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EFFECT OF DIFFERENT ORGANIC WASTES ON MICROBIOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF MAIZE (ZEA MAYSINDENDATA) RHIZOSPHERE AND ROOT FREE SOIL
1 2Ridvan Kizilkaya, !Neriman Kablan Delge, *Murat Durmu§
1 Ondokuz Mayis University, Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Soil Science and
Plant Nutrition, Samsun, Turkey 2Agrobigen Research & Development (R&D) Ltd.Co. Samsun Technopark, Ondokuz Mayis University, Samsun, Turkey Abstract. This study was carried in order to determine the effects different various organic wastes (tobacco prodction waste, wheat straw, tea waste and hazelnut husk) under greenhause conditions on microbiological characteristics (microbial biomass C, basal soil respiration, dehydrogenase activity, urease activity and arlysulphatase activity) in clay-loam soil and rhizosphere (Zea mays indandata) soil of maize plant. The organic wastes were thoroughly mixed with the soil at a rate equivalent to 50 g kg-1 on air-dried weight basis. Experimental desing was randomized plot desing with there replications in greenhause. The moisture content in soil was mantained around 60 % of maximum water holding capacity by weighing the pots everday. Changes in the microbiological characteristics were determined in the soil and rhizosphere (Zea mays indendata) samples and root free soil taken in 15, 30, 45, 60, 75 and 90 days after the experiment was conducted. At the end of experiment, all organic waste added soil increased microbiological characteristics of soil in comparison with the control (P<0,01) at all experimental periods. Moreover, microbiological characteristics in rhizosphere soil were higher than in root free soil at all organic waste application (P<0,01). Increased of organic wastes on soil microbiological characteristics had different trend (P<0,01), the most increases in the microbiological characteristics in the soil treated with tea wastes and tobacco production waste with supplying of low initial C/N ratio compared to other organic wastes.
Key words: organic waste, soil, rhizosphere, microbial biomass, basal soil respiration, enzyme activities.
INTRODUCTION The loss of soil organic matter under intensive land use is one of the many factors that degree agricultural soil of Anatolia. Traditional agricultural practices also leads to decrease fertility and, therefore, to declining productivity [1]. Soil organic matter is extremly heterogenous ranging from only slighlty decomposed plant and microbial residues to higly humified organic substances. The most common practice to preserve and/or restore soil fertility is to add organic matter [2], which, preferentially, should be sufficiently stabilized to produce beneficial effects [3, 4]. Therefore, different types of organic wastes have increasingly been applied to soils in recent years. Organic wastes applications haven't only increased the soil organic matter, but have also enhanced the soil's C and N contents, and have improved biological activity in soil [5, 6].
Plants influence C turnover and organic matter content in soils, both because they provide C inputs for micrbiological caharacteristics in the soil through litter and exudation in the rhizosphere, and because they stimulate the turnover of existing soil C by rhizosphere microorganisms and their activities [7]. The functional capacity of the soil microbial community, as reflected in the activities of enzymes involved in nutrient mineralization processes, varies among soils dominated by plant roots [8, 9]. Nevertheless, there have been relatively few studies that have examined root exudation, microbial rhizosphere community composition and enzyme activities of plants [9]. Recently, indicate that microbial activity and enzyme activities are strongly affected by plant roots [10].
Microbial activity plays an important role in regulating soil fertility. Indeed, the microbiological processes taking
place in soil are at the centre of many ecological functions [11], since microbiological activity is related to soil structure, soil fertility, and the transformation of soil organic matter [12]. Several microbiological parameters have been used to define the status and sustainable development of soil productivity in agricultural ecosystems (Visser and Parkinson, 1992). There are many methods currently available for studying the microorganisms and their activities at the microhabitat level [11]. The dependence of the microbiological properties of agricultural soils on site and soil factors has been studied [13]. Some soil microbiological characteristics such as enzyme activities, respiratory activity and microbial biomass are used as bio-indicators for soil quality and health in environmental soil monitoring [14].
The microbial biomass, being containing only 1-3 % of total soil carbon and approximately 5 % total soil [15], is an important component of soil organic matter It is involved in biogeochemical cycles of the main nutritive elements (C-N-P-S) and in related energy flows [16, 17]. Basal soil respiration of soil microflora provides useful information on the physiological condition of the pedoecosystem, even though it is a matter some controversy. This respiratory activity takes into account the use of energy by microflora and expresses the efficiency of organic carbon degradation by soil microorganisms [18].
