CC BY
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Frantisek Novotny1, Jan Posivak1, Igor Valocky1, Peter Reichel2, Helena Morvayova1, Eva Stykova1, Bohuslav Leso3, Gabriel Kovac4 ©
lClinic of horses, 2Clinic of swine, 3veterinary practice, 4Clinic of ruminants, University of Veterinary Medicine in Kosice, Slovakia
EFFECT OF FEEDING OF GLUCOGENIC PRECURSOR ON BLOOD CONCENTRATIONS OF INSULIN, INSULIN-LIKE GROWTH FACTOR-I , METABOLIC INDICES AND REPRODUCTION PARAMETERS IN DAIRY
COWS
Abstract
Energy balance is the principal nutritional factor regulating the reproductive system. A total of 24 Slovak - Holstein spotted breed multiparous cows were used for the study. Animals were allocated in two groups; experimental group (EG) (n = 16), with addition of glucogenic precursor (GP) (glycerin, metionin, Co, Se, Zn, vit. E, B3 and beta-caroten concentrate) (netto energy 9,7 MJ/kg), mixed in the food, daily 300 ml/cow from 21 days prepartum to 21 days postpartum and control group (CG) (n = 8). Milk production in cows was around 7000 kg/year. Blood samples of IGF-I, insulin, non-esterified fatty acid (NEFA), triglycerides (TG) and glucose were collected twice weekly. Significantly lower concentrations of NEFA in EG than in CG (P<0,05) were recorded in first and second week postpartum. Significant higher concentrations of IGF-I in EG than in CG we found in first, second and third week postpartum (P<0,01). Significant higher of insulin concentrations in EG than in CG we found only in first week postpartum (P<0,05). In ante and postpartum period we found also slightly increase of concentrations of glucose in EG than in CG (P>0,05). Glucogenic precursor has effect on postpartum changes of NEFA, IGF-I and insulin blood concentrations.
Key words: cow, nutrition, metabolic indices, energy balance
Introduction.
High milk yields have been associated with lower reproductive efficiency becose have effect through an induction of negative energy balance (NEB) during early lactation. However, the mechanisms involved have not been elucidated (Patton et al., 2006; Rizos et al., 2008). The metabolic hormones and parameters are important mediators of reproduction and nutrition status of the cows. These hormones influence on regulating process hypothalamus-pituitary-ovarian axis and also on folliculogenesis, ovarial steroidogenesis and function of corpus luteum (Zulu et al., 2002). In high milk production cows and also in cows with negative energy balance the concentrations of insulin, IGF- I, NEFA and glucose have been significant signals of quality of nutrition and reproduction efficiency in the cows (Lucy, 2003). NEB is characterised by loss of body condition score and mobilisation of body reserves of fat and proteins. Persist 10-12 weeks but the largest part occurs in the
© Frantisek Novotny, Jan Posivak, Igor Valocky, Peter Reichel, Helena Morvayova, Eva Stykova, Bohuslav Leso, Gabriel Kovac, 2008
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first weeks of lactation (Tamminga et al., 1977). Glycogenic agents administration are used during transition period of cows in the treatment of ketosis. Increasing amounts of propylene glycol linearly increased glucose and insulin and decreased NEFA (Grummer et al., 1994).
Task, the aim of the article
The aim of this study was determine of effect daily oral mix of glycerin and vitamins in the feeding in high producing cows during transition period on blood concentrations of insulin, IGF-I, NEFA, glucose and triglycerides in high producing cows.
Material and Methods
A total of 24 Slovak - Holstein spotted breed multiparous cows were used for the study .Animals were allocated in two groups; experimental group (EG) with addition of glucogenic precursor (GP) (glycerin, metionin, Co, Se, Zn, vit. E, B3 and beta-caroten concentrate (netto energy 9,7 MJ/kg), mixed in the food (n = 16) and control group (CG) (n = 8). Milk production in both groups was around 7000 kg/year. GP was added daily 300 ml/cow from 3 weeks before until 3 weeks after parturition. Body condition score (BCS) was assesed in same operator in 5 scale (0-poor and 5-obesity) of BCS. Cows had from 3 to 3,5 scale of BCS in opening of experiment.
Blood samples for analysis of IGF-I (insulin-like growth factor I), insulin, NEFA (non-esterified fatty acids), TG (triglycerides) and glucose were collected twice weekly, from 21 days prepartum to 21 days postpartum. IGF-I was determined by radioimmunoassay (RIA) using human kits S-2143 (Linco ltd.) validated for bovine analysis. Insulin was analysed by ELISA (set EIA 2340, Roner) and metabolites by automatic biochemical analysis (ALIZE,Lisabio) with diagnostic test firms Merieux and Randox. NEFA was determined in blood serum by spectrophotometry (SPECOL 211, Carl Zeiss Jena).
All data were compared by statistical Student - t test.
