CC BY
136
PEDAGOGY
of Physical Culture and Sports_
REVIEW ARTICLE
Effects of aerobic physical activity to cardio-respiratory fitness of the elderly population: systematic overview
Nikola Aksovic1ABCD, Bojan Bjelica2BCDE, Marko Joksimovic3ABDE, Iryna Skrypchenko4CD, Sinisa Filipovic5DE, Filip Milanovic5DE, Bojan Pavlovic2AB, Bojan Corluka6DE, Radomir Przulj2CDE 1University of Nis, Serbia
2University of East Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina 3Football club National, Montenegro
4Dnipropetrovs'k State University of Internal Affairs, Ukraine 5University of Belgrade, Serbia
6University of East Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
Authors' Contribution: A - Study design; B - Data collection; C - Statistical analysis; D - Manuscript Preparation; E - Funds Collection.
Abstract
Purpose:
Material:
Results:
Conclusions:
Keywords:
Aerobic training is effective manner of exercising aimed at improving cardio-respiratory fitness of young people. However, its effects to the elderly population (over the age of 60), depending on characteristics of the participant (gender, health status, lifestyle, etc.), is still unclear. Aim of this research is systematic overview of the available literature dealing with the topic of effects of aerobic training to cardiorespiratory fitness of the elderly population over the age of 60, depending of gender (male/female), BMI (overweight/normal weight), lifestyle (active/sedentary), health status (diabetes/hypertension/ metabolic syndrome).
Total number of papers with published research results which met the criteria was 32. Walking is effective manner of exercising which influences improvement of maximum oxygen consumption (mean value: ±SD:12.91±7.40%). Introduction of activities with greater impact (bicycle and jogging) provides more effect to the cardio-respiratory fitness (mean value: ±SD:14.28±7.48%).
Aerobic training intensity level (moderate vs. high) makes no significant difference to the adaptive response of the cardio-respiratory fitness in elderly population. Training in duration of 6 weeks may significantly influence increase in maximum oxygen consumption, but longer training duration, however, has better effect. Endurance training has similar effects to improvement of cardio-respiratory fitness in both men and women. On the other hand, it seems that active people have lower adaptive response in comparison to sedentary people (8.3% vs. 18.84%). Effect is similar between overweight and normal weight participants (18.48% vs. 8.6%). Positive influence of aerobic training was also observed in participants with hypertension, metabolic system and diabetes type 2.
Results clearly suggest benefits of aerobic training on cardio-respiratory fitness of elderly population. The effect may, however, vary depending of duration, type of activity, as well as characteristics of the sample.
training, sedentary, VO2max, walking, health, HRmax.
Introduction
Epidemiological studies indicate tight connection between exercising, health and fitness and the role of lifestyle to health of general population [1, 2]. Term physical fitness is related to certain level of being in physical shape. Additionally, it is used as synonym to certain types of exercising. Important fitness component linked to health status is cardio-respiratory fitness [3] . Cardio-respiratory fitness is the ability of cardio-vascular system and respiratory system to maintain oxygen supply to engaged muscles in duration of prolonged physical activity, as well as the ability of muscles to provide required energy in aerobic processes [4]. Maximum oxygen consumption (VO2max) is the best indicator of aerobic capabilities of the organism and functional ability of cardio-vascular system, respiratory system and
© Nikola Aksovic, Bojan Bjelica, Marko Joksimovic,
Iryna Skrypchenko, Sinisa Filipovic, Filip Milanovic, Bojan Pavlovic, Bojan Corluka, Radomir Przulj, 2020 doi:10.15561/26649837.2020.0501
tissue to use the available oxygen [5], which all reduces with aging. After the age of 25-30 sedentary people experience reduction of VO2max 8-15% per decade [6] . Reduced capability to perform everyday activities after the age of 60 is caused by gradual reduction of VO2max [8]. Aerobic training or endurance training is recommended for improving cardio-respiratory fitness and health benefits of elderly population. It may be defined as activity in minimal duration of 20 minutes where values of heart rate frequency are 60-80% of maximum heart rate frequency (HRmax) [9] Previously performed meta-analyses confirmed the positive effect of training to VO2max in elderly population. Despite important results obtained [10, 11] value of moderator in meta-regression analysis took value of 50 for independent variable age. Value for elderly people was (>50), which is an indicator of high variability among the participants. In the aforementioned study was also used common statistical method for calculation of the magnitude of effect of
various types of training (aerobic training, training with the load, etc.) to cardio-respiratory fitness. Second metaanalysis [10] included papers published in the period 1980-2002 and due to lack of available data, metaregression analysis was not performed for the following variables: gender (male/female), BMI (overweight/ normal weight), lifestyle (active/sedentary), health status. Up to date, the number of conducted research on the topic of effects of aerobic training to elderly population is low and requires information update. More sophisticated tools for assessment of performances and improved quality of research have also been developed. Therefore, aim of research is systematic overview of the available literature linked to effects of aerobic training to cardio-respiratory fitness of elderly population over the age of 60, depending of gender (male/female), BMI (overweight/ normal weight), lifestyle (active/sedentary), health status (diabetes/hypertension/metabolic syndrome).
