CC BY
13«MEDICINE, SCIENCE AND EDUCATION», № 2, 2023
UCD: 616.314-002 (574) DOI: 10.24412/1609-8692-2023-2-26-32
IRSTI: 76.75.02.
EPIDEMIOLOGY OF CARIES IN ADOLESCENTS IN KAZAKHSTAN
*N. Aisenova1, L. Nazarova2
1 LLP Kazakhstan's Medical University «KSPH», Almaty, Kazakhstan 2 «Kazakh National Medical University named after S.D. Asfendiyarov»,
Almaty, Kazakhstan
Summary
Dental caries remains one of the most common diseases of young children to these days. With untimely treatment of caries, it may form foci of chronic odontogenic infection, which in turn may serve as a source of sensitization of the body and can affect the course of many diseases of internal organs and systems. The study of the prevalence of caries among adolescents reveals the causes, conditions and mechanisms of its development and allows to use this data to reduce the incidence of caries and to improve the health of adolescents. It also provides an opportunity to develop a set of tools and measures, as well as a system for organizing preventive care for young children .
Key words: dentistry, caries in adolescents, epidemiology of caries, prevention, oral hygiene.
Introduction. Dental caries to this day remains one of the most common diseases of adolescent children. With untimely treatment of caries, foci of chronic odontogenic infection are formed, which serve as sources of sensiti-zation of the body, affect the course of many diseases of internal organs and systems. The study of the prevalence of caries among adolescents will reveal the causes, conditions and mechanisms of its development and the use of these data to reduce the incidence of caries and improve the health of adolescents. It will also provide an opportunity to develop a set of tools and measures, as well as a system for organizing preventive care for adolescent children [1].
In recent years, the incidence of dental caries, periodontal diseases and dental anomalies tend to increase [2, 3].
In modern conditions, due to insufficient allocation of budgetary funds, there is a decrease in preventive dental measures among the children's population of the Republic of Kazakhstan. Untimely treatment and prevention of caries contributes to the development of diseases of internal organs, aggravation of the course of somatic pathology [4, 5].
According to The World Health Organi-
zation (WHO) statistics, 60-90% of school-age children and almost 100% of adults worldwide have dental caries. The urgency of the problem of prevention of dental diseases is characterized by their widespread prevalence among children and adolescents. In particular, dental caries and periodontal diseases are the cause of tooth loss and become foci of chronic odontogenic infection. Insufficient attention to the prevention of dental diseases contributes to their growth and severity [6].
Due to insufficient allocation of budgetary funds, there is a decrease in preventive dental measures among the children's population of the Republic of Kazakhstan. There are some regions in the Republic where 100% of children have caries, and with the early removal of all the first permanent molars. At the same time, the first permanent molars in children (the «occlusion key») are directly related to the correct development of the child's bite. By removing permanent molars at an early date, we are already transferring children to dental disability. It is proved that after each oral sanitation, after one year, tooth decay reappears in the vast majority of children. Therefore, it is almost impossible to «cure» all carious teeth of the children, but it is
o^EBMETTIK wo^ymp
possible with the investment of great effort and technical equipment. Caries can be «defeated» only with purposeful, constant and methodical implementation of the program of prevention of dental diseases. Therefore, the general improvement of children and adolescents is impossible without regular sanitation of the oral cavity of children and adolescents. In addition, these foci of infection contribute to the development of diseases of internal organs, aggravation of the course of somatic pathology [7].
The main part. The investigation of caries epidemiology in the group of Kazakhstani adolescents based on academic works for further improvement of caries avoidance procedures and to integrate developed methods and techniques to future dentistry.
The available literature data on the dental morbidity of adolescent children in Kazakhstan were analyzed (literature review). A total of 20 bibliographic sources were analyzed, but 8 were included in the review.
The analysis of the collected material on the study and prevention of caries showed that the most significant and obvious risk factor affecting the state of dental health of adolescents are non-compliance with hygiene, lack of prevention, including fluoroprophylaxis, as well as improper nutrition, as a result of which the composition of saliva changes (excessive consumption of sweets).
