CC BY
2DOI 10.46566/2225-1545_2020_1_79_251 UDK: 631.158.658
Shokhuzhaeva Z.S., candidate of economic sciences
associate professor Department of Innovative economy Karshi Engineering and Economics Institute Republic of Uzbekistan, Karshi city
Donaeva F.B. trainee researcher Karshi Engineering and Economics Institute Republic of Uzbekistan, Karshi city
EFFECTIVENESS OF AGRARIAN AND ECONOMIC REFORMS IN AGRICULTURE OF UZBEKISTAN
Abstract: This article describes the process of agrarian reform in agriculture, its priorities, directions, the essence of the economic measures taken, the effectiveness of the results achieved in the implementation of reforms and proposals and recommendations to radically improve public policy to further deepen agrarian reform.
Keywords: agrarian reforms, modernization and diversification of the food industry, land reclamation, water-saving technologies, modern technologies, crop rotation system, innovative technologies.
Sustainable development of the country's economy, modernization of society, the development of democratic processes and, in many respects, the effectiveness of agriculture and reforms in it.
The deepening of reforms in the agricultural sector is reflected in the transition to and support of new forms of management, a number of measures to improve the living standards of the rural population. The main link in the ongoing reforms in the agricultural sector is property relations.
In a situation where real market relations prevail; the property right of every individual is a naturally necessary norm. Property law is the socio-economic basis of society, and this right is given to property owners. The first stage of economic reforms implemented by the Republic of Uzbekistan since independence has been devoted to property relations.
Reforms in agriculture can be divided into the following stages, (table 1).
Table 1
STAGES OF ONGOING REFORMS IN THE AGRICULTURAL SECTOR OF THE COUNTRY34
Stages Naming of stages Adopted laws Achievements
Phase 1 (19901995) The stage of creation of the legal basis of agrarian and economic relations in agriculture "On Land", "On Cooperatives", "On Lease", "On Farming" The conditions have been created for the formation of a multi-sectoral economy
Phase 2 (19962000) Reform phase in several areas of the agricultural sector "On farming", "On dehkan farm" Deepening reforms in the market economy during this period The legal basis for this has been fully created
Phase 3 (20012008) The stage of organization of agricultural production "On Farming" (new edition), 2004 August 24 It paved the way for freedom of production and economic law in agriculture was given
Phase 4 (2009 to present) Stage of innovative development of agricultural production "On amendments and additions to the Tax Code of the Republic of Uzbekistan", December 30, 2019 Particular attention was paid to the creation of a complete cluster model and cooperation system, which would include an integrated chain of agribusiness.
The process of reforms in the village during the years of independence can be divided into four stages, depending on the priorities, directions, the nature of the economic measures taken.
The first phase of economic reforms - from the early years of the republic's independence until 1995.
This stage is characterized by ensuring the stabilization of agriculture in the country and the creation of the first foundations for the transition from a planned economy to a market economy.
The second phase of the reforms covered 1995-2000, this stage is characterized by the creation of an institutional framework for reform, a system of laws and regulations. An economic mechanism has been created to ensure the main goal of the reforms.
The third phase of reforms, including 2001-2008, is this phase:
- The priority of protection of the rights of agricultural producers;
- Expansion of economic freedom of agricultural producers and improvement of the pricing system for government products;
34 Suggested by the author
- Commencement of reorganization of large agricultural enterprises, primarily low-profit and loss-making enterprises on the basis of transformation into farms;
- Construction of a system of infrastructure serving farms.
In the third stage of economic reforms, the process of transforming low-profit and loss-making companies into farms was organized.
In the fourth stage of the reforms in agriculture, that is, in the stage we are proposing, drastic changes have taken place.
• In 2008-2010, the optimization process was carried out and as a result, the size of farmland was optimized
• The area under cotton was halved (from 2 million to 1.2 million hectares), and the vacant area was allocated for food crops.
• Grain and food independence in general: grain production increased by 1 million tons between 1990 and 2016. and 8.2 mln. tonnaga. fruit and vegetable products 4 mln. 19 million tons tons;
• Per capita consumption of meat in 2016 compared to 1990 increased by 1.7 times (174.3%), milk - 2 times (201.2%), vegetables - more than 2 times (205.7%), fruits - 3, 6 times (359.5%) and potatoes - 5.2 times (519.3%);
• Fruit and vegetable processing has doubled in the last 5 years.
