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2Effects of Mannan Oligosaccharide and Saccharomyces cerevisiae on Gut Morphology of Broiler Chickens
Veena Pani Padihari, Sita Prasad Tiwari*, Tarini Sahu, Manoj Kumar Gendley and
Surendra Kumar Naik
Department of Animal Nutrition, College of Veterinary Science & Animal Husbandry, Anjora, Chhattisgarh Kamdhenu Vishwavidyalaya, Durg, Chhattisgarh 491 001 India
Corresponding author's email: [email protected]
ABSTRACT
Received: 14 Jul. 2014 Accepted: 11 Sep. 2014
150 day old Vencobb broiler chicks were randomly allocated to 5 treatment groups with 3 replicates of 10 chicks in each to determine the effect of mannan oligosaccharide (MOS) and Saccharomyces cerevisiae in gut morphology of broilers. The trial lasted for 6 weeks. For microscopic examination the representative samples of each segment of intestine were collected and fixed in the 10% buffered formalin. No significant difference was observed in treatments at length of different segments of intestine and villus height/crypt depth ratio. Significant (P< 0.05) difference observed for the mean height of the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum villus amongst different dietary treatments, being highest in T5 and lowest in T2. Mean crypt depth of the duodenum and ileum villus also differed significantly (P< 0.05) amongst treatments. The highest mean crypt depth in the duodenum was recorded in T5 and lowest in T2 whereas the highest mean crypt depth of caecum was recorded in T3 and the lowest in T1. Thickness of tunica muscularis was significantly (P< 0.05) decreased in all segments of intestine except colorectum as MOS and S. cerevisae added to the diet. Height of the epithelium of villi differed significantly (P< 0.05) amongst treatments in all segments of intestine except caecum being maximum in T5 and minimum in T2. It was concluded that supplementation of MOS and S. cerevisiae improves the gut health of broiler chickens.
Keywords: Broilers, Gut, Mannan oligosaccharide, Saccharomyces cerevisiae
With rising consumer demand of safer animal products, there is a widespread discouragement on the use of antibiotics due to increase bacterial resistance and the presence of antibiotic residue in animal products. Therefore the use of prebiotics and probiotics is a possible way to improve performance and intestinal health of birds without antibiotics.
Probiotics are culture of live microorganisms, which have beneficial effects on the animal health when adequately administered (Hamilton et al., 2003) whereas, prebiotic is a non-digestible food ingredient which beneficially affects the host by improving the host's microbial balance (Gibson and Roberfroid, 1995). Dietary supplementation of Mannan Oligosaccharide (MOS) caused inhibition of colonization of pathogenic bacteria to gut lining (Benites et al., 2008). Dietary supplementation of Saccharomyces cerevisae to rabbits affected the morphology of the duodenum by increasing the total mucosa, villus height and the gland depth with inducing enlargement of the Brunner's glands (Peker et al.,
2014). Combination of probiotics and prebiotics namely synbiotic (Collins and Gibson, 1999) improves the viability of probiotic microorganisms, as they utilize prebiotics as a fermentation substrate (Bengmark and Bengmark, 2001). Therefore, the objective of the present study was to determine the effect of MOS and S. cerevisiae individually and in combination as dietary probiotic, prebiotic and synbiotic sources on gut morphology of broiler chickens.
MATERIAL AND METHODS
Housing and management
The experiment was conducted in the Department of Animal Nutrition, College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, Anjora, Durg (C.G.). 6 weeks feeding trial was carried out on 150 day old Vencobb broiler chicks housed under the deep litter system, in a well-ventilated room with standard management practices. The chicks were weighed individually and randomly allocated to 5 treatment groups with 3 replicates of 10 chicks each.