Material and methods
Data sources and search strategy
For the purpose of searching the available literature, following data bases were used: PubMed, MEDLINE, Google Scholar, ScienceDirect, ERIC from 1986 to August 2016. Searching was performed using following terms (individually or in combination): physical activity, cardio-respiratory fitness, older adults, aerobic training, VO2max, effects, endurance training, walking, running, elderly. Searching strategy was modified for each electronic database, where it was possible, with the aim of increasing sensitivity. All the papers and abstracts were evaluated for selection of potential papers to be included in the systematic overview. Lists of references and original research were also included in the analysis. One author performed literature search (EC). Relevant studies were obtained after detailed search if they met the criteria. The criteria are described in the following section.
Inclusion criteria
Type of study
Controlled randomised and non-randomised studies about effects of aerobic training to cardio-respiratory fitness in English language were included in the analysis.
Sample
Included participants are men and women aged over 60 regardless of lifestyle (active/sedentary), BMI (overweight/normal weight), health status (diabetes, metabolic syndrome, hypertension).
Type of intervention
Research establishing the effect of aerobic training.
Type of output results
Studies were included if the results present influence of aerobic training to VO2max before and after aerobic training.
Exclusion criteria
Exclusion criteria were: 1) studies in languages other than English; 2) Age of participants under 60; 3) combination of aerobic training with training under load.
Data acquisition
Formatusedfordata acquisitionwasPICO (Participants,
Intervention, Comparison or control group, Outcomes) [12]: participants (and their health status, gender, BMI, lifestyle age), sample size, comparison of groups, training program (frequency, duration, type of activity, intensity) and acquired results (absolute and relative VO2max). Data extraction was performed using Cochrane Consumers and Communication Review Group's data extraction protocol. Selection and assessment of data was performed by single author in order to maintain precision and to be comprehensive. All the selected papers were assessed in detail to collect required data. Authors of included papers were not contacted for missing data.
Results
In search results there were 785 identified potentially relevant studies, and 15 more after covering the references. After removal of double papers and abstracts there were 88 papers remaining. Upon completion of assessment of whole texts only 32 papers remained where all the criteria were met (Fig 1).
