Effects of firefighting suit contamination, within selected parameters, in relation to use during emergency interventions Текст научной статьи по специальности «Химические технологии»

Eva Strakosova, Eng.1 prof. Ales Dudacek, Ph.D.1

Przyjfty/Accepted/Принята: 22.04.2014; Zrecenzowany/Reviewed/Рецензирована: 19.02.2015; Opublikowany/Published/Опубликована: 30.06.2015;

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Effects of Firefighting Suit Contamination, within Selected Parameters, in Relation to Use during Emergency Interventions2

Skutki skazenia ubrania strazackiego podczas dzialan w sytuacjach nadzwyczajnych.

Analiza wybranych parametrow

Последствия загрязнения одежды пожарного, используемой во время чрезвычайных действий. Анализ выбранных параметров

ABSTRACT

Aim: The purpose of this article is to determine the protection parameters of the upper layer of a firefighting suit, by taking account of potential contamination of clothing and increased oxygen concentration in the local environment. The article is concerned with the determination of an oxygen index, with the support of laboratory test data, which identifies the burning behaviour and effectiveness of flame resistant clothing.

Introduction: A firefighting suit is designed to maximise the protection of firefighters engaged in emergency operations. For this reason materials used in the manufacture of protection clothing are being continuously improved. Current testing methods are used to determine protection parameters for clothing used in routine firefighting, rescue work and emergency interventions. However, these testing methods do not take account of issues associated with potential contamination of clothing re-used after prior interventions or used in exceptional circumstances. In the case of latter, an illustrative incident may include a situation where the immediate environment is exposed to an increased concentration of oxygen, caused by the leakage of liquefied oxygen. In such circumstances, more attention is necessary to the protection of operational firefighters, who usually wear standard firefighting suits. This article describes the results of laboratory tests that allow a better understanding of the risks.

Methodology: The current article deals with experiments conducted on specific materials used in the manufacture of firefighting suits, in accordance with established testing standards used for evaluation protective clothing, which are exposed to a source of radiant heat, using established methods for determining the transmission of heat after exposure to flames. Laboratory measurements were made with the aid of instruments used for the determination of an oxygen index at an ambient temperature according to the standard CSN ISO 4589-2, and further at higher temperatures according to the standard CSN ISO 4589-3. The Oxygen Index is, perhaps, the most economical and precise quality control test of combustible materials. This test is determined by the minimum percentage of oxygen in the test atmosphere that is required to marginally support combustion.

Conclusions: Experiment results reveal that after contamination of firefighting suits with oil or lubricating grease, the upper layer of the suit can burn if a flame is applied to the contaminated area. At the next stage it will be appropriate to focus on the behaviour of firefighting suits at higher temperatures. At increased temperatures, the value of oxygen concentration necessary for ignition is very low. Thermal analysis experiments were conducted with increased oxygen concentrations It was revealed that in an environment with increased oxygen concentration, even a clean firefighting suit is not a safety guarantee.

Keywords: firefighting suit, oxygen index, suit contamination Type of article: original scientific article

ABSTRAKT

Cel: Celem artykulu jest okreslenie parametrow ochronnych warstwy zewn^trznej ubrania strazackiego przy uwzgl^dnieniu potencjal-nego skazenia ubrania oraz zwi^kszonego st^zenia tlenu w atmosferze otoczenia. Przy wykorzystaniu wynikow badan laboratoryjnych

Technical University of Ostrava, Czech Republic; eva.strakosova.st@vsb.cz; The authors contributed equally to this article;

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w artykule podj^to próbf okreslenia indeksu tlenowego, na podstawie którego mozna scharakteryzowac palnosc oraz skutecznosc ubran ognioodpornych.