Results of researches
Metabolic indices are often used to detect energy balance. During three weeks before parturition we found no significantly higher concentrations of NEFA in EG than in CG (0.22 ± 0.06 mmol/l vs. 0.20 ± 0.05 mmol/) (P>0,05). Significantly lower concentrations of NEFA in EG than in CG (0.26 ± 0.06 mmol/l vs. 0.46 ± 0.09 mmol/) (P<0,05) were recorded in first and second week postpartum. Administration of glucogenic precursor resulted in a significant decrease in NEFA concentrations over the subsequent 90 min compared to control animals (Rizos et al., 2008). Increasing amounts of propylene glycol decreased NEFA blood concentrations (Grummer et al., 1994; Butler et al., 2006). We found significantly decreased NEFA in EG during first two weeks postpartum. Significant difference of IGF-I concentrations between EG and CG we found in first, second and third week postpartum (average, 142.8 ± 22.07 ng/ml vs. 103.6 ± 17.4 ng/ml) (P<0,01). In postpartum period were recorded higher insulin levels in group EG than in CG but
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significant difference of insulin concentrations we found only in first week postpartum (3.96 ± 0.75 ng/l in EG vs. 2.74 ± 0.6 ng/l in CG) (P<0,05). Grummer et al. (1994) and Butler et al. (2006) found that higher amounts of propylene glycol increased blood concentrations of insulin and glucose. Within application of amounts of GP in this study we found higher but no significant of concentrations of glucose in EG than in CG (average 3.79 ± 0.15nmol/l vs. 3.31± 0.21nmol/l (P>0,05) ante and postpartum period . Method, dose and format of application of glucogenic agents is important to its insulinogenic activity and is more effective with drenching or feeding as part of a bolus concentrate (Christensen et al., 1997). We used mix in the food which is usually method in dairy farms. Were no significant changes in TG in EG than CG during pre and postpartum period (average 0.37 ± 0.21mmol/l vs. 0.43 ± 0.18 mmol/l) and urea concentrations. between groups during ante and postpartum period. The BCS declined in both groups from (3,3 ± 0,15) scale (start experiment) to (2,7± 0,14) in second week of lactation. We found no significant different of the reproduction parameters in EG vs. CG. We detected first estrus in 24 ± 4,3 days postpartum (pp.) in EG vs. 29 ± 6,7 days pp. in CG, interval to first insemination 109,1 ± 10,5 days in EG vs. 115,6 ± 11,3 days in CG and days open 127,2 ± 15,6 days in EG vs. 135,4 ± 19,4 days in CG.
This work was supported by Ministry of Education of Slovak Republic, VEGA 1/3484/06
Conclusions
Significantly lower concentrations of NEFA in EG than in CG (P<0,05) were recorded in first and second week postpartum. Significant higher concentrations of IGF-I in EG than in CG we found in first, second and third week postpartum (P<0,01). Significant higher of insulin concentrations in EG than in CG we found only in first week postpartum (P<0,05). In ante and postpartum period we found also slightly increase of concentrations of glucose in EG than in CG (P>0,05). Glucogenic precursor has effect on postpartum changes of NEFA, IGF-I and insulin blood concentrations.
Reference
1.Butler ST, Pelton SH, Butler WR. 2006. Energy balance, metabolic status, and the first postpartum ovarian
follicle wave in cows administered propylene glycol. J Dairy Sci 89, 29382951
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3.Grummer RG, Winkler JC, Bertics SJ, Studer VA. 1994. Effect of propylene glycol dosage during feed restriction on metabolites blood of prepartum Holstein heifers. J Dairy Sci 77, 3618-3623.
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5.Patton J, Kenny DA, Mee JF, OMara FP, Wathes DC, Cook M, Murphy JJ. 2006. Effect of milking frequency and diet on milk production, energy balance and reproduction in dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 89, 1478- 1487.
6.Rizos D, Kenny DA, Griffin W, Quinn KM, Duffy P, Mulligan FJ, Roche JF, Boland MP, Lonergan P. 2008. The effect of feeding propylene glycol to dairy cows during the early postpartum period on follicular dynamics and on metabolic parameters related to fertility. Theriogenology 69, 688- 699.
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8. Zulu VCH, Nakao T, Sawamukai Y. 2002. Insulin-like growth factor-I as a possible hormonal mediator of nutritional regulation of reproduction in cattle. J.Vet.Med. Sci. 64, 657-665.
Summary
Energy balance is the principal nutritional factor regulating the reproductive system. The aim of this study was determine of effect daily oral mix of glycerin and vitamins in the food during transition period on blood concentrations of insulin, IGF-I, NEFA, glucose and triglycerides in high producing cows. Significantly lower concentrations of NEFA in EG than in CG (P<0,05) were recorded in first and second week postpartum. Significant higher concentrations of IGF-I in EG than in CG we found in first, second and third week postpartum (P<0,01). Significant higher of insulin concentrations in EG than in CG we found only in first week postpartum (P<0,05). In ante and postpartum period we found also slightly increase of concentrations of glucose in EG than in CG (P>0,05). Glucogenic precursor has effect on postpartum changes of NEFA, IGF-I and insulin blood concentrations.
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