To determine the possible causes of various trends of carious disease of children in various countries, including Kazakhstan, comparative analyses of the prevalence among children and adolescents of the most significant and obvious risk factors for caries were conducted, in terms of studying the possible interrelationships of three proven caries-causing factors (non-compliance with the recommended dental cleaning regimen, lack of fluoroprophylaxis and frequent consumption of sweet food and drinks).
Compliance with the recommended dental cleaning regimen is considered one of the most important methods of preventing peri-odontal diseases, therefore it is an integral part of individual and communal prevention programs. To prevent caries, mechanical brushing of teeth, which helps to remove most of the
microbial plaque, is also important. However, there are different opinions regarding the frequency of brushing teeth for the prevention of caries (1 or 2 times a day). According to the results of the interstate EGOHID (the European Global Oral Health Indicators, 2005, EU) project, it was revealed that the factor of the mode (frequency) of brushing teeth, using the examples of data obtained in the studied areas, does not determine the level of caries intensity. As you know, for the prevention of caries, it is important to remove plaque as much as possible, the critical mass of which does not form earlier than 24 hours. This is achieved not only by frequency, but to a greater extent, by thorough cleaning of teeth.
The use of fluoride-containing toothpastes plays a crucial role in the prevention of dental caries. The most practical and inexpensive (for the state) method of «delivering fluoride to the teeth» is the individual use of toothpastes containing the recommended concentration of active fluoride ion (1000 - 1500 ppm) for brushing teeth. In the studies conducted in this fragment, there is a clear direct relationship between the intensity of caries and the use of fluoride-containing toothpastes for oral hygiene.
Frequent consumption of sugary foods and beverages leads to changes in the composition of saliva - for example, excessive consumption of sweets. The role of carbohydrates in the pathogenesis of dental caries as a nutrient medium for cariesogenic microorganisms of plaque is well proven. Simple sugars contained in sweet foods and beverages are especially «dangerous» [8].
In 2012, the prevalence of caries among children and adolescents in Kazakhstan ranged from 59% to 99%. So, in Atyrau region it is 99.66%, in East Kazakhstan - 92.3%, South Kazakhstan - 98%, West Kazakhstan - 59%, Aktobe - 90.1%, Karaganda - 97.6%, Zhambyl - 98.7%, Pavlodar - 98.6%, Kostanay - 98%, Kyzylorda - 93%, Akmola - 99.8%, in the North Kazakhstan region - 96%, Mangystau -99%, Almaty city 89%, Astana - 90%, Almaty region 71% [9].
Also in 2018, a study was conducted in Almaty to study the prevalence of major dental
diseases among medical college students, where a high prevalence of caries and periodontal diseases was revealed. The intensity of caries among the examined 15-16 year olds was 5.7, the indicator among 17-18 year olds was within 4.9 [10].
Insufficient attention to the prevention of dental diseases contributes to their growth and severity of the course. During the transition of the Republic of Kazakhstan to market relations, the state of preventive care for children has significantly deteriorated. Analyzing the interaction of risk factors for dental caries in children in conditions in Almaty, we drew attention to their frequent consumption of sweets, drinks, snacking on sweets between meals, which harmed the enamel of teeth [11, 12, 13].
The analysis of modern dentistry has shown that the creation of market relations in this service has many problems, this is a decrease in the population's appeal for dental care due to unavailability due to high prices [14].
The conducted epidemiological studies made it possible to create a data bank on the dental morbidity of the population, planning, implementation and evaluation of the effectiveness of preventive dental programs [15].
Conclusion. New technologies in dentistry by themselves do not protect children from dental caries. The urgency of the problem
of prevention of dental diseases is characterized by their widespread prevalence among children and adolescents [16, 17]. The effectiveness of preventive programs is possible only with the full functioning of all links in the provision of preventive care to children, starting from the antenatal period of development, infancy, preschool, school age and continuing into adulthood. One of the most significant links in this chain is school dentistry, when a child can receive comprehensive preventive care during his studies at a general educational institution [18].
