Effect of various amounts of sunflower oil in feed additives on breast tissues’ functional condition, reproductivity, and productivity of honey bees Текст научной статьи по специальности «Животноводство и молочное дело»

Ukrainian Journal of Ecology

Ukrainian Journal of Ecology, 2021, 11(1), 344-349, doi: 10.15421/2021_51

ORIGINAL ARTICLE UDC 638.145.4: 612.397.23

Effect of various amounts of sunflower oil in feed additives on breast tissues' functional condition, reproductivity, and

productivity of honey bees

I.I. Saranchuk1, V. Ya. Vishchur2, B. V. Gutyj2*, O. Ya. Klim3

1Bukovynian State Agricultural Research Station, Chernivtsi, Ukraine 2Stepan Gzhytskyi National University of Veterinary Medicine and Biotechnologies Lviv, Ukraine 3Institute of Agriculture of the Carpathian Region NAAS, Oboroshino, Ukraine Corresponding author E-mail: bvh@ukr.net Received: 08.01.2021. Accepted 11.02.2021

We found that as a result of adding sunflower oil in the amount of 10 and 20 grams to the feed supplement consisting of low-fat soy flour and sugar syrup, it undergoes the dose-dependent increase of the content of saturated, monounsaturated, and mainly polyunsaturated fatty acids, both in fatty acids of total lipids and in non-esterified fatty acids. Providing bees with a feed supplement enriched with sunflower oil in the amount of 10 and 20 g leads to a dose-dependent increase in phospholipids' concentration in the breast tissue of honey bees. Simultaneously, in the phospholipids of the above tissues of I and II experimental groups, the relative content of saturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids increases, but that of monounsaturated ones decreases. In this case, the ratio of the relative content of polyunsaturated fatty acids of the u-3 family to the polyunsaturated fatty acids of the u-6 family decreases in the phospholipids of honey's breast tissues bees in the experimental groups I and II. The increase in the concentration of phospholipids and the relative content of polyunsaturated fatty acids of the u-3 and especially u-6 families leads to a dose-dependent increase in the sorption capacity of breast tissues of honey bees of the experimental groups I and II. Meanwhile, the content of iron, zinc, copper, chromium, lead, and cadmium increases in the breast tissues of honey bees of the experimental group II. Changes in the content of phospholipids, their fatty acid composition, and sorption capacity of breast tissues of honey bees of the experimental groups I and II are accompanied by changes in the reproductive capacity of bee queens and honey productivity worker bees. In particular, the queens of these groups increase egg production, and worker bees improve honey productivity.

Keywords: honey bees, feed supplement, fatty acids, phospholipids, egg-laying of bee queens, honey productivity.

Introduction

The analysis of the scientific sources on the topic shows that the amount and composition of fatty acids in feed impacts the fatty acid composition and functional activity of phospholipids of cell membranes through phospholipids directly and very quickly (Couture & Hulbert, 1995; Arien et al., 2015; Ma et al., 2015; Arien et al., 2018). Significantly, the fatty acid content of phospholipids of cell membranes is the main factor influencing the intensity of the transition of various compounds, including heavy metals and various forms of fatty acids, by active and passive transportation, into the tissues of bees. In turn, the content of phospholipids and their fatty acid composition in bees' tissues depends on the functioning of their nervous, immune, reproductive systems, and the oxidation process. The latter reacts markedly to the amount and composition of fatty acids in the feed (Gatschenberger et al., 2013; Arien et al., 2015). The problem of fatty acids in food - bee tissues - tissues' functional activity is as follows. Mentioned fatty acids in honey bees' feed and tissues are involved in reproductive capacity and productive traits (Arien et al., 2015; Ma et al., 2015; Rabiee et al., 2015; Wu et al., 2017). Depending on the amount and composition, fatty acids can change the supply of bees with energy, structural, and biologically active material (Hulbert & Abbott, 2011; Hulbert et al., 2014; Rabiee et al., 2015). This is caused by the fact that bee tissues can synthesize only saturated and monounsaturated long-chain fatty acids with enzyme systems' help. Bee tissues cannot synthesize long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (Hulbert, 2010; Arien et al., 2015; Arien et al., 2018). Therefore, such polyunsaturated fatty acids as linoleic and linolenic should enter their body with food. The primary sources of essential linoleic and linolenic acids in the food for bees are feed supplements (Hulbert & Abbott, 2011; Hulbert et al., 2014; Arien et al., 2015). The polyunsaturated fatty acids mentioned above are dominant in the feed's fatty acid composition (Arien et al., 2015; AL-Kahtani, 2017). A common sign of deficiency of a-linoic and a-linolenic acids in the body of bees is a decrease in growth rate, efficiency of absorption of feed nutrients, suppression of immunity, and