Potential research identifed by searches base (n=785)
e h
u
Titles and abstracting Eliminated papers
reviewed —► based on abstract
(n=566) (n=478)
h d
cr e
ar d
e
s e DC cl in
Research excluded for some reason (n=56) Population under 60 years old (n=25)
- A combination of aerobic and weight training (n=11)
The end result represented by the graph (n=4)
- Remain studies (n=16)
Figure 1. Flow Diagram
Aerobic training
Aerobic physical training triggers positive adaptive response to absolute and relative VO2max. It seems that the simplest and most acceptable form of aerobic training is walking. Choice of this type of physical activity can be prescribed to less chance of injury, no supervision required and universal availability, which is why majority of authors researched influence of aerobic training in this training regime [13, 16, 20, 23]. Results of this systematic overview suggest that walking significantly improves absolute VO2max values. Average improvement is 12.91±7.40% (range Ip/o-27 %). Additionally, results of previous meta-analysis confirmed significant effect of walking to cardio-respiratory fitness in healthy sedentary population [25]. Contemporary studies [26, 27, 30,
Table 1. Systematic overview and characteristics of papers included in the research
Population
Training program
Output results
Study
Health status
Gender BMI (kg/m2) Lifestyle Age
Sample size
Frequency/ Training
Group comparison (n) duration (days/ Intensity duration weeks) (min)
Type of activity
VO,
¿max
(ml kg1 min1)
8
10
11
12
13
VO,
¿max
(I min1)
14
O >
£T> O
£T> -<
[26]
Blumenthal et al. (1989)
healthy /
EG (n= 33; M=17/F=16) 67±4.9 101 KG1 (n=34; M=17/F=17) KG2 (n=34; M=16/F=18)
EG: 3/16 KG1: 2/16
70% HRmax 60
EG : bicycle, ergo meter, walking, jogging
KG1: Yoga
EG: 11.6
M=14.4%^*; F=8.6%/|s*
KG1:
KG2: 2%\|/
[18] Foster et al. (1989)
healthy
ro o
EG1:
78.4±4.6 EG1 (n=9)
sedentary 16
EG2: EG2 (n=7)
78.4±6.4
3/10
EG1: 60% HRR
EG1: 45 EG 1,2: EG1: 15%^* EG1: 21%^*
EG2: 40%
HRR EG2:60 Walking EG2:12.6%^* EG2:12%^*
[14]Belman and Gaesser (1991)
healthy c?/$ /
sedentary 65-75 27
EG1 (n=8; M=4/F=4) EG2 (n=9; M=5/F=4) KG (n=8; M=4/F=4)
4/8
EG1: 82% VO,
2max
EG2: 53% VO,
30
EG 1,2: Walking
EG1: 7%^* EG2: 7.5%/M KG: 2.3%\|/
[27]
Blumenthal et al. (1991)
healthy /
sedentary 67(60-83) 100
EG1 (n= 28) EG2 (n=31) EG3(n=31)
EG1: 3/32 EG2: 3/16 EG3:3/16
70% HRmax 60
EGl,2,3:Hand bicycle, ergo meter, walking or jogging
EG2: + yoga
EG1:11%^*
M=15%^*;
F=8%^*
EG2: 6%^
M=4%^*;
F=9.5%^*
EG3: 14%^
M=16%^*;
F=14.5%^*
[22]Probart et al. (1991)
healthy