As presence of dehydrogenases, which are intracellular to the microbial biomass, is common throughout microbial species and they are rapidly degraded following the cell death, the measurement of microbial dehydrogenase activity (DHA) in soils and sediments has been used extensively, [19, 20]. Therefore, usage of DHA as an index of microbial activity has been suggested [11, 21-23].Urease (UA) is involved in the hydrolysis of urea to carbondioxide and ammonia, which can be assimilated by microbes and plants. It acts on
carbon-nitrogen (C-N) bonds other than the peptide linkage [24, 25]. Arylsulpha-tase (ASA) is the enzyme involved in the hydrolsis of arylsulphate esters by fission of the oxygen-sulphur (O-S) bond. This enzyme is believed to be involved in the mineralisation of ester sulphate in soils [21]. Also, it may be an indirect indicator of fungi as only fungi (not bacteria) contain ester sulphate, the substrate of arylsulpha-tase [26, 27].
The experiment in the present study was conducted in the greenhouse, simulating field conditions of organic matter management with different organic wastes (hazelnut husk, wheat straw, tea waste and tobacco production waste) in soil. The organic wastes used in the research were selected due to their variance in very large interval (C/N; 20 - 171). All organic wastes were sifted from 0,5 mm sieve after grinding in order to eliminate any effect that could be occurred due to magnitude of the particles. Our objectives were to determine the effects of the organic wastes on microbiological properties such as micro-bial biomass, basal soil respiration and enzymatic activities (dehydrogenase, ure-ase and arylsulphatase) in rhizosphere and root-free soil.
MATERIALS AND METHODS Soil and organic wastes Surface soil (0-20 cm) was taken from Bafra, Samsun. The soil used in this experiment is a Typic Udipsamment and contained 20,60 % clay, 18,36 % silt, and 61,04 % sand. Soil texture can accordingly be classified as sandy clay loam (SCL). The pH in water was 8.1, the oxidizable organic matter content was 1,68 %, and the soil C:N ratio was 13,9. The site is located in the Black Sea Region, Northern Turkey (Latitude, 41021'N; longitude, 36015'W). The climate is semi humid, (Rf = 47,21) with temperatures ranging from 6,60C in February to 230C in August. The annual mean temperature is 14,20C and annual mean precipitation is 670 mm.
Hazelnut is one of the major agricultural products in Turkey with a yield of 650,000 tons pear year; it is especially produced in the Black Sea Region. Hazelnut husk (HH) was collected from hazelnut trees in the Eastern Black Sea Region, Turkey. Tea and tobacco plants are commonly grown in the Eastern and Middle Black Sea Region of Turkey. Therefore, there is much tea (TEW) and tobacco (TOW) production waste in this region. These organic wastes were taken from the industry of tea and tobacco production in this region. Wheat straw (WS) was collected during the grain harvest season in Samsun, Turkey. All organic wastes were dried and sieved into less than 0,50 mm. The properties of the organic wastes was expressed on a moist-free basis and analyzed by standard procedures [28].
Experimental procedure The soil samples were air-dried in a laboratory and sieved through 0-2 mm screens. The samples (500 g air-dried soil) were placed in 600 ml cylindrical plastic container. The organic wastes (WS, HH, TOW and TEW) were thoroughly mixed with the soil at a rate equivalent to 5 % on an air-dried weight basis. Then, five individuals of maize (Zea mays indendata) seeds were placed in the soils. The moisture contents in the soils were adjusted to 60 % water holding capacity (WHC) and the containers were incubated in green-hause for 90 days. The moisture content was maintained throughout the experiment. The maize-planting containers were regarded as rhizosphere and the other containers as root free soil (nonrhizosphere). Changes in the microbiological properties were determined in the root free soil and rhizosphere samples taken in 15, 30, 45, 60, 75 and 90 days after the experiment was conducted. During the sampling of soil the crops were gently pulled out, and the soil remaining on the maize roots was regarded as rhizosphere. At the same time, the root free soil was taken from the nonplanting containers at
the same depth. Soil without organic waste addition was used as a control. A randomized complete plot design with three replicates per treatment and soil was used. This greenhouse experiment was total 180 pots. The experiment was performed with the following 10 treatment:
(1) control for soil (without organic waste addition and plant seed)
(2) + 50 g kg-1 hazelnut husk (without plant seed)
(3) + 50 g kg-1 wheat straw (without plant seed)
(4) + 50 g kg-1 tobacco production waste (without plant seed)
(5) + 50 g kg-1 tea production waste (without plant seed)
(6) control for rhizosphere (without organic waste addition and with plant seed)
(7) + 50 g kg-1 hazelnut husk (with plant seed)
(8) + 50 g kg-1 wheat straw (with plant seed)
(9) + 50 g kg-1 tobacco production waste (with plant seed)
(10) + 50 g kg-1 tea production waste (with plant seed)
Total organic C and N contents
Total N in soil was determined by digestion and subsequent measurement by the Kjeldahl method [29]. Whole soil samples were sieved through a 150 mm mesh to determine total organic carbon by the wet oxidation method (Walkley-Black) with K2Cr2O7. C/N ratios in soils were calculated as total organic carbon / total nitrogen [30].