Pani Padihari V., Prasad Tiwari S., Sahu T., Kumar Gendley M. and Kumar Naik S. 2014. Effects of Mannan Oligosaccharide and Saccharomyces
cerevisiae on Gut Morphology of Broiler Chickens. J. World's Poult. Res. 4(3): 56-59. http://jwpr.science-line.com/
Treatment and additives
Ingredient and nutrients composition of diets for chicks at 0 to 42 days old were based on the National Research Council (NRC, 1994) recommendations. Five isonitrogenous and isocaloric diets were formulated. The different dietary treatments were include: Control diet without MOS and S. cerevisiae (T1); Negative control (T2); Control diet with MOS @ 500 g/ton feed (T3); Control diet with S. cerevisiae @ 500 g/ton feed (T4); Control diet with MOS and S. cerevisiae @ 500g/ton feed each (T5). In the control group premix is added, whereas in the treatments no supplements of premix should be given.
Measurements
The birds were slaughtered by 'Halal' method at the end of the experiment. Soon after opening of carcass the whole intestine was separated and after removing the intestinal content and then regional length of different segments of intestine was recorded i.e. duodenum (Pancreatic loop), jejunum (from the pancreatic loop to Meckel's diverticulum), ileum (from Meckel's diverticulum to ileocaecal junction), caecum (left and right) from blind end to caeco-colic orifice and colorectum (from caeco-colic orifice to cloaca) by ruler. For microscopic examination the representative samples of each segment of intestine were collected and fixed in the 10% buffered formalin. The tissue samples were processed in acetone-benzene sequence (Lillie and Fullmer, 1978) embedded and blocked in the paraffin. Four to eight micrometer thick transverse section were cut and stained with haematoxylin and eosin (Drury and Wallington, 1980). Following parameters were
recorded: Height of the villi, crypt depth, villus height/ crypt depth ratio, height of epithelium of the villi and thickness of the Tunica muscularis.
Statistical analysis
For interpretation of the results the data were subjected to Complete Randomized Block Design method as suggested by Snedecor and Cochran (1994).
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
No significant difference was observed amongst treatments at length of different segments of the intestine due to dietary supplementation of MOS and S. cerevisiae (Table 1). Significant (P<0.05) difference observed for the mean height of the villi of duodenum, jejunum, and ileum amongst different dietary treatments, being highest in T5 and lowest in T2 whereas it was not significant for caecum and colorectum (Fig. 1). The findings were in accordance with Loddi et al. (2002) and Santin et al. (2001) who observed that MOS and S. Service improves gut health of chickens as indicated by the increase villus height. Increased villus height is correlated with an increased digestive and absorptive function of the intestine (Pluske, 1996) and activation of cell mitosis (Samanya and Yamuchi, 2002).
Hence, present findings support the hypothesis that MOS and S. cerevisiae stimulate the intestinal villus development by increasing cell proliferation. However, Yang et al. (2007) and Brummer et al. (2010) reported that MOS supplementation does not affect the gut morphology in chickens.