345 Functional condition of breast tissues

reduced productive traits and reproductive capacity (Hulbert & Abbott, 2011; Arien et al., 2015; Ma et al., 2015; Vishchur et al., 2016; Arien et al., 2018; Kovalskyi et al., 2018; Kovalchuk et al., 2019; Vishchur et al., 2019; Piven et al., 2020). There is no data in the literature on phospholipids' content and their saturated, monounsaturated, and polyunsaturated fatty acids in honey bees' tissues depending on their amount and composition in the feed. There is also no information about the functional state of bee tissues, taking into account phospholipids' content and their fatty acid composition. These facts determine the relevance of the topic of the research.

The purpose of the research is to discover the linkage of phospholipids content and their fatty acid composition and sorption capacity of the bee breast tissues reproductive capacity and productivity of honey bees depending on the amount and composition of fatty acids in the feed supplement.

Materials and methods

Experimental studies were conducted on clinically healthy honey bees of Carpathian breed (Apis melliferacarpatica) in the spring and summer season in a private apiary in Zastavna district Chernivtsi region.

According to the analog principle, three groups of bee families were formed (3 bee families in each). Bee families of a control group were fed with a feed supplement consisting of 100 g of deoiled flour from natural soya beans of Chernivetska-9 variety and 100 g of sugar syrup (sugar to water ratio - 1:1) once a week for 36 days. In addition to this feed supplement, bees of families I and II of experimental groups received sunflower oil in 10 and 20 g per bee colony every week, respectively. During the experiment, the reproductive ability of females and honey productivity of worker bees were controlled. Studies of egg-laying by queen bees were performed by the method (Lavrehin & Pankova, 1983). To implement this, the number of sealed broods was recorded every 12 days using a special frame-grid with a square size of 5x5 cm. The amount of obtained commercial honey was determined by weighing the honeycombs selected from the nests before and after pumping. After feeding, samples of honey bees for laboratory testing were selected. The breast honey bees' tissues underwent testing of phospholipids' content and their fatty acid composition, the concentration of heavy metals, and sorption capacity. The content of phospholipids and their fatty acid composition in the test material was determined using the gas-liquid chromatography according to Y.F. Rivis (Rivis, 2017), and the content of heavy metals - by atomic absorption spectrophotometry according to I. Havezov and D. Tsaliev (Havezov & Calev, 1983). The studied tissue's sorption capacity was determined with the method of staining created by M.V. Jakovlev (Jakovlev, 1958).

In particular, phospholipids' content in the studied biological material was determined by extraction of lipids with a mixture of chloroform-methanol (2:1 by volume). Chloroform-free lipids were subjected to the thin layer chromatography on silica gel. The obtained lipid fractions, including phospholipids, were determined by photoelectrocolometer.

The fatty acid composition of the obtained phospholipids was determined by dissolving them in a non-polar solvent and adding to a solution of sodium methylate in methyl alcohol. The methyl esters of fatty acids obtained in such a way were introduced into the gas-liquid chromatographic apparatus's evaporator. Separation of fatty acid methyl esters was performed on a "Chrom-5" chromatograph ("Laboratorni pristroje", Praha).