EG:25.5±1.3 EG:72±0.6 16 EG (n=10)
sedentary
KG:23.3±1.1 KG:72±0.68 KG (n=6)
3/26
70% HRmax 20
Walking
EG:8.4^* KG:6.1n|,*
EG:6.6^* KG:5\|/
10
11
[29] Kohrt et al. (1991)
healthy c?/$ /
sedentary 60-71 145
EG1 (n=41) EG1 (n=69) KG (n=35)
EG1: 4/52 EG2: 4/40
60-85% HRmax
30-50
12 13 14
EG1: EG1:
M=27.5%/|s* M=22%^*
EG 1,2: Walking and running, F=20.5%^* EG2: M=21.7%^* F= 15%^* EG2: M=15%^*
bicycle, ergo meter F= 22%^* EG: F=17%^* EG:
M=2%\|/ M=2%\|/
F= 1%n|/ F=1%n|/
[35]Posner et al. (1992)
healthy c?/$ /
sedentary 68.6±5.1 247
EG (n=166) KG (n=81)
1/16
70% HRmax 40
Bicycle ergo meter
EG: 8.5%^* KG: 3\|/
[19]Nieman et al. (1993)
healthy
sedentary 73.4±0.8 14 EG (n=14)
5/12
60%HRR 30-40 Walking
12.6%^*
[23]Warren et al. (1993)
healthy
25.5±1.1 sedentary 73±0.7 16 EG(n=14)
5/12
60% HRmax 30-40 Walking 12.6^*
[15]Braith et al. (1994)
healthy c?/$ /
EG1: 66±5 EG1 (n=19)
sedentary EG2: 65±4 44 EG2 (n=14) KG: 66±5 KG(n=ll)
3/26
EG1: 70% HRmax
EG2:80-85% HRmax
40
EG 1,2: Walking
EG1:16%^* EG2: 27%^* KG: ~
[33] Vitiello et al. (1997)
healthy c?/$ /
M 66.9±1 / 52
F67± 1.3
EG (n= 30; M=18/F=12) 3/26 KG (n=22; M=13/F=9)
60-85% HRR 50-75
EG: walking,
jogging, EG: 14.5%^*
bicycle
KG: 1%n|/
KG:frexibility
[49] Vitiello et al. (1996)
healthy <$ /
69±1.3 15 EG (n=15)
5/26
60-85% HRR 50-75
Walking,
jogging,
bicycle
EG: 17.5^*
3 4
7 8
10
11
12
13
14
O >
£T> O
£T> -<
[17] De Vito et al. (1999)
healthy
active
EG63.1±3.1
KG63.5±3.3
20
EG (n=ll) KG (n=9)
3/12
60 -70% HRmax
60
Walking
EG: 1%T> KG:2.5%^
[24]Woods et al. (1999)
healthy
c?/$ /
sedentary 65.3±0.8 29
EG (n=14) KG (n=15)
3/24
50-65% HRmax
40
EG:Walking KG:flexibility
EG: 20% 1s* KG: 9% 1s
EG:19:%^* KG: 9% 1s
[32]Turner et al. (2000)
EG:30.2 EG65.2±1.4 EG (n=ll; M=9/F=2)
hypertension c?/$ sedentary 4/28
KG:29.6 KG68.5±1 18 KG (n=7; M=5/F=2)
60-80% HRmax
40-60
Walking,
EG: 17% 1s*
jogging bicycle KG:-
EG^/o^* KG:~
ro
ro [31]Pruchnic et al. (2004)
healthy
d7?
28±1
sedentary 67.3±0.3 13 EG (n=13; M=5/F=8) 3/12
50-70%
30-40
Walking, jogging or stationary bicycle
12%^*
[46]Broman,
Quintana,
Lindberg,
Jansson,
and Kaijser
(2006)
healthy
69±4
29
EG (n=18) KG (n=ll)
2/8
75% HRmax 45
Walking, running in deep water
EG:11%^* KG:3.6^
EG:10.3%/|S* KG:4.2%^
[28]DiPietro et al. (2006)
healthy
EG1 26.3±3 EG1 (n=9)
EG2 28±4.5 sedentary 73±10 25 EG2 (n=9)
KG 27.7±4.7 KG(n=7)
4/40
EG1: 80% VO,
2max
EG2: 65% VO,
60
EG1,2:
Walking, jogging, bicycle or ergo meter
EG1: 2% si EG2: 0.5%\|/ KG: 2%^
[47]Coker, Williams,
Kortebein, healthy Sullivan, and Evans (2009)
EG1:30±1 EG2:28±1
c?/$ sedentary 71±1
KG:31±1