Wst^p: Ubranie strazackie jest zaprojektowane tak, aby jak najskuteczniej chronic strazaków prowadz^cych dzialania w sytuacjach nadzwyczajnych. Dlatego materialy stosowane w produkcji ubran ochronnych s^ stale doskonalone. Stosowane obecnie metody ba-dawcze sluz^ do okreslania parametrów ochronnych ubran uzywanych w rutynowych dzialaniach gasniczych, akcjach ratowniczych oraz sytuacjach nadzwyczajnych. Jednak metody te nie uwzgl^dniaj^ problemu potencjalnego skazenia ubrania uzytego ponownie po wczesniejszej interwencji lub stosowanego w nietypowych warunkach. W tym ostatnim przypadku przykladowym zdarzeniem moze byc sytuacja, w której bezposrednie otoczenie terenu dzialan strazackich jest narazone na zwi^kszone st^zenie tlenu spowodowane wyciekiem plynnego tlenu. W takich okolicznosciach wi^ksz^ uwagf nalezy zwrócic na zabezpieczenie strazaków bior^cych udzial w akcj ach, którzy zazwyczaj nosz^ standardowe ubrania strazackie. Artykul opisuje wyniki badan laboratoryjnych, które pozwalaj^ na lepsze zrozumienie zwi^zanych z tym problemem niebezpieczenstw.

Metodología: Niniejszy artykul przedstawia badania przeprowadzone na konkretnych materialach uzywanych w produkcji ubran strazackich, zgodnie z przyj^tymi standardami badawczymi stosowanymi przy ocenie ubran ochronnych, narazonych na zródlo pro-mieniowania cieplnego, przy uzyciu przyj^tych metod dla oceny przeplywu ciepla pod wplywem dzialania ognia. Pomiary laboratoryjne wykonano z zastosowaniem narz^dzi uzywanych do okreslenia indeksu tlenowego przy standardowej temperaturze otoczenia zgodnie ze standardem CSN ISO 4589-2 oraz przy wyzszych temperaturach zgodnie ze standardem CSN ISO 4589-3. Indeks tlenowy jest praw-dopodobnie najbardziej ekonomiczn^ i dokladn^ metody oceny materialów palnych. Technika zaklada pomiar minimalnej zawartosci procentowej tlenu w badanej atmosferze, która moze wplyn^c na zainicjowanie procesu spalania.

Wníoskí: Badania wykazaly, ze warstwa zewn^trzna ubrania skazonego substancjami oleistymi i ropopochodnymi moze si§ zapalic, jesli plomien dotknie zanieczyszczonej powierzchni. Przy zwi^kszonej temperaturze wartosc st^zenia tlenu potrzebnego do zaplonu jest bardzo niska. W kolejnym kroku nalezy skupic si§ na zachowaniu ubrania strazackiego przy wyzszych temperaturach. Eksperymenty wykorzystuj^ce analiz^ termiczn^ przeprowadzono przy zwi^kszonej zawartosci tlenu. Ich wyniki pokazaly, ze w srodowisku ze zwi^k-szonym st^zeniem tlenu nawet czyste ubranie strazackie nie jest gwarantem bezpieczenstwa.

Stowa kluczowe: ubranie strazackie, indeks tlenowy, skazenie ubrania strazackiego Typ artykutu: oryginalny artykul naukowy

АННОТАЦИЯ

Цель: Цель статьи - определить защитные параметры внешнего слоя одежды пожарного с учётом возможного её загрязнения и повышенной концентрации кислорода в окружающей среде. Используя результаты лабораторных исследований, в статье была сделана попытка определения кислородного индекса, на основе которого можно охарактеризовать воспламеняемость и эффективность огнестойкости одежды.

Введение: Одежду пожарного проектируют для наиболее эффективной защиты пожарного, осуществляемого деятельность во время чрезвычайных ситуаций. Поэтому, материалы, используемые в производстве защитной одежды, всё время совершенствуются. Новейшие исследовательские методы позволяют определять защитные параметры одежды, используемой в повседневной деятельности пожарных, при спасательных работах и чрезвычайных ситуациях. Однако, эти методы не учитывают возможного загрязнения одежды после ранее проведенной интервенции или вследствие нетипичных условий. Так примером последнего может быть ситуация, когда в воздухе вокруг действий пожарных повышена концентрация кислорода вследствие его утечки в жидкой форме. В таких условиях большое внимание следует обратить на защиту пожарных, учавствующих в действиях, которые, чаще всего, одеты в стандартную одежду. Статья описывает результаты лабораторных исследований, которые позволяют лучше понять проблемы, связанные с этими опасностями.