The sorption capacity of the tissue under investigation was determined by washing it in Ringer's saline solution, staining the tissue with a solution of neutral red, its extraction, and photocolorimetry.

The content of heavy metals (iron, zinc, copper, chromium, nickel, lead, and cadmium) in the biological material studied was determined on a C-115 PK atomic absorption spectrophotometer. To do this, samples of breast tissue were ashed in a muffle furnace at a temperature of 450-500 °C. That ash was dissolved in 10 ml of 10 % HCl. The ash's obtained acidic solutions were processed with spectrophotometer at a strictly defined wavelength on an atomic absorption spectrophotometer. Statistical processing of the obtained results was performed using the computer program Microsoft Excel. The Student's ratio figured out the probability of intergroup differences in results.

Results and discussion

We found that the natural feed supplement, which consists of non-fat soy flour and sugar syrup, contains a certain amount of fatty acids of total lipids and non-esterified fatty acids, easily accessible to the honey bee body (Table 1). The addition of sunflower oil, which contains in its composition 61.8 % of dietary linoleic acid, in the amount of 10 and 20 g to the feed supplement mentioned above, results in a significant increase of the content of lauric, myristic, pentadecanoic, palmic, palmitoleic, stearic, oleic, linoleic, linolelaidic, arachinic and eicosaic acids both in composition of the fatty acid of total lipids and non-esterified fatty acids.

The increase in the content of fatty acids of total lipids and non-esterified fatty acids in the feed supplement leads to a substantial increase in the concentration of phospholipids in the breast tissue of honey bees of experimental groups I and II compared with breast tissue of honey bees of the control group (Table 2). At the same time, phospholipids in the honey bees' breast tissues in the first and second experimental groups undergo an increase in the relative concentration of saturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids and a decrease in monounsaturated ones compared with phospholipids in breast tissues of honey bees in the control group (Table 2).

Table 1. The fatty acid content in feed supplements without and with sunflower oil, g/kg of natural weight

Fatty acids and their code

Feed supplement (CD)