EG1 (n= 6; M=3/F=3) 18 EG2 (n=6; M=3/F=3) 4-5/12 KG (n=6; M=3/F=3)
EG1: 75% VO,
2max
EG2: 50% VO,
30
EG1,2:
Bicycle, ergo meter
EG1:21%^* EG2: 30%^* KG: ~
3 4
7 8
10
11 12
13
14
[30]Madden et al. Diabetes type 2, eG: 30.1+1.1 EG (n=18)
i, hypertension, d>/$ sedentary 71.4±0.7 36
(2009) hypercholesterolemia KG: 27.7±1 KG (n=18)
3/12 60-75% HRR 60
Bicycle, EG: 16.5%t
ergometerand treadmill KG:
[43]Yassine et al. (2009) Metabolic syndrome c?/$ 34.3±5.2 sedentary 65.5±5 24
EG1 (n=12) EG2 (n=12)
r .„ „ 60-85% 5/12 lln 60
HRmax
EG: Walking, bicycle
EG2: EG1+
calorie
restriction
EG 1:15%'-V* £62:10%^*
[20]0zaki et al. (2010) healthy
EG:22.5±0.9 EG:64±1 EG (n=10)
sedentary 18
KG: 23.2±1 KG:68±1 KG (n=8)
45%
4/10 HRR~70% 20 VO,
Walking
EG: 9.7%^* EG:9%^* KG: 10.9%^* KG:10.2%^*
[13]Atcharaporn et al. (2011)
healthy
c?/$ 25.1 sedentary 75±7 14 EG (n=14)
„ .„ „ 50-100% 3/12 60
VO
2max
Walking EG: 25%^*
[34]Niederseer et al. (2011)
healthy
EG:27.1±3.3 c?/$ active
KG:25.4±2.8
EG66.6±2.1 EG (n= 27; M=14/F=13)
42 2-3/12 /
KG67.3±4.4 KG (n=20; M=10/F=10)
207.5±14.1 Skiing
EG: 7%^* KG:0.5%\|/
[44]Nuttamonwarakul, Amatyakul, and Suksom Diabetes type 2 (2012)
EG: 25.7±3.4 / / KG27.1±2.8
>60 40
EG (n=20) KG (n=20)
3/12 70% HRmax 50
Exercises in EG:2%^* water KG:1%\|/
[37]Lovell et al. (2012) healthy
ê /
EG75.2±3 EG (n= 12)
active 24
KG73.5±3.3 KG (n= 12)
3/16
50-70%
30-45
Bicycle ergometer
EG:16.9%^:t KG: 1%vU
-o m
O >
£T> O
£T> -<
10
11
12
13
14
[21]Predovan et al. (2012)
healthy
c?/$ /
sedentary
67.96 ±6.25
50
EG (n= 25) KG (n= 25)
3/12
60
Fast walking, EG: 24%t*
dance
KG: 1%T>
[39]Standley etal. (2013)
70±2
EG (n=9) 3-4/9
60-80% HRR 20-45
Bicycle ergo meter
EG: 30%^*
ro
[45]
Nuttamonwarakul, Diabetes type Amatyakul, and 2 Suksom (2014)
60-70
19
EG1 (n=10) EG 2 (n=9)
3/12
70% HRmax 50
EG1: exercises
in water EG1:1.7%^*
EG2: out of water
EG2: 2.6%^
[16]Chmelo et al. (2015)
hypertension c?/$ 34.1±3.1 sedentary 69 ±3.6 40 EG (n=40) 4/20-21
65-70% HRR 30-40
Walking
EG:7.9%/|S*
[36]Vigels0 etal. (2015)
healthy
ê
27±1
sedentary active
60-75 15 EG (n=15) 3-4/6
85%HRmax 48-58
Bicycle ergo meter
EG: 10%^*
[48] Duffy (2016) healthy
c?/$ /
sedentary 60-80 247
EG1 (n=54) EG2 (n=54) EG3 (n=69) KG (n=70)
3/26
60
EG1: walking
EG2 :walking + beta alanine
EG3: dance
KG: flexibility
EG1:7^* EG2:6.1/|S* EG3:0.5%^ KG: 1.5%^
Legend: S-male; '^-female; /-no data; /Y- significant p< .05; -significant p< .01; 4,- significant p>.05; n-number of participants; EG-experimental group; KG-control group; HRR-heart rate reserve; HRmax- maximum heart rate; V02max- maximum oxygen consumptio.