The main component of the preventive program is hygienic education and upbringing of adolescents, which should be carried out as early as possible to obtain the greatest effect. Hygienic education of the population and the effective implementation of dental educational programs in school institutions plays a huge role in the formation of a person's dental status. It is necessary to carry out routine examinations in schools in order to carry out hygienic measures, more actively identify children and adolescents who need treatment, which will significantly reduce the pathology of more severe forms. It is important to carry out active sanitary and educational work to improve oral hygiene and teach schoolchildren methods of brushing teeth [19, 20].
ЦАЗАЦСТАНДАГЫ ЖАС0СШР1МДЕРДЕГ1 Т1СЖЕГ1 ЭПИДЕМИОЛОГИЯСЫ
*Н. Айсенова1, Л. Назарова2
Чс^ДСЖМ» ^азакстандык медициналык университет ЖШС, Алматы, ^азакстан 2 «С.Ж. Асфендияров атындагы ^азак ¥лттык медицина университета Ке А^,
Алматы, ^азакстан
Тушндеме
Тюжеп аурулары бYгiнгi ^нге дешн жасeсmрiм балалардыц ец кеп таралган ауруларыныц бiрi болып табылады. Тюжепш уактылы емдемеген жагдайда созылмалы одонтогендш инфекцияныц ошактары пайда болады, олар агзаны сенсибилизациялау кeзi ретшде кызмет етед^ шю органдар мен жYЙелердщ кептеген ауруларыныц туындауына эсер етедь Жасeспiрiмдер арасында тюжепнщ таралуын зерттеу оныц даму себептерш, жагдайлары мен механизмдерiн жэне осы деректердi тiсжегi ауруыныц децгешн темендету жэне жасeсmрiмдердщ денсаулыгын жаксарту Yшiн пайдалануга мYмкiндiк бередi. Сонымен катар ю-шаралар кешенiн, сондай-ак жасeспiрiм балаларга профилактикалык кемек кeрсетудi уйымдастыру жYЙесiн эзiрлеуге мYмкiндiк бередi.
ТYйiндi свздер: стоматология, жасвсп1р1мдердег1 т1сжег1, т1сжег1 эпидемиологиясы, алдын алу, ауыз цуысыныц гигиенасы.
ЭПИДЕМИОЛОГИЯ КАРИЕСА У ПОДРОСТКОВ В КАЗАХСТАНЕ
*Н. Айсенова1, Л. Назарова2
1 ТОО Казахстанский медицинский университет «ВШОЗ», г. Алматы, Казахстан 2 НАО «Казахский национальный медицинский университет им. С.Д. Асфендиярова»,
г. Алматы, Казахстан
Аннотация
Кариес может возникнуть у любого возраста, но наиболее часто поражает детей и молодых людей. По данным Национального института здоровья США, кариес является самым распространенным хроническим заболеванием детей. Если вовремя не лечить кариес, хронические одонтогенные инфекции, служащие источником сенсибилизации организма, влияют на развитие многих заболеваний внутренних органов и систем. Изучение распространенности кариеса среди подростков позволяет выявить причины, условия и механизмы его развития и использовать эти данные для снижения заболеваемости кариесом и улучшения здоровья подростков. Также даст возможность разработать комплекс средств и мероприятий, а также систему организации профилактической помощи детям подросткового возраста .
Ключевые слова: стоматология, кариес у подростков, эпидемиология кариеса, профилактика, гигиена полости рта.
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Contribution of the authors. All authors have made an equal contribution to the development of the concept, implementation,processing of results and writing of the article. We declare that this material has not been published before and is not under consideration by other publishers.
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Information about the authors
Corresponding author. Aisenova Nazerke Marisovna - 2nd year master's student, LLP Kazakhstan's Medical University «KSPH», Almaty, Kazakhstan, E-mail: [email protected], ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3549-2351.
Nazarova Laila Zaurbekkyzy - lecturer in the Department of Public health, «Kazakh National Medical University named after S.D. Asfendiyarov», Almaty, Kazakhstan , E-mail: Lailanazar92@ mail.ru, ORCID https://orcid.org/0009-0001-2197-3253.
Article submitted: 06.04.2023.
Accepted for publication:.28.04.2023.