Методология: Данная статья представляет эксперименты, проведенные на конкретных материалах, которые используются в производстве пожарной одежды, согласно принятым стандартам исследований, принимаемым при оценке защитной одежды, которая подвержена воздействию источника теплового излучения, используя общепринятые методы для оценки теплового потока под воздействием огня. Лабораторные исследования были проведены с использованием инструментов, принимаемых для определения кислородного индекса при стандартной температуре среды согласно стандарту CSN ISO 4589-2, и при высших температурах согласно стандарту CSN ISO 4589-3. Кислородный индекс является, вероятнее всего, самым экономическим и точным методом оценки горючих материалов. Техника включает в себя измерение минимального процентного содержания кислорода в исследуемой атмосфере, которое может повлиять на инициацию процесса горения.

Выводы: Исследования показали, что внешний слой пожарной одежды, загрязненной масляными и нефтепроизводными веществами, может воспламениться, если пламя коснется загрязненной поверхности. При повышенной температуре, значение концентрации кислородабнужного для воспламенения есть очень низкое. Далее следует уделить внимание поведению одежды пожарного при высших температурах. Эксперименты, использующие тепловой анализ, были проведены при повышенной концентрации кислорода. Их результаты показали, что в среде с повышенной концентрацией кислорода, даже чистая одежда пожарного не гарантирует безопасности.

Ключевые слова: одежда пожарного, кислородный индекс, загрязнение одежды пожарного Вид статьи: оригинальная научная статья

ИССЛЕДОВАНИЯ И РАЗВИТИЕ

1. Introduction

The personal experience of each firefighter during an operational incident has a significant impact on the progress of the intervention. In order to avoid physical injury, an operational firefighter should be adequately protected by a suitable firefighting suit. Protective clothing must fulfil strict safety requirements and protect the firefighter in a range of situations.

This article is a part of experimental research into the behaviour of fabrics and series of material layers used in the manufacture of firefighting suits. It addresses the problem of consequences associated with potential contamination of clothing from prior operations and issues emerging during incidents where increased oxygen concentration occurs as a result of liquefied oxygen leakage into the surrounding atmosphere. In circumstances where the O2 concentration has increased, a fire risk is higher than that at standard O2 concentration. Therefore, firefighters normally equipped with standard firefighting suits should be afforded corresponding protection when operating in a more intense hazardous environment. Illustrations of such environments include: a tragic fire at a retirement home caused by a defect in an oxygen concentrator [7], accidents involving leakage of liquefied oxygen in hospitals [8] accidents during space travel - most notably Apollo 1 [9].

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The aim of this article is to determine fire resistance parameters of the upper layer of a firefighting suit, supported by results derived from laboratory experiments, with a focus on the degree of suit contamination and oxygen concentration in the local environment. The outcome provides data about burning behaviour and effectiveness of flame-resistant clothing and the determination of an oxygen index.

2. Experiment

2.1. Preparation

Experiments were performed in the laboratories at the Faculty of Safety Engineering of VSB - Technical University of Ostrava. Three types of firefighting suits were selected for examination (see Table. 1), namely suits TigerPlus and Premium 20 from the company DEVA F-M, s.r.o., Frydek - Mistek [1] and suits GoodPRO FR3 FireHorse from the company VOCHOC, s.r.o., Pilsner [2]. Only the upper layers of firefighting suits were exposed to the tests. The choice of samples was influenced by two factors [6]. The first is that these suits are most widely used in the Fire and Rescue Service of the Czech Republic [3] and secondly that they were also used in a series of tests conducted in a flashover container at Zbiroh in June 2012 and October 2013.

Table 1. Material composition of the upper layer of firefighting suits

Material composition of upper layer Suit type Grammage (g.m 2) Company

NOMEX DIAMOND Ultra - SOFIGUARD TIGER Plus 210 DEVA F-M, s. r. o.

