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The Emigration jew and german were typical of all republics C.I.S. moreover they in greater degree have drived out of USSR i.e. before 1991 than than after independence of the Republic Uzbekistan. The Share татар decreased, in the beginning, mainly, to account crimean tatar. Deportation in Uzbekistan during war and obtained official permit to return on Ukraine in Cream at the end 1980-h years, but then and tatar, left in Russia.
As to Russian though their share and decreased, but has not occurred the обвального of the reduction. Moreover, as a whole track record in 1989-95 gg. (the reduction on -2 points) comparable since period 1979-89 gg. (-2,5 points). Russian continue to remain more halfs of all other nationalities.
References
1. Maksakova L.P. Migratsiya naseleniya Respubliki Uzbekistan. - Tashkent: Eldinur, 2000.
2. Trudovaya migratsiya v SNG: sotsialnbie i ekonomicheskie effektbi. / otv.red.J.Zayonchkovskaya // Sentr izucheniya problem vbinujdennoy migratsii v SNG. Nezavisimbiy issledovatelskiy Sovet po migratsii stran SNG i Baltii. Institut narodnoxoz. prognozirovaniya RAN. - M., 2008. - 288 s.
3. Migratsiya i rbinok truda v stranax Sredney Azii. Materialbi regionalnogo seminara 11-12 oktyabrya 2001 g. Tashkent. // otv.red.J.Zayonchkovskaya // Sentr izucheniya problem vbinujdennoy migratsii v SNG. Nezavisimbiy issledovatelskiy Sovet po migratsii stran SNG i Baltii. Sentr effektivnoy ekonomicheskoy politiki Minmakro-ekonomstata Respubliki Uzbekistan. - Tashkent, 2002.-180 s.
4. Migratsionnaya situatsiya v stranax SNG. otv.red.J.Zayonchkovskaya // Sentr izucheniya problem vbinujdennoy migratsii v SNG.
Саипова К.Д.1, Исламова С.2
'Кандидат исторических наук, 2студент,
Национальный университет Узбекистана ЭКОНОМИЧЕСКИЕ СВЯЗИ УЗБЕКИСТАНА С РОССИЕЙ
Аннотация
Узбекистан на сегодняшний день установил более чем с 120 странами мира дипломатические отношения. Начиная с 1992 года между государствами Республика Узбекистан и Российской Федерацией были установлены дипломатические отношения. Сегодня ведутся активные связи в области экономики между двумя государствами.
Ключевые слова: экономика, сотрудничество, инвестиция, дипломатия, связи.
Saipova K.D.1, Islamova S.2
1PhD in history, 2student,
National University of Uzbekistan
ECONOMIC RELATIONSHIP OF THE UZBEKISTAN WITH RUSSIA
Abstract
Uzbekistan for present-day day has installed with more than 120 countries of the world diplomatic relations. As from 1992 between state Republic Uzbekistan and Russian Federation were installed diplomatic relations. Today active relationship are in the field of economy between two states.
Keywords: economy, cooperation, investment, diplomacy, relationship.
Uzbekistan's location, bordering the volatile Middle East, as well as its rich natural resources and commercial potential, thrust it into the international arena almost immediately upon gaining independence. During the early 1990s, wariness of renewed Russian controlled Uzbekistan increasingly to seek ties with other countries. Indeed, little over a year after independence, Uzbekistan had been recognized by 120 countries and had opened or planned to open thirty-nine foreign embassies. Experts believed that in this situation Uzbekistan would turn first to neighboring countries such as Iran and Turkey. Although the cultural kinship and proximity of those countries has encouraged closer relations, Uzbekistan also has shown eagerness to work with a range of partners to create a complex web of interrelationships that includes its immediate Central Asian neighbors, Russia and other nations of the CIS, and the immediate Middle Eastern world, with the goal of becoming an integral part of the international community on its own terms.
The significance of the Russian economy for Uzbek economic development is clear even after more than 23 years since the break-up of the U.S.S.R. The Russian-Central Asian trade was estimated at $7 billion in 2000. This makes up only about 5% of Russia’s total foreign trade. However, Russia historically relies mainly on Uzbek cotton for its textile industry. Indeed, Uzbekistan supplies roughly 90% of Russia’s cotton imports. In addition to cotton, Uzbekistan exports cars, textiles, and food products to Russia and imports industrial equipment, timber, and other construction materials.
