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СОВРЕМЕННЫЕ НАУКИ И ОБРАЗОВАНИЕ
УДК 911.5/.9
Abduganiev O.I. doctoral candidate, dotsent Ferghana state university Uzbekistan, Ferghana Turdiboyeva Sh. undergraduate Ferghana state university Uzbekistan, Ferghana ESTIMATION OF ECOLOGICAL-ECONOMIC CONDITION OF TERRITORIES (ON THE EXAMPLE OF FERGHANA REGIONS)
Annotation: The article discusses the main issues of the ecological-economic balance of the territory. A comprehensive assessment of the ecological-economic balance of the Ferghana region was carried out by the ratio of the main land use categories characterized by varying degrees of anthropogenic pressure. The coefficient of natural security of the territory is determined and the typification of the municipal regions and urban districts of the region is carried out according to the degree of tension of the ecological-economic condition of the territory.
Keywords: ecological-economic balance, anthropogenic pressures, environmental assessment, spatial typology, GIS, natural security of the territory, ecological nets.
The concept of sustainable development has found wide application in the economic, social and environmental sphere of public activity. The state policy and measures taken in the field of environmental protection and sustainable nature management in Uzbekistan are based on such principles of integration of economic and environmental policies to preserve and restore the natural environment, such as providing the necessary conditions for improving the living standards of the population; the transition from the protection of individual elements of nature to universal integrated protection of ecosystems; the responsibility of all members of society for the protection of the environment, the preservation of its diversity, the creation of conditions for a favorable living of the population. One of such approaches is the concept of ecological-economic balance (EEB) of the territory, which establishes and maintains harmonious relations between nature and human economic activity [1]. The concept of the ecological-economic balance of the territory includes the following conditions: organization, arrangement and arrangement of territories of different administrative levels on a landscape-ecological basis; preservation and maintenance of natural and slightly modified landscapes that perform important environmental and resource-forming functions in full; rational use and maintenance of the natural potential of the
territory, a reasonable distribution of natural resource rents; governance, self-government and territorial justice; achieving an acceptable quality of life and products and maintaining a healthy lifestyle; development of innovative processes [2].
In the process of studying the existing experience in assessing EEB, it was noted that, depending on the chosen research unit, its physical and geographical features and economic development, the components used for the assessment are different, and the development of geographic information technologies allows you to create cartographic products, which reflects each stage of the assessment, as well as the synthesis of the results. Against the background of the successful application of the EEB assessment, the completion of which is the creation of recommendations on the sustainable development of territories, the problem of uniformity and themes of the used and obtained cartographic material is relevant. Modern cartographic works, the purpose of which is an analysis of the ecological-economic condition and its assessment, are based on the techniques proposed by B.I.Kochurov and V.A.Lobkovsky. Today there are two concepts that overlap with each other and complement this ecological-economic condition (EEC) and the ecological-economic balance (EEB). Methodological approaches to the analysis of the EEC and balance of the territory were developed by B.I.Kochurov, Yu.G.Ivanov, V.A.Lobkovsky, and were first tested on example of the territories of the Moscow region and the Republic of Altai. B.I.Kochurov devoted his work to the concept of EEB [3, 5, 7].
It is also important to note the role of GIS in assessing the environmental and economic balance, as a promising tool that makes it possible to analyze calculated indicators and identify spatial patterns. GIS makes it possible to conduct queries on the values of the coefficients (Ka, Kr, Kns), visualize them for comparison and analysis of dynamics, as well as build thematic cartograms that allow you to identify areas with both favorable and unfavorable nature management structures that need more in-depth research.