53% KERMEL, 39% Lenzing FR, 6% Technora, 2% carbon fibre, RipStop weave GoodPRO FR3 FireHorse 230 VOCHOC, s. r. o.

DIAMOND FORCE - SOFIGUARD Premium 20 245 DEVA F-M, s. r. o.

Source: Own elaboration.

External conditions were always recorded before the experiment. Laboratory temperature was kept at (23 ± 2)°C and air humidity moved within the range of (32.2 - 67.2)%. For oxygen index determination, samples sizes of 140 x 52 mm were cut and coated with a layer of grease before the experiment. Contamination sources which could be encountered by firefighters during incidents were identified. In our experiments these were oil and lubricating grease. Samples were contaminated with standard year-round motor oil and lubricating grease A4 (plastic grease for gudgeon and antifriction bearing lubrication). Oil was mixed with hexane and sprayed on to the material. After a period of time hexane evaporated. The samples were covered with filter paper and dried at 60°C in a horizontal

position to a constant mass. The application of lubricating grease was tested in two ways, namely by mixing it with hexane and using brushes and spatulas (without the use of a solvent). The latter method appeared to be better, by providing a more even layer of grease. Average amounts of applied grease are given in Table. 1. For comparison, two quantities of lubricating grease A4 were used; the larger quantity is designated as A4 - higher grammage. The samples were prepared and kept in the laboratory at standard conditions and were always weighted before testing. Samples were prepared twice with an endeavour to achieve the same degree of coverage in both instances. Table 2 indicates better grease coverage.

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Table 2. Mass samples with grease

Applied grease NOMEX DIAMOND Ultra KERMEL/LENZING FR/TECHNORA

clean sample (g) applied grease (g) applied grease (%) applied grease (g/m2) clean sample (g) applied grease (g) applied grease (%) applied grease (g/m2)

Oil 1.513 0.509 25.173 69.959 1.716 0.565 24.770 77.610

A4 0.580 27.711 79.670 0.648 27.411 89.011

Oil 1.513 0.404 21.075 55.426 1.716 0.568 24.869 78.022

A4 0.594 28.192 81.613 0.592 25.650 81.319

A4 - higher grammage 0.900 37.298 123.626 0.900 34.404 123.626

Source: Own elaboration.

2.2. Measurement Procedure

The Oxygen Index is, perhaps, the most economical and precise quality control test of combustible materials. This test is determined by the minimum percentage of oxygen in the test atmosphere that is required to marginally support combustion.

Laboratory measurements were performed with the aid of instruments (see Fig. 1) to determine an oxygen index at an ambient temperature in accordance with the standard CSN ISO 4589-2 [4], where the oxygen index (OI) corresponds numerically to the minimum oxygen concentration by volume percent in an oxygen-nitrogen mixture at a temperature of (23 ± 2)°C. Such conditions allow for burning of materials under prescribed testing conditions.

Fig. 1a. Apparatus for the determination of oxygen index at standard temperature Source: Own elaboration.

Further measurements were performed at higher temperatures in accordance with the standard CSN ISO 4589-3 [5], where the oxygen index (henceforth referred to as OI) corresponds numerically to the minimum oxygen concentration by volume percent in an oxygen-nitrogen mixture at a temperature higher than 25°C, at which the material still burns under prescribed testing conditions. The test sample was held in a steel holder and inserted into a test tube. Furthermore, the required concentration of oxygen in the nitrogen mixture was set and the flow rate of the gas mixture was adjusted. In elevated-temperature tests, the test sample was pre-heated in a testing column for (240 ± 10) s to achieve the test temperature in given tolerances before ignition. The samples were ignited by the method B - ignition supporting vertical burning and the burner flame was kept for a maximum of 30 s.

Fig. 1b. Apparatus for the determination of oxygen index at elevated temperature Source: Own elaboration.

If the duration of burning or its extent did not exceed the prescribed values, the duration and extent were recorded with a designated response "O". However, if the duration of burning or its extent exceeded the relevant limiting value, the result was recorded with a designated response "X" [5], see Table 3.