Russia remained Uzbekistan’s key trading partner as regards informal trade as well. Thousands of small “shuttle” traders deliver thousands of tons of Uzbek fruits and vegetables to Russia in lorries, trains, and planes. To expand its economic role in Uzbekistan Russia is also actively participating in privatization process and the development of the oil and gas extraction. There is a greater willingness to accomplish the expansion of economic ties on bilateral basis rather than within the CIS framework. For example, the Uzbek State Property Committee and the Russian Fund for Social Protection of Military Servants signed an agreement on the sale of 51% of shares of the Uzbek Joint Stock Company Photon.
The importance of the Russian import demand for Uzbek economic performance could be further illustrated in the example of the Russian economic crisis of 1998. According to Uzbekistan Economic Trends, an abrupt decrease in demand for Uzbek exports in Russia as a result of the crisis forced Uzbek exporters to direct part of their exports to non-CIS countries. However, such a sudden shift was not going to be without losses. As a consequence, Uzbekistan Economic Trends estimated that the commodities for the amount of over $100 million remained as “excess supply” that Russian demand/market could not absorb.
Because of an increase in transportation and insurance costs, Uzbekistan lost an additional $15-20 million. Moreover, the crisis led to a decline of prices (in dollar terms) for Uzbek exports by 16.4%-the loss of export proceeds in hard currency equal to about $44 million. It is estimated that in total the Russian crisis cost Uzbekistan about $150-160 million in lost export revenue. As a matter of fact the Russian crisis had a contagious negative impact on the whole of the CIS. The crisis diminished import demand in not only Russia, but also in other CIS countries-economic partners of Uzbekistan. In the second half of 1998, Uzbek exports to the CIS (except Russia) decreased by 16.3% and imports by 16% year to year basis.
The signing of long-term trade agreements in 2000 further facilitated the bilateral trade. According to the Russian Center for International and Scientific Cooperation, Uzbek-Russian trade grew by 20% in 2001 annually to reach $1.2 billion, which accounts for 1820% of Uzbekistan’s total trade. The statistics for geographical composition of foreign trade in Uzbekistan indicate that Russia’s share in Uzbekistan’s foreign trade fell during the crisis and expanded after it. The reverse is true regarding the share of the rest of the world-it increased during the crisis and decreased after it. This could mean that Russia is a trading partner of choice for Uzbekistan and during the crisis Uzbekistan simply had to reorient its exports to other markets.
Literature
Kakharov J. Uzbek-Russian economic relations and the impact of the Russian economic performance on Uzbekistan’s growth and foreign trade. // Central Asia and the Caucasus. - №1(25), 2004
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References
Ivanov E.M. The New Reality in Uzbekistan and the Economic Position of Russia. // Marco Polo Magazine. - No. 3, 1999.
Эшов Б.Ж.
Профессор,
Национальный университет Узбекистан ИСТОРИЯ НАРОДОВ СРЕДНЕЙ АЗИИ В ДРЕВНОСТИ
Аннотация
Узбекский народ имеет богатое историческое прошлое, страницы его истории неразрывно связаны с историей Средней Азии, территория которой по праву считается одним из древнейших центров человеческой цивилизации. История как наука является неотъемлемым элементом духовного развития народов Узбекистана.
Ключевые слова: народ, цивилизация, история, прошлое.
Eshov B.J.
PhD,
National University of Uzbekistan HISTORY FOLK OF CENTRAL ASIA IN ANTIQUITIES
Abstract
Uzbek folk has a rich history past, pages to his(its) histories indissoluble are connected with historian of the Central Asia, territory which is rightfully considered one of the antiquities center to human civilization. The History as science is an integral element of the spiritual development folk Uzbekistan.
Keywords: folk, civilization, history, past.
Uzbekistan is located in the heart of Central Asia, between two large rivers Amu Darya and Syr Darya. History of nations, living on this territory, is more than thousand years. This land became the motherland of civilization, which is perhaps one of the most ancient in the world. History of Uzbekistan is the history of individuals and great nations, bloody conquests and large rebellions; it is the history of origin of the most beautiful cities in Central Asia; it is the history of people, who wholeheartedly loved their homeland.
People settled on the territory of Uzbekistan centuries ago. They built beautiful cities of Samarkand, Bukhara, Khiva and others, which were ruined by neighboring tribes, but thanks to people’s efforts they again rose from the ashes and became much beautiful. This land was the crossroad of the Great Silk Road, connecting Asia and Europe. Here, in numerous bazaars and workshops craftsmen created fine works of art, which by the Silk Road reached the most remote parts of Europe and Asia. According to archeologists, Uzbekistan is one of the most ancient places of human habitation. It is known, that the area was inhabited long before our era, in the early Paleolithic period, according to the findings of ancient dwellings in Baysun Tau mountains and primitive tools in Samarkand. In the upper Paleolithic period this land was settled by Neanderthals; their burial place, discovered in the Teshik-Tash cave, dates back to the Moustierian culture. Particularly, archeologists discovered the burial of 8-9 years old boy that gives grounds to speak about the most ancient ritual of burial on the territory of Central Asia. The child’s body was laid into a pit, surrounded by bones of a mountain goat. Excavations show that a man of that period hunted and gathered food from natural sources. Primitive tools were made of a stone as well as wood and bones.