Table-1
Coefficients evaluate the ecological-economic balance of the territory __(B.IKochurov, 1999, 2003). _
Name of coefficient Formula Used data Change characteristic values
Absolute ecological tension coefficient K aAL6 a AL1 Areas with high and low anthropogenic loads are taken into account Ka - the higher the coefficient value, the tighter the situation
Relative environmental stress ratio AL4 + AL5 + AL6 K r ALI + AL2 + AL3 Areas of various types of anthropogenic load are taken into account. Kr < 1 - tension of the EES of the territory of the balance is balanced To - the higher the value of the
coefficient, the tense the situation
The coefficient of natural security of the territory Pef K ns -pp t Is used Pef=AL1+0,8AL2 +0,6AL3+0,4AL4 and Pt - the area of the studied territory Kns - the higher the coefficient value, the better the situation Kns < 0,5 - critical level of territory security
The assessment of the EEC of the Ferghana region was based on the National Report of the State Committee on Land Resources, Geodesy, Cartography and State Cadastre of the Republic of Uzbekistan on the state of land resources and the data on land balance of cities and districts of the Ferghana region. To assess the current geoecological situation caused by the use of natural and natural resources of the Fergana region, the level of environmental and economic stresses of urban and district territories is studied. For this purpose, anthropogenic load (AL) indicator by city and county is analyzed. The grouping of lands by the degree of anthropogenic load makes it possible to evaluate the anthropogenic transformation of the territory in comparable terms. They are the coefficients of absolute (Ka) and relative (Ko) tension of the EEC of the territory, calculated by the formulas (1)-(2): coefficient of absolute tension of the EEB of the territory (Ka); coefficient of relative strength of the EEB of the territory (Kr); coefficient of natural security of the land fund (Kns); ecological fund of the territory (Pef); the area of the study area (Pt) (table 1). The concept of the EEB allows the inclusion of criteria for assessing anthropogenic load in a particular order across specific regions, ie administrative units. Calculation of computers for administrative units of Fergana region is carried out in several stages. The first phase of the calculation focused on the anthropogenic load for all land categories and types, and the appropriate score (Table 2).
Table -2
The structure of the land fund of the Ferghana region, taking into account the __anthropogenic load index (AL)._
№ Administrativ e districts Overall area, thousand, km2 The degree of anthropogenic transformation, point of AL*
1 2 3 4 5 6
1 Besharik 0.78 1572 36010 4332 7292 24019 5309
2 Baghdad 0.42 10 7752 4624 3828 20946 4936
3 Buvayda 0.32 144 5141 1486 2403 19065 4323
4 Dangara 0.45 3157 12001 1438 3863 20584 4759
5 Yozyavon 0.35 1524 7965 1127 2957 18983 3381
6 Quva 0.43 41 8641 6729 3977 19336 4954
7 Oltiariq 0.40 26 9379 2542 2795 20166 5182
8 Qoshtepa 0.39 136 4013 2141 5372 23467 4818
9 Rishtan 0.42 37 7963 4456 4218 19796 5708
10 Soh 0.22 81 15718 1878 607 2445 1345
11 Toshloq 0.28 132 3720 2180 1985 16319 3704
12 Uzbekistan 0.77 62 43648 7601 3371 16906 5423
13 Uchkuprik 0.37 11 9129 2241 2766 18804 4275
14 Ferghana 0.61 162 22378 9470 3092 19678 6490
15 Furqat 0.30 539 5860 459 3478 16772 3324
16 Margilan city 0.038 35 809 496 63 577 1908
17 Qoqon city 0.037 21 1458 58 7 215 1951
18 Quvasoy city 0.025 5 6155 6209 2171 7989 2937
19 Ferghana city 0.010 158 2026 1041 508 2547 4240
Total: 7.0 7752 209868 61106 54153 288614 78965
*1 -ALI, ha (Very High); 5-AL5, ha (Higher);
low); 2-AL2, ha (Low); 3-AL3, ha(Average); 4-AL4, ha (Very 6- AL6, ha (Highest).
At the initial stage of the study, the coefficient of absolute tension of the EEB of the territory (Ka) for cities and districts of Ferghana region was calculated. The ratio of land categories and types of AL1 and AL6 categories was determined. The absolute environmental load is 10.2 in the Fergana region. The lower the coefficient values, the more favorable the geoecological state and EEB of the area under study. In terms of administrative and territorial units, the most favorable EEB by Ka is observed in the Dangara (1.5), Yazyavan (2.2), Besharik (3.4), Furkat (6.2), and Soh (16.6) districts. lower than that of the province. These areas are characterized by large areas of protected areas, underwater (rivers, streams and lakes), protected forests and reserve lands. Indicator of Ka is most critical in Rishtan (154.3), Oltiariq (199.3), Uchkuprik (388.6) and Baghdad (493.6) districts (Table 3).