The oxygen index was calculated according to a relation: OI = cf + k . d,

where cf is the final value of oxygen concentration used in

a series of measurements NT

d - interval between oxygen concentrations

k - constant obtained from CSN ISO 4589-2 [4]

NT Nl - series of measurements according to CSN ISO

4589-2 [4]

NL - first series of measurements until were not recorded response of "X" and "O".

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Measurement continues from the last sample of this Measurements begin with preliminary concentration

series of measurements. determination, which do not differ by more than 1% con-

centration of O2.

Table 3. Example of evaluation of measurement of a clean sample of NOMEX DIAMOND Ultra at 120°C

Clean sample NOMEX DIAMOND Ultra Preliminary concentration determination

Concentration of O2 (%) 22.8 23.8

Burning time (s) 32 122

Burned length (mm) 25 100

Response (X or O) O X

NOMEX DIAMOND Ultra Determination of value of oxygen index

series NT

Series Nl cf

Concentration of O2 (%) 23.8 23.6 23.6 23.8 23.6 23.8 23.6

Burning time (s) 122 80 80 120 74 119 76

Burned length (mm) 100 55 55 100 60 100 60

Response (X or O) X O O X O X O

Source: Own elaboration.

Actual measurements were carried out at various temperatures. The first measurement was made at a standard temperature, the average of which was determined at 24°C. Other measurements were performed at higher levels of 60°C, 120°C and 180°C. Altogether, 365 samples

were measured. One series of measurements of material of a firefighting suit contained 10 samples, see Fig. 2. Each material was measured once at different temperatures and types of pollution.

Л * V ™ - д

llill III

Fig. 2. Example of KERMEL/LENZING FR/TECHNORA samples with lubricating grease A4 after measurement at 180°C

Source: Own elaboration.

3. Results

The measuring exercise revealed a range of oxygen index values at temperatures of 24°C, 60°C, 120°C and 180°C and these are presented in Tables 4, 5 and 6. From obtained results it is evident that, in the case of clean suits, the oxygen index is higher than 21%, even at higher temperatures (Fig. 4). For a better comparison of the materials the results were illustrated in Figure 3. Therefore, the samples do not burn in standard conditions at all tested temperature levels.

A different situation occurs when suits are contaminated. In these circumstances tested materials burned even at oxygen concentrations of less than 21%. Of course, it is true that the higher the air temperature, the lower is the oxygen concentration necessary for burning (Figs. 4, 5 and 6). Moreover, there is also a dependence on the level of contamination, where the quantity of contamination increases the required oxygen concentration decreases.

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Table 4. Results of measurement of oxygen index of NOMEX DIAMOND Ultra samples

NOMEX DIAMOND Ultra 24°C 60°C 120°C 180°C

clean 26.1 24.9 23.7 22.3

oil 20.3 19.7 18.5 17.3

lubricating grease A4 19.2 18.9 17.7 17.4

lubricating grease A4 + _ * 18.6 17.1 _ *

Note: * - measurements were not performed Source: Own elaboration.

Table 5. Results ofmeasurement rfoxygen index of KERMEL/LENZING FR/TECHNORA samples

KERMEL/LENZING FR/TECHNORA 24°C 60°C 120°C 180°C

clean 29.3 27.2 25.7 23.5

oil 20.7 20.3 18.7 17.6

lubricating grease A4 19.4 19.7 18.0 17.6

lubricating grease A4 + Note: * - measurements were not performed Source: Own elabo ration. 18.9 17..3

Table 6. Results of measurement of oxygen index of DIAMOND FORCE samples

DIAMOND FORCE 24°C 60°C 120°C 180°C

clean 30.7 28.6 27.3 26.3

oil 22.5 21.4 19.3 18.7

lubricating grease A4 20.7 19.6 17.9 17.1

Source: Own elaboration.

OI determination

ri DIAMOND FORCE

KERMEL/LENZING FR/TECHNORA

h-'NOMEX DIAMOND Ultra 21 23 25 27 29 31

Concentration of O2 (%)

Fig. 3. Comparison of oxygen index of samples of clean firefigliting suits at ambient temperature of 24°C

Source: Own elaboration.