With the development of humanity images of life rock paintings (petroglyphs) began to appear: hunting, battles and rituals. Exploring the petroglyphs of different periods of history one can "read" the history of mankind: the domestication of animals, the first religious ideas, the emergence of weapons and much more - all this is embedded by our ancestors on the rocks. Next epoch was the Mesolithic era, 15-20 millenniums ago. Typical monuments of that period are a primitive settlement in Samarkand, upper soil layers of Machay cave of the Baysun region, rock paintings in the Shibad region and others. Developed Neolithic era is characterized by the transition to a lower stage of barbarism, as evidenced by the settlement on the western part of Kyzyl Kum desert, near Amu Darya River, settlement in Uzgun, northern part of Karakum Desert, cave dwellings in Surkhandarya region and findings in Tashkent, Fergana, Samarkand and Surkhandarya regions. Primitive pottery, shepherd cattle-breeding and weaving were developed.
The collapse of the Persian empire occurred in the 4th century BC, when the great Greek military leader Alexander the Great defeated the Persians at the Battle of Gavgamellah. In 329 BC Alexander strengthened his power in Sogdiana.
In 323 BC, after Alexander's death, Sogd became the part of the Seleucid State, founded by the Greek commander Seleucus. In 250 BC a Seleucid satrap Diodot detached from this state a separate Greco-Bactrian kingdom with the capital in Baktry. This ancient state included Margiana and Sogdiana. After Diodot Evtidem came to the power and then Demetriy became the ruler of the state. During his reign a part of India was joined to the Greco-Bactrian State. Culture and economy reached a high level of prosperity, crafts, agriculture, trade and town planning were developed and money was coined. The ancient state was centralized and, as well as the Seleucid State, it was divided into satrapies. At that time, due to the construction of the road from Seleucid State to Baktria an international trade and relations with various countries around the world were developing. Baktria was situated on the trade road of China-India (southern branch of the Silk Road).
Bronze epoch in the history of Uzbekistan includes the period from the 3rd millennium to early centuries of 1st millenniums BC. It was the epoch of transformations, formation of first states on the territory of two great rivers: Ancient Baktria and Great Khorezm. It was the period of origin of first religion in Central Asia, Zoroastrianism, and first powerful empire of Achaemenids.
During XV - XVI centuries there existed thousands of towns and roads that crossed the Asian continent and led to the West.Caravans passed by those roads, and each of the caravans was filled with exotic clothes, oriental goods and spices. Towns and cities, caravanserais gradually grown on those roads.
Numerous centres of national crafts, art schools, madrasahs, palaces and mausoleums were created there. Traders, missionaries and pilgrims traveled and brought to the region new religions, customs, the goods (glass, porcelain, soap, gunpowder) and different cultures. For centuries, Great Silk Road united countries by such peaceful acts as trading, exchange of cultural and spiritual values that are unique for the whole mankind.
A special long-term program, which includes proposals for the revival of historical heritage, was created in cooperation with UNESCO. In 1994 he was accepted Samarkand Declaration "On the revival of the Silk Road".
The main tourist road is crossed with 32 towns and cities of Central Asia. Gems of the Silk Road are Tashkent, Samarkand, Bukhara, Khiva and cities in Fergana Valley. An exciting journey to the past will be awaiting you.
Many centuries ago the Great Silk Road that connected Europe with Asia, contributed to the development of Central Asia, and in particular, Samarkand, Bukhara, Khiva and Shash (modern Tashkent). This cities survive a unique flavor to the eastern cities of their area, caravanserais and medieval monuments of Islamic architecture, the latter is causing the worldwide fame that the cities of Uzbekistan, which is gradually turning into one of world tourist destinations in Asia.
References
1. Novaya istoriya Sentralnoy Azii. Pereotsenka istorii, sovremennbie problembi i podxodbi. - Tashkent, 2004. 310 s.
2. Sagdullaev A.S. Srednyaya Aziya i Indiya - formirovanie rannix putey istoriko-kulturnbix svyazey // Indiya i Sentralnaya Aziya (doislamskiy period). - Tashkent, 2002. S.119-121.
3. Bogatbireva T.G. Ot kulturnogo mnogoobraziya k kulturnomu plyuralizmu. Kulturnoe raznoobrazie i globalizatsiya. - M., 2003. S.59-60.
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