CD + 10 g of sunflower oil

CD + 20 g of sunflower oil

Fatty acids of total lipids

Lauric, 12: 0 0.01 0.06 0.11

Myristic, 14: 0 0.22 0.11 0.20

Pentadecanoic, 15: 0 0.04 0.22 0.41

Palmic, 16: 0 0.51 2.56 4.63

Palmitoleic, 16: 1 0.04 0.22 0.40

Stearic, 18: 0 0.38 1.95 3.53

Oleic, 18: 1 2.65 14.22 26.08

Linoleic, 18: 2 6.82 34.34 62.20

Linolelaidic, 18: 3 0.23 1.17 2.12

Arachinic, 20: 0 0.04 0.21 0.37

Eicosaic, 20: 1 0.03 0.17 0.30

including non-esterified fatty acids

Lauric, 12: 0 traces 0.002 0.004

Myristic, 14: 0 0.001 0.006 0.009

Pentadecanoic, 15: 0 0.002 0.010 0.016

Palmic, 16: 0 0.02 4 0.114 0.224

Palmitoleic, 16: 1 0.002 0.010 0.017

Stearic, 18: 0 0.014 0.087 0.159

Oleic, 18: 1 0.148 0.694 1.227

Linoleic, 18: 2 0.320 1,412 2,814

Linolelaidic, 18: 3 0.010 0.048 0.098

Arachinic, 20: 0 0.002 0.009 0.014

Eicosaic, 20: 1 0.001 0.007 0.011

Rise of the relative content of saturated fatty acids is observed due to fatty acids with an even number of carbon atoms in the chain (in experimental groups I and II, respectively, up to 23.91 and 23.84 versus 22.60%) an odd number of carbon atoms in the chain (0.30 and 0.31 versus 0.28), as well as polyunsaturated fatty acids of u-3 family (21.29 and 21.35 against 21.13) and u- 6 family (18.48 and 18.93 versus 17.17%). The decrease in monounsaturated fatty acids' relative content is mainly due to fatty acids of the family u- 9 (in experimental groups I and II, respectively, up to 34.91 and 34.41 versus 37.85 %). Notably, phospholipids in honey bee breast tissues in the first, second experimental groups, compared with phospholipids in breast tissue in the control group, demonstrated a reduction in the ratio of relative content of family u-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and family of u-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (Table. 2). The data mentioned above indicate a significant decrease in the structural organization and functional activity of the cell membranes of honey bees' breast tissue.

Table 2 shows that phospholipids in breast tissues of the honey bee in experimental groups I and II, compared with phospholipids in breast tissue in the control group, probably undergo the increase in the relative content of such polyunsaturated fatty acids as eicosadic and eicosatric-arachidonic but decrease in such monounsaturated fatty acids as oleic. The phospholipids in honey bee breast tissues in the second experimental group demonstrate a rise in the relative concentration of such saturated fatty acids as caprylic, capric, lauric, myristic, pentadecanoic, and palmitic and such polyunsaturated fatty acids as linoleic, eicosatric, docosadic, and docosatetraic. The data above point to a significant increase in phospholipids' content, which are included in the structure of cell membranes of honey bee breast tissues. Simultaneously, due to the deterioration of the fatty acid composition of phospholipids, the functional activity of the cell membranes of the breast tissues of honey bees is somewhat reduced.

An increase in phospholipids concentration and the relative content of polyunsaturated fatty acids of the u-3 family and especially u-6 family leads to an increase in the sorption capacity of breast tissues of honey bees of the first (6.2 ± 0.17 units of extinction) and second (6.7 ± 0.20 , p<0.05) experimental groups, compared with the breast tissues of the control group (5.6 ± 0,20 units of extinction). This indicates an increase in the permeability of the breast tissues of honey bees for activated and inactivated compounds.

The growth of sorption capacity of the breast tissues of honey bees in the experimental group II, compared with the breast tissues of honey bees in the control group, causes the increase in the concentrations of iron, zinc, copper, chromium, plumbum, and cadmium (Table 3). These mineral elements may be more absorbed into the tissues of the digestive tract. All facts mentioned above demonstrate a significant water and water-soluble substances permeability increase of breast tissues of honey bees in experimental group II compared with the honey bees' breast tissues in control one.

347 Functional condition of breast tissues

Table 2. The level of phospholipids (g/kg of raw weight) and their fatty acids composition (%) in the breast tissue of honey bees

(M ± m, n = 3)

Phospholipids A control group (feed And experimental (CD + 10 Research II (CD + 20g of

and the code of the latter supplement - CD) g of sunflower oil) sunflower oil)