2020
31] also suggest that aerobic training may have more benefits to VO2max when complemented with high impact activities such as jogging and bicycle ergometer (mean value±standard deviation 14.28±7.48%). Skiing is yet another form of physical activity which reduces possibility of developing cardio-vascular conditions [34], but it is recommended to more active people due to risk of injury. Belman, & Gaesser [14] and Foster, et al., [18] state that in elderly population there is no difference, or there is slight difference, in adaptation to endurance training with various intensities (moderate vs. high intensity). These findings are to great extent in line with previous meta-analysis [10]. Results indicate that 60% intensity of VO2max is adequate stimulus for improving cardiorespiratory endurance of elderly population. In addition to that, this overview revealed that trainings at low frequency (once a week) have positive effect to aerobic endurance [35]. Also, endurance training in duration of 6 weeks may significantly influence the increase in VO2max (10%) [36]. However, numerous research performed validated that long duration endurance training (>16 weeks) can have greater effect to cardio-respiratory system [15, 29, 37, 32].
Discussion
There are numerous morphological and physiological differences between men and women connected to cardiorespiratory fitness [38]. Women have lower blood volume, lower count of red blood cells, lower haemoglobin, which all leads to lower oxygen capacity and hence ability to increase arterial and vain differences in O2 Despite number of physiological differences, it seems that aerobic training contributes significant increase in VO2max levels in both men and women [18, 37, 39, 36]. Women show similar level of adaptation to one stimulus as elderly men [26, 29]. Similar adaptive response (increase in VO2max) to endurance training in men was prescribed to increase in maximum minute volume (2/3) and increase in arterial-vein oxygen difference (1/3). On the other hand, women expressed no central adaptation, but only peripheral, due to the fact that increase in VO2max levels was caused by increase in arterial-vein O2 difference [40], whereas the increase of arterial-vein O2 difference was caused by capilarisation of skeletal muscles and activity of mitochondrial enzymes [41]. It seems that hormones may influence lack of increase of minute and stroke volume, because women in post-menopause develop no hypertrophy of left chamber [40]. Changes contributing reduction in VO_ level are numerous. VO_ is very
2max 2max J
sensitive to changes in individual's lifestyle (active/ sedentary). Cardio-vascular system oxygen transport capacity reduces with reduction in physical activity [42], and it increases as response to endurance training [16, 39, 36]. Niederseer et al. [34] performed research on influence of skiing to cardio-respiratory system of healthy elderly participants. In the research they applied training program in duration of 12 weeks where daily activity lasted for 3.5 hours twice or three times a week. Upon completion of three months of training, experimental group had significant increase in absolute VO2max 7%, whereas
no changes had been observed in the control group. Positive effect of aerobic exercising was also presented by Lovell, et al., [37]. Research authors stated that endurance training in duration of 16 weeks, with intensity 50-70 VO2max, three times a week significantly increases relative V02max (16.9%). However, training programs of similar capacity with similar load intensity lead to no improvement whatsoever in VO2max of elderly women [17]. Authors found that the reason behind failure to have cardio-vascular adaptation was due to insufficiently long maintaining of intensity of physical activity in duration of training. Studies dealing with the effect of aerobic training to healthy active people show different findings, possibly due to type of physical activity performed as well as maintaining the intensity of physical activity in duration of training. Average improvement rate for active elderly individuals was 8.3%. However, these results should be interpreted with caution due to relatively small number of studies performed. People with sedentary lifestyle showed better adaptation to endurance training (mean value of absolute VO2max 14.84%), probably due to lower baseline fitness. In majority of research sample consisted of healthy participants (77%), whereas other research (23 %) had patients with diabetes, hypertension or metabolic syndrome (see Table 1). Number of healthy participants was 1337, versus 177 (1 research had no health status included in the parameters n=9). Despite small number of research dealing with effect of aerobic training to people with hypertension, similar positive effect to cardio-respiratory system to healthy individuals was observed [16, 30, 32]. The effect was also observed in patients with metabolic syndrome [43]. On the other hand, even though participants with diabetes type 2 showed statistically significant increase in VO2max in response to aerobic training in water, this increase is lower than in case of healthy individuals (around 2% vs. 15%) [44, 45]. Factor which contributes reduction in VO2max is higher weight, especially in form of fat tissue. It seems that the effect of aerobic training in overweight individuals (BMI>30) is higher in comparison to individuals with normal weight (18.48 vs. 8.6% absolute VO2max). Better adaptive response to aerobic training may also be prescribed to lower baseline fitness, as in case of inactive individuals. However, lower baseline fitness of overweight individuals is caused by higher fat mass.