Table 1. Effect of MOS and S. cerevisiae on length of different segments of intestine of broiler chickens as percent _length of total intestine_
Particulars T1 T2 T3 T4 T5
Duodenum 19.1±0.37 21.4±0.68 21.16±0.38 19.77±0.18 18.73±0.33
Jejunum 83.2±1.21 83.63±0.95 83.6±0.76 81.86±1.43 84.7±0.81
Ileum 12.2±0.23 12.26±0.27 12.93±0.24 12.06±0.37 11.6±0.60
Caecum
Left 15.4±0.32 15.26±0.20 14.80±0.34 15.5±0.45 16.1±0.17
Right 15.1±047 15.2±0.20 16.03±0.12 15.33±0.38 15.1±0.43
Colorectum 11.07±0.53 9.93±0.20 9.9±0.25 9.8±0.26 10.06±0.49
T1 = Control, T2= Negative control T3= Control diet with MOS @ 500 g/ton feed, T4= Control diet with S. cerevisiae @ 500 g/ton feed, T5= Control diet with MOS and S. cerevisiae @ 500g/ton feed each
Mean crypt depth of the villi of the duodenum and ileum also differed significantly (P<0.05) amongst treatments, whereas it was non-significant for jejunum, ileum and colorectum. The highest mean crypt depth in the duodenum was recorded in T5 and lowest in T2 whereas the highest mean crypt depth of caecum was recorded in T3 and the lowest in T1 (Fig. 2). No significant difference was observed in the villus height and crypt depth ratio (Fig. 3). Thickness of tunica muscularis was significantly (P<0.05) decreased in all segments of intestine except colorectum as MOS and S. cerevisae added in the diet. In the duodenum, jejunum, ileum and caecum lowest thickness obtained in T5 group, however, there was significant (P<0.05) increase in T2 group (Fig. 4). Height of epithelium of villi differed significantly (P<0.05) amongst treatments in all segments of intestine excluding caecum and maximum height noticed in T5 and minimum in T2
group (Fig. 5). Present findings were similar with other workers (Gunal et al., 2006 and Samanya and Yamuchi, 2002). Gunal et al. (2006) also observed that probiotic supplementation decreases muscularis thickness in jejunum and ileum. Present findings revealed changes in epithelial height which are indicative of cellular proliferation and intercellular activities. Intestine can change its surface by increasing or decreasing length and the height of villi (Zikic et al., 2008).
Greater surface area of small intestine is critical for appropriate digestive function and should be covered with long healthy villi. For protection of the intestinal villi, the gut produces protecting mucus which is secreted from goblet cells. Baurhoo et al. (2009) observed that goblet cell numbers were increased with dietary MOS. A shallow crypt is an indicator for capability of small intestine which requires less nutrients for regeneration and subsequently allows the
To cite this paper: Pani Padihari V., Prasad Tiwari S., Sahu T., Kumar Gendley M. and Kumar Naik S. 2014. Effects of Mannan Oligosaccharide and Saccharomyces cerevisiae on Gut Morphology of Broiler Chickens. J. World's Poult. Res. 4(3): 56-59. Journal homepage^ http://jwpr.science-line.com/
intestinal cells to produce more digestive enzyme and better nutrient absorption. Production of enzymes like maltase, leucine aminopeptidase, and alkaline phosphatase increased with MOS supplementation. It has been also reported that energy digestion was better when including MOS in broilers diet (Yang et al., 2008).
Obtained results in current experiment confirmed that supplementation of prebiotics and probiotics alters the morphology of gastrointestinal tract. These changes were depicted by elongation of villi and increased villi/crypt ratio, which indicate a lower rate of enterocyte-cell migration from the crypt to the villus. Abudabos and Yehia (2013) reported that dietary MOS improves the broiler gut health and function which can serve as a safe alternative to antibiotic growth promoter.
5000 4500 4000 3500 3000 2500 2000 1500 1000 500 0
T1
T2
T3
T4
T5
Figure 1. Effect of MOS and S. cerevisiae on height of villi in broiler chickens
450 400 350 300 250 200 150 100 50 0
Figure 4. Effect of MOS and S. cerevisiae on thickness of tunica muscularis in broiler chickens
50 40 30 20 10 0
T1
T2
T3
T4
T5
Figure 5. Effect of MOS and S. cerevisiae on height of epithelium of villi in broiler chickens
CONCLUSION
T1
T2
T3
T4
T5
Figure 2. Effect of MOS and S. cerevisiae on crypt depth of villi in broiler chickens
20 18 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0
T1
T2
T3
T4
T5
Figure 3. Effect of MOS and S. cerevisiae on villi height/crypt depth ratio in broiler chickens
In conclusion, supplementation of MOS and S.cerevisiae improves the gut health of broiler chicken by increasing intestinal length, villi height, crypt depth: villi height ratio and decreasing the thickness of tunica muscularis.
Acknowledgement
The authors are highly thankful to Dean, College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, Anjora, Durg (Chhattisgarh), INDIA, for providing the financial and other required facilities to accomplish the study.
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