Phospholipid 5.61 ± 0.159 6.00 ± 0.067 6.13 ± 0.047*

Caprylic, 8:0 0.15 ± 0.006 0.17 ± 0.006 0.18 ± 0.003*

Capric, 10:0 0.23 ± 0.006 0.25 ± 0.003 0.26 ± 0.006*

Lauric, 12:0 0.32 ± 0.006 0.34 ± 0.003 0.35 ± 0.003*

Myristic, 14:0 0.52 ± 0.014 0.57 ± 0.009 0.57 ± 0.006*

Pentadecanoic, 15:0 0.28 ± 0.006 0.30 ± 0.003 0.31 ± 0.003*

Palmic, 16:0 9.71 ± 0.237 10.82 ± 0.383 10.93 ± 0.302*

Palmitoleic, 16:1 0.97 ± 0.026 1.11 ± 0.052 1.16 ± 0.046*

Stearic, 18:0 11.43 ± 0.442 11.51 ± 0.430 11.29 ± 0.433

Oleic, 18:1 37.64 ± 0.525 34.70 ± 0.428 * 34.20 ± 0.373**

Linoleic, 18:2 9.45 ± 0.202 10.04 ± 0.124 10.24 ± 0.149*

Linolelaidic, 18:3 5.24 ± 0.136 5.20 ± 0.081 5.11 ± 0.066

Arachinic, 20:0 0.24 ± 0.009 0.25 ± 0.003 0.26 ± 0.003

Eicosaic, 20:1 0.21 ± 0.006 0.21 ± 0.006 0.21 ± 0.003

Eicosadic, 20:2 0.27 ± 0.006 0.30 ± 0.003 * 0.31 ± 0.003 **

Eicosatric, 20:3 1.55 ± 0.070 1.75 ± 0.038 1.81 ± 0.043 *

Arachidonic, 20:4 4.86 ± 0.089 5.25 ± 0.074 * 5.38 ± 0.061 **

Eicosapentanic, 20:5 1.35 ± 0.037 1.36 ± 0.022 1.37 ± 0.037

Docosadic, 22:2 1.04 ± 0.020 1.14 ± 0.029 1.19 ± 0.032 *

Docosatric, 22:3 1.26 ± 0.035 1.27 ± 0.047 1.28 ± 0.042

Docosatetraic, 22:4 2.83 ± 0.046 3.04 ± 0.066 3.12 ± 0.062 *

Docosapentanic, 22:5 4.83 ± 0.101 4.84 ± 0.124 4.83 ± 0.107

Docosahexaic, 22:6 5.62 ± 0.150 5.59 ± 0.113 5.64 ± 0.123

Total fatty acid content 100 100 100

including saturated 22.88 24.21 24.15

monounsaturated 38.82 36.02 35.57

polyunsaturated 38.30 39.77 40.28

U-3/U-6 1.23 1.15 1.13

Note: in this and the following tables * - p<0.05; ** - p<0.01; *** - p<0.001.

Table 3. The content of heavy metals in the breast tissues of honey bees, g ■ 10-3/kg of raw mass

(M ± m, n = 3)

Heavy metals A control group (feed Experimental group I (FS + 10 g Experimental group II (FS + 20 g

and their symbols supplement - FS) sunflower oil) sunflower oil)

Iron, Fe 48.48 ± 1.065 51.47 ± 0.655 52.61 ± 0.455*

Zinc, Zn 30.43 ± 0.979 33.30 ± 0.681 34.15 ± 0.528*

Copper, Cu 3.06 ± 0.092 3.30 ± 0.046 3.59 ± 0.093*

Chrome, Cr 4.07 ± 0.139 4.50 ± 0.110 4.60 ± 0.069*

Nickel, Ni 5.26 ± 0.156 5.64 ± 0.067 5.79 ± 0.110

Plumbum, Pb 1.19 ± 0.061 1.37 ± 0.043 1.44 ± 0.035*

Cadmium, Cd 0.08 ± 0.006 0.10 ± 0.006 0.12 ± 0.009*

As a result, the change in the content of phospholipids, their fatty acid composition, and sorption capability of honey bee breast tissues in experimental groups I and II, compared with the breast tissues of honey bees in the control group, cause changes in the reproductive capacity of bee queens and worker bees honey productivity. Moreover, compared with queen bees of the control group, queens of experimental groups I and II demonstrate oviposition growth within the experiment period (Table 4).