Conclusion
In this systematic overview we have briefly discussed practical application of aerobic training to elderly people over the age of 60, with focus on achieved effect depending of characteristics in the sample. In that sense we have to take into consideration that participants in the used studies were overweight (BMI>30), with hypertension, diabetes type 2, metabolic syndrome, with different lifestyles (active/sedentary) and gender. Despite all that, results suggest clear benefits of aerobic training to cardio-respiratory system. Certain discrepancies may however be prescribed to characteristics of the sample. American College of Sport Medicine drafted guidelines
PEDAGOGY
of Physical Culture and Sports_
for improving cardiorespiratory fitness. In line with the guidelines, training should be held three times a week in duration 30-40 minutes with minimum intensity 50% VO2max or 60% Hrmax. As it has already been observed, aerobic training of such intensity seems to be strong incentive for improvement of cardio-respiratory fitness in aging process. Available results suggest that training in duration of only 6 weeks may significantly influence increase in VO2max [36], but that trainings in longer duration (>16 weeks) contribute to even greater extent to the cardio-respiratory fitness [7, 18, 22, 33]. Certain limitations of the systematic overview should be stated here. There are limitations in the external validity because majority of studies included in the overview examined influence of aerobic training to healthy individuals, whereas smaller number of studies was performed on individuals with hypertension, diabetes or metabolic syndrome. Further research on effects of aerobic training to active elderly population is required. Hence,
limited number of researches conducted in required sample makes difficult drafting final conclusions. It should also be emphasized that average improvement of cardio-respiratory fitness depending on characteristics of participants was expressed using absolute oxygen consumption, due to variability among studies. Despite limitations linked with effects of aerobic training of individuals with different health status, lifestyle and gender, endurance training can be recommended as safe and effective form of exercising used for improvement of cardio-respiratory fitness of elderly population.
Funding
This research received no external funding.
Conflicts of Interest
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
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Information about the authors:
Nikola Aksovic; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5312-3456; nicifor007@outlook.com; Faculty of Sport and Physical Education, University of Nis, Serbia.
Bojan Bjelica; (Corresponding author); https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5539-8210; nicifor007@outlook.com; Faculty of Sport and Physical Education, University of East Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina.
Marko Joksimovic; http://orcid.org/0000-0003-4232-5033; nicifor007@outlook.com; Football club National, Ljajkovici bb, 81000 Podgorica, Montenegro.
Iryna Skrypchenko; http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5895-3099; sit71@ukr.net; Dnipropetrovs'k State University of Internal Affairs; Dnipro, Ukraine.
Sinisa Filipovic; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7282-9473; nicifor007@outlook.com; School of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Serbia.
Filip Milanovic; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9527-5204; nicifor007@outlook.com; School of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Serbia.
Bojan Pavlovic; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4951-4542; Fnicifor007@outlook.com; aculty of Sport and Physical Education, University of East Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina.
Bojan Corluka; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3087-5206; Fnicifor007@outlook.com; aculty of Philosophy, University of East Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina.
Radomir Przulj; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4931-4898; nicifor007@outlook.com; Faculty of Sport and Physical Education, University of East Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina.
Cite this article as:
Aksovic N, Bjelica B, Joksimovic M, Skrypchenko I, Filipovic S, Milanovic F, Pavlovic B, Corluka B, Przulj R. Effects of aerobic physical activity to cardio-respiratory fitness of the elderly population: systematic overview. Pedagogy of physical culture and sports, 2020;24(5):208-218. https://doi.org/10.15561/26649837.2020.0501
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/deed.en).
Received: 26.02.2020
Accepted: 27.03.2020; Published: 30.10.2020