ИССЛЕДОВАНИЯ И РАЗВИТИЕ

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OI determination - clean suits

32 30 28 26 24

S 22

20

30.7

29.3

д 28.6

27.2

27.3

6.3

26.1

♦ 24.9

25.7

23.7

23.5

22.3

NOMEX DIAMOND Ultra

I KERMEL/LENZING FR/TECHNORA

A DIAMOND FORCE

0 30

60 90 120 Temperature (°C)

—I-1—

150 180

FFg. 4. Comparison of oxygen index of samples of clean firefighting suits at selected temperatures

Source: elaboration.

Determination of OI NOMEX DIAMOND Ultra samples

27

) 25

£

о 23

о

о 21

n

С 19

are

1197

О

<J

15

♦ 26.1

24.9

23.7

22.3 ♦

19.2

20.3

Ж-

18.9^

19.7

18.5

17.7 Ж

17.3

M

clean

oil

Ж lubricating greasa A4

17.147

30 60 90 120

Temperature (°C)

150 180

Fig. 5. Comparison of oxygen index ffNOMEX DIAMOND Ultra samples at selected temperatures

Source: Own elaboration.

Determination of OI KERMEL/LENZING FR/TECHNORA samples

31

so

Ь 29

° 27 о

с 25 о

15 23

■M

S 21

о 19 и

17 15

29.3

27.2

20.7

19.4

nr

Ж 19

7 S 20 3

25.7

18.0 Ж

18.7

23.5

17.6

17.6

♦ clean

oil

X lubricating grease A4

30 60 90 120 150

Temperature (°C)

180

Fig. 6. Comparison of oxygen index ofKERMEL/LENZING FR/TECHNORA samples atselected temperatures

Source: Own elaboration.

0

0

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Determination of OI DIAMOND FORCE samples

33 _ 31 ^ 29

N

2 27 o

§ 25 Ë 23

■M

S 21

u

¡5 19 U 17 15

30.7

28.6

♦ 27.3

26.3 ♦

22.5 n21.4

20.7 □ 19.3 18.7

19.6 17.9 X □

17.1

0 30 60 90 120 Temperature (°C) 150 180

♦ clean

oil

X lubricating grease A4

Fig. 7. Comparison of oxygen index; ofDIAMOND FORCE samples at selected temperatures

Source: Own elaboration.

4. Discussion

The hypothesis concerning higher temperatures demonstrates that the value of oxygen index decreases. Test results reveal that samples from DIAMOND FORCE exhibit higher oxygen index values at a standard temperature (see Fig. 7) and also at higher temperatures compared with samples Irom NOMEX DIAMOND Ultra and KERMEL/ LENZING FR/TECHNORA. Nevertheless, the value of oxygen indexin almost all contaminated samples (but oil contamination at 60°C in a sample of DIAMOND FORCE) was below the limit of 21% O2 and thus the contaminated area of the firefighting suit could be ignited on contact with and during subsequent action of a flame source. The contaminated material was deformed during testing, see Fig. 2, and ripped at 60°C temperature level of the oxygen-nitrogen mixture. Moreover, results reveal that at a temperature level of 180°C, the differences between oxygen index values of individual contaminated materials are almost blurred.

The biggest problem, evident before measurement, was the application of grease to samples. The initial method selected for suit contamination, by spraying oil mixed with hexan, is not appropriate, because this did not always guarantee the same surface coverage of applied grease in all prepared samples and thus the method was difficult to replicate. Although a 29% deviation was achieved in the application of grease this did not have a significant impact on the determination of OI. Nevertheless, this issue should also be addressed in the future and it is anticipated that more sophisticated technology, for grease application, will make it possible to prepare better quality samples.

5. Conclusion

Measurement results reveal that after contamination of firefighting suits, with oil or lubricating grease, the upper layer of suits can burn if a flame is applied to the contaminated area. At higher temperatures, the values of oxygen concentration necessary for ignitirn decrease (ae 180°C, OI moves in a range of 17.1 - 17.6).