Table 4. Reproductive capacity of queens, eggs per day (M ± m, n= 3)

A control group (feed supplement - FS)

Experimental group I (FS + 10 g sunflower oil)_

Experimental group II (FS + 20 g sunflower oil)_

Preparatory period, April 5 201.2±10.89

206.9 ± 16.35 Experimental period, April 17

830.4 ± 24.99 Experimental period, April 29

956.1 ± 24.59 ** Experimental period, May 11 1018.0 ± 4.76 ** Total for the experimental period, April 17 - May 11 2804.5

202.3 ± 17.49

757.4±19.12

896.7 ± 16.11**

856.0±18.56

1108.0 ± 20.17***

893.1±14.50

1163.8 ± 24.84***

2506.5

3168.5

Relatedly, an increase in the honey productivity of worker bees of the first (14.5 ± 0.40 kg, p<0.01) and II (15.7 ± 0.34, p<0.001) experimental groups, compared with the control group worker bees (12,4±0.36 kg), is observed.

Conclusions

Due to mixing the feed supplement consisting of low-fat soy flour and sugar syrup with sunflower oil in the amount of 10 and 20 grams, the content of saturated, monounsaturated, and mainly polyunsaturated fatty acids both in fatty acids of total lipids and in non-esterified fatty acids increases depending on the amount of oil.

Providing bees with a feed supplement enriched with sunflower oil in the amount of 10 and 20 g leads to a dose-dependent increase in phospholipids' concentration in the breast tissue of honey bees. Simultaneously, in the phospholipids of the mentioned above tissues of bees of experimental groups I and II, the relative content of saturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids increases but that of monounsaturated ones decreases. Herewith, the ratio of the relative content of polyunsaturated fatty acids of the u-3 family to the polyunsaturated fatty acids of the u-6 family decreases in the phospholipids of honey's breast tissues bees in the experimental groups I and II.

The increase in the concentration of phospholipids and the relative content of polyunsaturated fatty acids of the u-3 and especially u-6 families leads to a dose-dependent increase in the sorption capacity of breast tissues of honey bees of the experimental groups I and II. Meanwhile, the content of iron, zinc, copper, chromium, lead, and cadmium increases in the breast tissues of honey bees of the experimental group II.

Changes in the content of phospholipids, their fatty acid composition, and sorption capacity of breast tissues of honey bees of the experimental groups I and II are accompanied by changes in the reproductive capacity of bee queens and honey productivity worker bees. In particular, the queens of these groups increase egg production, and worker bees improve honey productivity.

AL-Kahtani, S.N. (2017). Fatty Acids and B Vitamins Contents in Honey Bee Collected Pollen in Relation to Botanical Origin. Scientific Journal of King Faisal University (Basic and Applied Sciences), 18(2), 41-48.

Arien, Y., Dag, A., & Shafir, S. (2018). Omega-6:3 Ratio More Than Absolute Lipid Level in Diet Affects Associative Learning in Honey Bees. Front. Psychol, 9, 1 -8. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01001.

Arien, Y., Dag, A., Zarchin, S. et al. (2015). Omega-3 deficiency impairs honey bee learning. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 112(51), 15761-15766.

Couture, P., & Hulbert, A.J. (1995). Membrane fatty acid composition is related to body mass in mammals. The Journal of Membrane Biology, 148(1), 27-39.

Gatschenberger, H., Azzami, K., Tautz, J., & Beier, H. (2013). Antibacterial Immune Competence of Honey Bees (Apis mellifera) Is Adapted to Different Life Stages and Environmental Risks. PLoS ONE, 8, 6. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0066415.

Havezov, I., & Calev, D. (1983). Atomno-absorbcionnyj analiz. per. s bolg. G.A. Shejninoj. Leningrad: Himija (in Russian).

Hulbert, A.J. (2010). Metabolism and longevity: Is there a role for membrane fatty acids? Integrative and Comparative Biology, 50(5), 808-817.

Hulbert, A.J., & Abbott, S.K. (2011). Nutritional ecology of essential fatty acids: an evolutionary perspective. Australian Journal of Zoology, 59(6), 369-379.

Hulbert, A.J., Kelly, M.A., & Abbott, S.K. (2014). Polyunsaturated fats, membrane lipids and animal longevity. Journal of Comparative Physiology B: biochemical, systemic, and environmental physiology, 184(2), 149-166.