Also, the Action Strategy for the Development of the Republic of Uzbekistan for 2017-2021 identifies the following tasks on "Modernization and accelerated development of agriculture.":
• 1.3-fold increase in agricultural production, reducing its share in GDP from 17.5% to 13.5%;
• Increased crop yields in agriculture through the introduction of advanced agro-technologies, resource-saving methods, development of selection and seed systems. At the same time, increase the efficiency of mineral fertilizers by 15%, reduce water consumption by 12%;
• 1.5 times increase in fruit and vegetable production, 1.4 times increase in potato production, 1.3 times increase in melons and grapes;
• Improving the breeding work, strengthening the fodder base, increasing the number of breeding farms by 2.5 times, the area of fodder crops by 1.3 times as a result of modern technologies and modernization;
• 1.3 times increase in the number of livestock, 1.3 times in the production of meat and dairy products due to modern equipment of veterinary stations, improving the quality of services;
• Paying special attention to the development of poultry and fisheries, increase the number of poultry by 1.8 times and establish 670 fish farms;
• As part of measures to expand storage capacity and processing capacity of agricultural products, the production of canned fruits and vegetables by 1.7 times, canned meat by 2.2 times, sausage products by 1.8 times, dairy products by 1.1 times., Increase 9 times;
• Improvement of reclamation of 1.4 million hectares of land at the expense of projects for the construction, reconstruction and repair of reclamation facilities, installation of drip irrigation systems and the purchase of reclamation equipment at the expense of the Irrigated Land Reclamation Fund;
• Important strategic forecasting tasks have been identified, such as expansion of the fleet of agricultural machinery, their qualitative renewal, provision of farmers with effective agricultural machinery, improvement of service quality.
• This is primarily due to the rapid development of industrial industries and services in the economy of our country.
• Therefore, we believe that the following should be implemented as priorities for accelerating reforms in agriculture:
• Sustainable economic development and improvement of farms;
• Improving the reclamation of irrigated lands and the use of water-saving technologies in the use of water resources;
• Development of seed and selection work;
• Implement a livestock development program;
• Growing quality and competitive products in fruit and vegetable growing;
• Efficient use of land plots on farms;
• repair and modernization of processing enterprises.
However, we believe that the shortcomings and problems in the implementation of reforms in the agricultural sector are as follows:
• The science-based crop rotation system is not well established in the efficient use of agricultural land;
• Lack of development of natural and climatic conditions of the regions and corresponding varieties in the development of the plan of effective placement of agricultural crops;
• Lack of widespread introduction of innovative technologies in the efficient use of water resources;
• Incomplete fulfillment of contractual obligations in the enterprises of the procurement, service and supply system;
• Incomplete accounting on farms, economic relations between procurement and service organizations, etc.
As a result of the reforms, investment projects on construction, reconstruction and modernization of new processing plants equipped with the latest high-tech equipment for deep processing of agricultural products, production of semi-finished and finished food and packaging products have been implemented:
> infrastructure for storage, transportation and sale of agricultural products, agrochemicals, financial and other modern market services has been further expanded;
> to further improve the reclamation of irrigated lands, to develop a network of land reclamation and irrigation facilities, to introduce intensive methods of agricultural production, first of all, modern water and resource-saving agro-technologies, and to widely use high-yield agricultural machinery.
As a result of radical economic reforms and structural changes in the agricultural sector of the country, the main financial indicators of agriculture are growing steadily from year to year.
The analysis shows that the dynamics of the average annual stable growth rate of gross agricultural output for the past 2014-2016 was ensured. In particular, this figure was 105.4% in 2005 and 106.6% in 2016. The decline in the share of agricultural GDP in the country's GDP from 26.3% in 2005 to 17.7% in 2014 is positive.
However, by 2017, the growth rate of gross agricultural output was 102%, and in subsequent years, growth rates have not stabilized. Because the real data of the State Statistics Committee has been released to the public, and the indicators of the real results of the economy of the republic have become known. But even though agriculture did not achieve sustainable performance, it did not work at a loss. With a positive result, in 2018, the agricultural sector was joined by forestry and fisheries, and the final result, ie the gross output of agriculture, forestry and fisheries, began to be calculated. As a result, the share of the industry in GDP in 2018 was 47.9%, and in 2019 - 28.1%.
The Republic will lay the foundation for the development of agriculture through the modernization of agriculture, the introduction of structural changes and innovations, and will ensure the country's food security and competitiveness in production.
In recent years, great attention has been paid to increasing the volume of agricultural production, which is the mainstay of food security in the country.
In particular, extensive, well-thought-out work has been done to optimize the composition of arable land, the introduction of new and advanced technologies in production, the improvement of crop varieties and livestock breeds, the radical improvement of seed and selection work.
References:
1. Resolution of the President of the Republic of Uzbekistan No. 4486 "On measures to further improve the water resources management system." 09.10.2019
2. Analyzed on the basis of data from the Ministry of Water Resources of the Republic of Uzbekistan.
3. Decree of the President of the Republic of Uzbekistan No. PF-4947 "On the Action Strategy for the further development of the Republic of Uzbekistan". 07.02.2017.
4. Source: www.lex.uz.
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6. Z.S.Shoxujaeva, A.B.Kurbonov. Sustainable Development Of The Agrarian Sector Depends On The Efficient Use Of Water Resources. International Journal of Engineering and Advanced Technology (IJEAT) ISSN: 2249 - 8958, Volume-8 Issue-6, August 2019.
7. Z.S.Shoxujaeva. Foreign experience in agriculture on the use of water resources. Economics Magazine # 1 (44), 2020 p. 19-23.
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