CC BY
12
https ://doi.org/10.29013/EJEAP-21-1.2-24-30
Shan Liang,
Shanghai Pinghe Bilingual School, China E-mail: 2657208363@qq.com; xxjnicole@hotmail.com
Betty Wang, Advisor, Ivy Analytics LLC, China E-mail: betty.wang@ivymind.org
EMOTIONS CONCENTRATION BEHAVIOR MEDICATION AMONG CHILDREN
Abstract
Objective: This study aims to: 1) examine the predictors of Emotions Concentration Behavior Medication; 2) build a predictive model for Emotions Concentration Behavior Medication using logistic regression model.
Methods: 2017 National Survey of Children's Health data was used for this study. The National Survey of Children's Health (NSCH) is being conducted by the U. S. Census Bureau for the U. S. Department of Health and Human Services' (HHS) Health Resources and Services Administration's (HRSA) Maternal and Child Health Bureau (MCHB). It is designed to provide national and statelevel information about the physical and emotional health and wellbeing of children under the age of 18 living in mailable residential housing units in the United States, their families and their communities, as well as information about the prevalence and impact of children with special health care needs.
All the participants who were eligible were randomly assigned into 2 groups: training sample and testing sample. A logistic regression model was built using training sample. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) was calculated.
Results: About 8.06% of 18905 children had Emotions Concentration Behavior Medication, about 9.23% among 9719 male children and 6.81% among 9186 female children.
According to the logistic regression, children born outside of the USA were less likely to have Emotions Concentration Behavior Medication (OR=0.468). When the first adult had worse mental health, the children were more likely to have Emotions Concentration Behavior Medication (OR=1.328).
When children's age increased by 1 year, the children were more likely to have Emotions Concentration Behavior Medication (OR=1.152). Female children were less likely to have Emotions Concentration Behavior Medication (OR=0.747). Children with normal birth weight has less likelihood to have Emotions Concentration Behavior Medication (OR=0.714).
Children in a family which is hard to Cover Basics Like Food or Housing were more likely to have Emotions Concentration Behavior Medication (OR=1.085). Children who experienced adults Slap, Hit, Kick, Punch Others less likely to have Emotions Concentration Behavior Medication (OR=0.701). Children who lived with mentally ill were less likely to have emotions concentration behavior medication (OR=0.652).
The area under curve was 0.7699. The optional cutoff time is 0.6637. The mis-classification error was 0.0778. The sensitivity rate is about 0.41% and the specificity is 99.98%.
Conclusions: In this study, we identified important of predictors of Emotions Concentration Behavior Medication among children, for example children age, sex, mental health of adults, and financial status of the family.
Keywords: emotions Concentration, Behavior Medication, Logistic Regression, ROC Curve, Odds Ratio.
1. Instruction
Children with behavioral or emotional disorders are a special group and need special care. Many times children have symptoms that are different from adults with the same disorder. [1] Childhood behaviour and emotional problems with their related disorders have significant negative impacts on the individual, the family and the society. They are commonly associated with poor academic, occupational, and psychosocial functioning. It is important for all healthcare professionals, especially the Paediatricians to be aware of the range of presentation, prevention and management of the common mental health problems in children and adolescents [2].
In this study, we aim to: 1) examine the predictors of the having Emotions Concentration Behavior Medication among children; 2) build a predictive model for having Emotions Concentration Behavior Medication using logistic regression model.
2 Data and Methods:
Data:
2017 National Survey of Children's Health data was used for this study. The National Survey of Children's Health (NSCH) is being conducted by the U. S. Census Bureau for the U. S. Department of Health and Human Services' (HHS) Health Resources and Services Administration's (HRSA) Maternal and Child Health Bureau (MCHB). It is designed to provide national and state-level information about the physical and emotional health and wellbeing of children under the age of18 living in mailable residential housing units in the United States, their families and their communities, as well
as information about the prevalence and impact of children with special health care needs.
Models:
We also used logistic regression models to calculate the predicted risk. Logistic regression is a part of a category of statistical models called generalized linear models, and it allows one to predict a discrete outcome from a set of variables that may be continuous, discrete, dichotomous, or a combination of these. Typically, the dependent variable is dichotomous and the independent variables are either categorical or continuous.
The logistic regression model can be expressed with the formula:
ln(P/l-P) = + P1*X1 + p2*X2 + ... .+ ^X
Model evaluation:
The discriminatory ability - the capacity of the model to separate cases from non-cases, with 1.0 and 0.5 meaning perfect and random discrimination, respectively- was determined using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis. ROC curves are commonly used to summarize the diagnostic accuracy of risk models and to assess the improvements made to such models that are gained from adding other risk factors. Sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy will be also calculated and compared. For all these measures, there exist statistical tests to determine whether one model exceeds another in discrimination ability.
Optimal Cutoff for Binary Classification maximizes the accuracy.
Mis-Classification Error is the proportion of all events that were incorrectly classified, for a given probability cutoff score.
Sensitivity: probability that a test result will be positive when the disease is present (true positive rate.
Specificity: probability that a test result will be negative when the disease is not present (true negative rate, expressed as a percentage).
Variables:
3. Results
About 8.06% of 18905 children had Emotions Concentration Behavior Medication, about 9.23% among 9719 male children and 6.81% among 9186 female children.
