half of the 2nd century BC, some parts of the tribes known in history by the Usun ethnonym, which occupied Hungary, the western part of the Tianshan Mountains, and East Turkestan, gradually settled in the mountainous regions of Fergana.
There is no clear idea about the origin of the Usuns. However, many researchers, especially N.A. Aristov, S.E.Malov, Yu.A.Zuev, believe that the Usuns were a Turkic-speaking people [10.291; 300].
K.Sh.Shaniyazov agrees with the opinion of the above researchers and writes that "this opinion is close to the truth, of course, because the first ancestors of the Usuns were formed in the Turkic-speaking Huns and did not belong to the Iranian-speaking peoples" [8.79].
The above-mentioned ethnic groups (wigs, saks, eglis, abiys, usuns ...) formed the basis of the ancient ethnic composition of Fergana. Of course, the most numerous of them were the so-called wigs living in the plains of Fergana, and it was this settlement that founded the ancient state of Davan (Fergana).
We learn about the ancient Davan state and its inhabitants mainly from Chinese written sources. "The Davans live a sedentary life, farming, growing rice and wheat. They have grape juice ... The rich keep 10,000 grapes. There are 70 large and small cities in Davan ... The population is several hundred thousand, "the Chinese chronicles state [11.149,161-162; 104,122].
What about the language and script of the people of ancient Fergana?
In this regard, Yu. Zadneprovsky said that "we do not have accurate information about the language of the ancient Fergana people," but in any case, it is known that the people of Central Asia between the two rivers spoke a similar
language during this period. Ancient Chinese written sources also provide information about this. Chinese written sources say that they understood each other's words in the areas from Fergana (Davan) to the west to the state of Ansi (Parthia).
Another Chinese source from the 1st century AD is the History of the First Han Dynasty of Ban Gu.
So what language is this? It is known that a number of researchers (S.P. Tolstov, A.Yu. Yakubovsky, K.V. Trever, A.A. Freyman, V.L. Livshits, etc.) noted that the peoples living in Central Asia in ancient times were ethnoses belonging to the Iranian language. were past. However, at the same time, "it is possible that in ancient times, in the first half of the twentieth century, there were Turkic-speaking ethnic groups in Central Asia. Ancient Greek and Iranian writers may have added them to the Iranian-speaking tribes and called them sak, massagets. Ethnographer Olim K. The above statement made by Shoniyozov fully applies to the ancient inhabitants of the Fergana Valley. Indeed, when we spoke above about the ethnic composition of the population of ancient Fergana, we mentioned that some Turkic (e.g. Usun and other) tribes had settled in this area as early as the beginning of the twentieth century BC. In our opinion, as a result of ethnocultural (especially ethnolinguistic) relations between this Turkic language ethnos and Iranian and Sughd-speaking tribes, a unique language (i.e. dialect) and script of the ancient Fergana people was formed. [12. 229-230]
Later, as a result of the migration of a number of other Turkic ethnic groups to this region, many ethnogenetic changes took place, as a result of which the population became more and more Turkic.
It is known that in 150 BC, the Usun tribes dealt a severe blow to the Yuechji tribes, who settled in the foothills of the Tianshan Mountains. [13. 9-10] As a result, a large part of the Yuechji tribes (Da-yuechji-large Yuechji) migrated to the west.
According to Chinese sources, the westward migration of the Yuezhi tribes was through Fergana, which for some time was also under their control.
The Yuechji tribes of Fergana did not stay long and continued to move west. In any case, the conquest of Fergana by the Yuezhi dates back to 140-129 BC. After all, the Chinese ambassador to these places, Zhang-Jiang, who was in these places in 140-129 BC, acknowledged that Fergana was independent, not under Yuezhi rule at that time. In 140-129 BC, the Da-yuechjis, who had passed through Fergana, invaded Daha (Tokharistan) and occupied the region. Apparently, the Fergana people also took part in these actions of the Yuezhi, in particular, in the collapse of the Greco-Bactrian state. By the 1st century AD, one of the leading tribes of the Yuezhi (led by Kajula Kadfiz) founded the state of Kushan.
This state later expanded and became a huge and powerful empire, which stretched from Shosh in the north, East Turkestan in the east, Iran in the west, and South-North India. Fergana also recognizes the power of the powerful Kushans,
with whom it has active economic and cultural ties, but in practice remains a relatively independent territory.
It should be noted that the total number of Yuezhi moving westward was 100,000 families or 400,000 people, and the number of soldiers ranged from 100,000 to 200,000. The passage of such a large population through Fergana certainly leaves its mark on the ethnic composition of the valley's population. In our opinion, some small part of the Yuezhi tribes, which settled in the Fergana region for some time, remained in these places, partially settled and mixed with the indigenous peoples.
References:
1. Sarre F., Xerzfeld E., Iranische Felsreli efe. Aufnohmen und Untersuchungen von Denkmalern aus alt-und mittelpersischer Zeit, Berlin, 1910.
2. Trever K.V. Sogd, Kharezm, Bactria, Chach and Parkan (Fargana) in the archaic period (VI-IV centuries BC). // History of the peoples of Uzbekistan. T.1.-Tashkent, 1950; Bernshtam A.N. Ancient Ferghana.-Tashkent, 1951 .; Zadneprovsky Yu.A. The ancient agricultural culture of Fergana // MIA-M. 1962 No. 118
3. Dyakonov I.M. The history of Media from ancient times to the end of the 4th century BC-Moscow-Leningrad, 1956 .; Masson V.M. The ancient agricultural culture of Margiana // MIA No. 73. 1959.
4. Mallitsky N.G. About some geographical terms related to Central Asia. // IVGO. issue 5.1945.; Andreev M.S. New data on the establishment of the meaning of the word "Ferghana" // Messages of the Academy of Sciences of Taj. SSR. Issue 24.-Stalinabad, 1950.
5. Zadneprovsky Yu.A. The ancient agricultural culture of Ferghana // MIA-M. 1962 No. 118
6. Litvinsky B.A. "Sagas that are behind Sogd" // Transactions of the Taj Academy of Sciences. SSR. T. 120.-Stalinabad, 1960 .; Litvinsky B.A., Okladnikov A.N., Ranov V.A. Antiquities Kairak-Kumov (The Ancient History of Northern Tajikistan) .- Dushanbe, 1962 ..
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12. "The ancient Fergana people had their own local alphabet," he points out. V.A Livshits (See: Livshits V.A. Pismennost drevney (?) // Narody Azii i Afriki. 1968. № 6. Writing ancient (?) // Peoples of Asia and Africa. 1968. No. 6.
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