Interventions in an environment with increased oxygen concentration pose additional hazards and a "clean" firefighting suit is not a guarantee for safety. In situations where oxygen concentration is higher than 30.7%, the suit can ignite at a standard temperature of 24°C. At a temperature of 120°C the concentration of oxygen necessary for ignition of KERMEL/LENZING FR/ TECHNORA samples decreases to below 26% and that of NOMEX DIAMOND Ultra samples even further, to below 24%.

In the next stage of research it will be appropriate to focus on, and extend knowledge about the behaviour of fire-fighting suits at higher temperatures. Additionally, further work is planned for the completion of measurements and thermal analysis at higher concentration levels of oxygen.

Project relevance

This article was written with support from the grant SGS No. SP2013/187 "Experimental research into the behaviour of fabrics and whole series of material layers of firefight-ing suits, in various conditions of thermal load and other environmental parameters, and determination of limits in use of material utilised in prior operations, as well as firefighter's comfort".

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References

[1] DEVA F-M s.r.o. Sortiment 2010, [electr. doc.] http://www. deva-fm.cz/sortiment.php [accessed: 10.05.2013].

[2] Vochoc s.r.o. Produkty 2011, [electr. doc.] http://www. vochoc.cz/ ochrana-proti-teplu/produkty.php [accessed: 10.05.2013].

[3] Prokes O., Rozbor tepelne zäteze zäsahoveho odevu pro hasice pri vycviku. Diplomovä präce, Ostrava: VSB - TU, Ostrava 2012, p. 63.

[4] CSN ISO 4589-2 Plasty - Stanoveni horlavosti metodou kyslikoveho cisla: Cäst 2: Zkouska pri teplote okoli. Cesky normalizacni institute, Praha 1998.

[5] CSN EN ISO 4589-3 Plasty - Stanoveni horlavosti metodou kyslikoveho cisla - Cäst 3: Zkouska pri zvysene teplote, Cesky normalizacni institute, Praha 1998.

[6] Janosik L. et al.,. Zäverecnä zpräva SGS SP2012/13: Vliv rüzne tepelne zäteze na mikroklima hasice v zäsahovem odevu a na vybrane fyziologicke parametry hasice. VSB

- TU, Ostrava 2013.

* * *

Ales Dudacek - a professor at Department of Fire Protecting Engineering and Industrial Safety, Faculty of Safety Engineering, VSB - Technical University of Ostrava. From 2002 to 2009 he was the dean of the Faculty of Safety Engineering. His research and project work focused on the fire safety equipment. He is an author and co-author of many articles, especially proceedings of scientific conferences.

Eva Strakosova - graduated from the VSB - Technical University of Ostrava, Faculty of Safety Engineering in 2012. Currently she is undertaking PhD studies at the same university. Her current research interests include the relationship between fabric parameters of firefighting suits, their design and utilization during firefighting operations.

[7] Tomaskovic J., Za tragicky pozar v domove duchodcu mohl pristroj na kyslik, in: Novinky.cz [eletrc. doc.] http://www. novinky.cz/krimi/313018-za-tragicky-pozar-v-domove-duchodcu-mohl-pristroj-na-kyslik.html [accessed: 12. 01.2014].

[8] Ahrens M., Fires and Burns Involving Home Medical Oxygen, in: Nfpa.org. [electr. doc.] http://www.nfpa.org/~/media/ Files/Research/Fact%20sheets/oxygenfactsheet.pdf [accessed: 12.01.2014].

[9] Pacner K., Pred 45 lety: Za 14 sekund kabina Apolla 1 pukla zarem. Uvnitr nemeli sanci, in: IDNES.cz: Technet.cz [electr. doc.] http://technet.idnes.cz/pred-45-lety-za-14-sekund-kabina-apolla-1-pukla-zarem-uvnitr-nemeli-sanci-1jw-/ tec_vesmir.aspx?c=A120126_175519_tec_vesmir_mla [accessed: 12.01.2014].