Table -3
Indicators of the main coefficients of the ecological-economic state of the territory __of the Ferghana region (2019)__
№ Administrative Ka Kr Kns at the expense
districts of Pef %
In the Fergana region
1. Besharik 3,4 0,9 0,5 45,7
2. Baghdad 493,6 2,4 0,2 25,0
3. Buvayda 30,0 3,8 0,2 18,8
4. Dangara 1,5 1,7 0,3 33,1
5. Yozyavon 2,2 2,4 0,3 27,1
6. Quva 52.2 1,8 0,3 28,8
7. Oltiariq 199,3 2,3 0,2 25,4
8. Qoshtepa 35,4 5,3 0,2 17,0
9. Rishtan 154,3 2,4 0,2 25,5
10. Soh 16,6 0,2 0,6 63,5
11. Toshloq 28,0 3,6 0,2 18,5
12. Uzbekistan 87,4 0,5 0,5 53,0
13. Uchkuprik 388,6 2,2 0,3 26,2
14. Ferghana 40,0 0,9 0,4 40,8
15. Furqat 6,2 3,4 0,2 22,6
16. Margilan city 54,5 1,9 0,3 25,9
17. Qoqon city 92,9 1,4 0,3 33,0
18. Quvasoy city 587,4 1.2 0,4 37,9
19. Ferghana city 26,8 2,3 0,2 24,8
Total: 10,2 1,5 0,3 33,4
In the Fergana region, the number and categories of protected areas (PA), which constitute the main elements of the ecological nets, are insufficient for both elevation zones and administrative and territorial units. To optimize the overall environmental stresses in these areas, it can be achieved by expanding the protected areas categories of the I-IV or creating new ones. Relative coefficient of relative strength of the EEB of the territory (Kr) for each administrative district of Fergana region were calculated. In the analysis of the results, the districts with a value of one Kr are selected. This is an indication of the optimal environmental and economic balance in the districts. If the value of Kr exceeds one, it indicates an increase in the ecological stress in the area. In areas with such an index, sustainable environmental balance can be achieved by expanding protected areas or the areas of ecological reserve lands.
Due to the presence of Kr 1 in Soh (0.2), Uzbekistan (0.5), Besharik (0.9) and Fergana (0.9) districts of Fergana region, the relative environmental stresses are the best. In all other districts, Kr is greater than 1, indicating an increase in voltage. The highest value of Kr was found in Furkat (3.4), Tashlak (3.6), Buvaida (3.8) and Kushtepa (5.3) districts.
The value of the Kr coefficient exceeds 1 in the regions where urbanization and high agro-landscape are high. For example, over the last 10 years, the process of fragmentation in landscapes has increased due to the expansion of settlements in almost all districts, especially in the areas adjacent to regional and district centers. Therefore, in practice, it is not possible to form a district or territory with an ideal EEB. Most of the region's major industrial and transport infrastructure is concentrated in cities and district centers. We can see that the changes in EEB in the Fergana region are negative. For example, this indicator is related to changes in the composition of the natural landscape, which is the highest in the districts of Baghdad, Uchkuprik, Tashlak, Furkat, and Buvaida.
Also, due to the construction of new housing and industrial facilities, the anthropogenic load in the cities is significantly higher than in the administrative districts. Taking into account the recreational needs of the urban population and their role in optimizing the ecological situation, special attention should be paid to the establishment of recreational zones, micro reserves and shelter forests in the areas adjacent to the cities. Biodiversity forests between recreational areas and other land users may serve as buffer zone. The ecological importance of such zones is very high and serves as an ecological barrier, which protects the
recreation zones from negative anthropogenic effects. Therefore, it is important to distinguish elements that function as environmental barriers in the structure of the ecological nets, especially around settlements and industrial enterprises.
In the Fergana region, the areas with the natural protective coefficient (Kns) above the standard range (Kns < 0.5) may include Soh, Uzbekistan and Besharyk districts. Regions with relatively high Kns (0.4) are Ferghana regions. In all other districts, the degree of natural protection of landscapes was found to be the most critical, ie Kns 0.1 to 0.3. In some districts, the value of Kns th is higher than the regional average, which is explained by the size of the reserve lands, forest resources and protected areas. As studies have shown, the ecological-economic condition of the territory of the region is unsatisfactory. In connection with the development of agricultural production, industrialization, urbanization, it continues to deteriorate. Agricultural lands are exposed to erosion, deflation, salinization. The transition to an adaptive landscape farming system should be carried out taking into account the ecological-economic condition of the territory. Planned activities should not lead to an increase in the values of the coefficient of its relative intensity of the EES above 1.0. To recommend to the design organizations when assessing the EES of the territory to use our proposed methodology, taking into account the level of land reclamation arrangement of the territory. To carry out the general anti-erosion organization of small land holdings simultaneously on the entire catchment, regardless of the boundaries of the allotment owners.
In some districts of Fergana region, by 2019 we can see a sharp decline in the value of Kns. This is due to the different development of ecological reserve lands in the districts. It can be seen that the landscape and biodiversity indicators and their sustainability are not optimal within administrative and territorial units. Therefore, it is suggested to expand the PA area and to improve the ecological nets for the conservation of natural landscapes and biodiversity conservation, and the preservation of optimal environmental conditions. These activities will enhance the region's natural defenses and provide an opportunity for optimization of the EEB.
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