Jakovlev, M.V. (1958). Izuchenie sorbcionnyh svojstv nekotoryh organov pri jeksperimental'nom tuberkuleze metodom okrashivanija. Issledovanie svojstv selezenki i legkih. Soobshhenie Ill. Bjulleten' jeksperimental'noj biologii i mediciny. Moscow: Medgiz, HIV, 45-54 (in Russian).

References

349

Functional condition of breast tissues

Kovalchuk, I., Dvylyuk, I., Lecyk, Y., Dvylyuk, I., & Gutyj, B. (2019). Physiological relationship between content of certain microelements in the tissues of different anatomic sections of the organism of honey bees exposed to citrates of argentum and cuprum. Regulatory Mechanisms in Biosystems, 10(2), 177-181. doi: 10.15421/021926.

Kovalskyi, Yu., Gucol, A. Gutyj, B., Sobolev, O., Kovalska, L., & Mironovych, A. (2018). Features of histolism and hystogenesis in the vital temperature range in the organism of honey bee (Apis mellifera L.) in the postembrional period. Ukrainian Journal of Ecology, 8(2), 301-307. doi: 10.15421/2018_342

Lavrehin, F.A., & Pankova, S.V. (1983). Biologija medonosnoj pchely. 3-e izd., pererab. i dop. Moskva: Kolos (in Russian).

Ma, L., Wang, Y., Hang, X., et al. (2015). Nutritional effect of alpha-linolenic acid on honey bee colony development (Apis mellifera L.). Journal of Apicultural Science, 59(2), 63-72.

Piven, O.T., Khimych, M.S., Salata, V.Z., Gutyj, B.V., Naidich, O.V., Skrypka, H.A., Koreneva, Z.B., Dvylyuk, I.V., Gorobey, O.M., & Rud, V.O. (2020). Contamination of heavy metals and radionuclides in the honey with different production origin. Ukrainian Journal of Ecology, 10(2), 405-409.

Rabiee, F., Modaresi, M., & Gheisari, A. (2015). The effect to various oleic acid levels on reproductive parameters in queen bee. Der Pharmacia Lettre, 7(12), 326-331.

Rivis, Y.F. (2017). Kilkisni khromatohrafichni metody vyznachennia okremykh lipidiv i zhyrnykh kyslot u biolohichnomu materiali: metod. posibnyk. 2-he vyd., utochn. ta dop. Lviv: SPOLOM (in Ukrainian).

Vishchur, V. Y. Saranchuk, I. I., & Gutyj, B. V. (2016). Fatty acid content of honeycombs depending on the level of technogenic loading on the environment. Visnyk of Dnipropetrovsk University. Biology, ecology, 24(1), 182-187. doi: 10.15421/011622.

Vishchur, V. Y., Gutyj, B. V., Nischemenko, N. P., Kushnir, I. M., Salata, V. Z., Tarasenko, L. O., Khimych, M. S., Kushnir, V. I., Kalyn, B. M., Magrelo, N. V., Boiko, P. K., Kolotnytskyy, V. A., Velesyk, T., Pundyak, T. O., & Gubash, O. P. (2019). Effect of industry on the content of fatty acids in the tissues of the honey-bee head. Ukrainian Journal of Ecology, 9(3), 174-179. doi: 10.15421/2019_727.

Wu, Y., Zheng, H., Corona, M. et al. (2017). Comparative transcriptome analysis on the synthesis pathway of honey bee (Apis mellifera) mandibular gland secretions. Scientific Reports, 7(1), 4530. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-04879-z.

Citation:

Saranchuk, I.I., Vishchur, V.Ya., Gutyj, B.V., Klim, O.Ya. (2021). Effect of various amounts of sunflower oil in feed additives on breast tissues' functional condition, reproductivity, and productivity of honey bees. Ukrainian Journal of Ecology, 77 (1), 344-349. I (c<0E^^MI This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0. License