Basically, a corrgram is a graphical representation of the cells of a matrix of correlations. The idea is to display the pattern of correlations in terms of their signs and magnitudes using visual thinning and correlation-based variable ordering. Moreover, the cells of the matrix can be shaded or colored to show the correlation value. The positive correlations are shown in blue, while the negative correlations are shown in red; the darker the hue, the greater the magnitude of the correlation.
Figure 1. Matrix of correlations between variables. Emotions Behavior medication among children in 2021 national survey of children's healt
According to the logistic regression, children born outside of the USA were less likely to have Emotions Concentration Behavior Medication (OR=0.468). When the first adult had worse mental health, the children were more likely to have Emotions Concentration Behavior Medication (OR=1.328).
When children's age increased by 1 year, the children were more likely to have Emotions Concentration Behavior Medication (OR=1.152). Female children were less likely to have Emotions Concentration Behavior Medication (OR=0.747). Children with normal birth weight has less likelihood to have Emotions Concentration Behavior Medication (OR=0.714).
Children in a family which is hard to Cover Basics Like Food or Housing were more likely to have Emotions Concentration Behavior Medication (OR= 1.085). Children who experienced adults Slap, Hit, Kick, Punch Others less likely to have
Emotions Concentration Behavior Medication (OR=0.701). Children who lived with mentally ill were less likely to have emotions concentration behavior medication (OR=0.652).
Table 1. - Logistic Regression
Estimate Std. Error z value Pr(>|z|)
(Intercept) -0.404 0.902 -0.448 0.654
HHCOUNT -0.054 0.049 -1.110 0.267
A1_SEX 0.139 0.091 1.524 0.127
A1_BORN -0.759 0.175 -4.338 0.000 ***
A1_GRADE 0.033 0.023 1.423 0.155
A1_MARITAL -0.011 0.038 -0.285 0.775
A1_AGE 0.008 0.005 1.589 0.112
A1_PHYSHEALTH 0.078 0.056 1.383 0.167
A1_MENTHEALTH 0.284 0.056 5.105 0.000 ***
SC_AGE_YEARS 0.141 0.011 13.015 <2e-16 ***
SC_SEX -0.291 0.079 -3.688 0.000 ***
SC_RACE_R -0.068 0.026 -2.595 0.009 **
AGEPOS4 0.106 0.057 1.844 0.065
SC_HISPANIC_R -0.068 0.137 -0.498 0.618
BIRTHWT_L -0.337 0.132 -2.553 0.011 *
ACE1 0.081 0.050 1.616 0.106
ACE3 -0.375 0.108 -3.463 0.001 ***
ACE4 -0.290 0.185 -1.566 0.117
ACE5 -0.268 0.146 -1.833 0.067
ACE6 -0.355 0.148 -2.398 0.017 *
ACE7 -0.212 0.165 -1.280 0.201
ACE8 -0.427 0.117 -3.650 0.000 ***
ACE9 -0.145 0.126 -1.150 0.250
ACE10 0.398 0.217 1.836 0.066
The area under curve was 0.7699. The optional 0.0778. The sensitivity rate is about 0.41% and the cutoff time is 0.6637. The mis-classification error was specificity is 99.98%.
Figure 2. Odds Ratio Figure
Figure 3. ROC in testing sample for Lo gistic Regression
Table 2.
Cut-off Sensitivity Specificity
0.1 8.8% 97.8%
0.3 1.1% 99.7%
0.5 0.13% 99.99%
4. Discussions
About 8.06% of 18905 children had Emotions Concentration Behavior Medication, about 9.23% among 9719 male children and 6.81% among 9186 female children.
According to the logistic regression, children born outside of the USA were less likely to have Emotions Concentration Behavior Medication (OR=0.468). When the first adult had worse mental health, the children were more likely to have Emotions Concentration Behavior Medication (OR=1.328).
When children's age increased by 1 year, the children were more likely to have Emotions Concentration Behavior Medication (OR=1.152). Female children were less likely to have Emotions Concentration Behavior Medication (OR=0.747). Children with normal birth weight has less likelihood to have Emotions Concentration Behavior Medication (OR=0.714).
Children in a family which is hard to Cover Basics Like Food or Housing were more likely to have Emotions Concentration Behavior Medication (OR=1.085). Children who experienced adults Slap, Hit, Kick, Punch Others less likely to have Emotions Concentration Behavior Medication (OR=0.701). Children who lived with mentally ill were less likely
to have emotions concentration behavior medication (OR=0.652).
The area under curve was 0.7699. The optional cutoff time is 0.6637. The mis-classification error was 0.0778. The sensitivity rate is about 0.41% and the specificity is 99.98%.
Having another disorder is most common in children with depression: about 3 in 4 children aged 3-17 years with depression also have anxiety (73.8%) and almost 1 in 2 have behavior problems (47.2%). For children aged 3-17 years with anxiety, more than 1 in 3 also have behavior problems (37.9%) and about 1 in 3 also have depression (32.3%). For children aged 3-17 years with behavior problems, more than 1 in 3 also have anxiety (36.6%) and about 1 in 5 also have depression (20.3%) [3].
Among children aged 2-8 years, boys were more likely than girls to have a mental, behavioral, or developmental disorder. Among children living below 100% ofthe federal poverty level, more than 1 in 5 (22%) had a mental, behavioral, or developmental disorder [4].
Conclusions: In this study, we identified important of predictors of Emotions Concentration Behavior Medication among children, for example children age, sex, mental health of adults, and financial status of the family.
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