Microbiological characteristics in soils and rhizosphere
All determinations of microbiological properties were performed for the eachsoil sample in triplicate, and all values reported are averages of the three determinations expressed on an oven-dried sample basis at 105 0C for 48 h.
Microbial biomass carbon and basal soil respiration Microbial biomass carbon (Cmic) was determined by the substrate-induced respiration method of by Anderson and Dom-sch [31]. A moist sample equivalent to 10 g oven-dry soil or cats was amended with a powder mixture containing 40 mg glucose. The CO2 production rate was measured hourly using the method described by Anderson [32]. The pattern of respiratory response was recorded for 4 h. Cmic was calculated from the maximum initial respiratory response in terms of mg C g-1 soil as 40.04 mg CO2 g-1 + 3,75. Data are expressed as mg C g-1 dry sample.
Basal soil respiration (BSR) at field capacity (CO2 production at 220C without addition of glucose) was measured, as reported by Anderson [32]; by alkali (Ba(OH)2.8H2O + BaCh) absorption of the CO2 produced during the 24h incubation period, followed by titration of the residual OH- with standardized hydrochloric acid, after adding three drops of phenol-phthalein as an indicator. Data are expressed as mg CO2-C g-1 dry sample.
Enzyme activities Dehydrogenase activity (DHA) was determined according to Pepper [33]. To 6 g of sample 30 mg glucose, 1 ml of 3 % TTC (2,3,5-triphenyltetrazoliumchlorid) solution and 2,5 ml pure water were added and the samples were incubated for 24 h at 370C. The formation of TPF (1,3,5 triphenylformazan) was determined spec-trophotometrically at 485 nm and results were expressed as mg TPF g-1 dry sample.
Urease activity (UA) was measured by the method of Hoffmann and Teicher [34]. 0,25 ml toluene, 0,75 ml citrate buffer (pH, 6,7) and 1 ml of urea substrate solution were added to the 1 g sample and the samples were incubated. The formation of ammonium was determined
spectrophotometrically at 578 nm and results were expressed as mg N g-1 dry sample.
Arylsulphatase activity (ASA) was measured according to Tabatabai and Bremner [35]. 0,25 ml toluene, 4 ml acetate buffer (pH, 5,5) and 1 ml of 0,115 M p-nitrophenyl sulphate (potassium salt) solution were added to the 1 g sample and the samples were incubated for 1 h at 370C. The formation of p-nitrophenol (p-NP) was determined spectrophotometri-cally 410 nm and results were expressed as m g p-NP g-1 dry sample.
Statistical Analysis
All data were analyzed using SPSS 11,0 statistical software (SPSS Inc.). Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was carried out using three factors (plant root, incubation period, organic waste) randomized complete plot design; where significant F-values were obtained, differences between individual means were tested using the LSD (Least Significant Difference) test, with a significance level of P<0,01. The asterisks, *, ** and *** indicate significant at P<0,05, 0,01 and 0,001 respectively.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Composition of organic wastes
Among the OW used in this study, TEW had the highest organic matter (92,72 %) while that of TOW was the lowest (66,21 %). Regarding N content, TEW again had the highest N content (2,46 %) and the lowest N content belong to WS (0,31 %). C:N ratio of the OW ranged from 20 to 171 and the highest level C:N ratio observed in WS while that of lowest is TOW. The order of OW associated with C:N ratio was WS> HH> TEW> TOW. In addition these OW contained major important nutrients such as P2O5, K2O, which are ag-ronomically important (Table 1).
Table 1 - Composition of organic wastes in measured variables
Organic waste Organic matter, % C/N N (%) P2O5 (%) K2O (%)
TEW 92,72 22 2,46 0,48 5,83
TOW 66,21 20 1,97 0,45 4,71
HH 85,34 52 0,96 0,28 5,17
WS 91,17 171 0,31 0,25 4,77
Nutrients and microbiological characteristics in rhizosphere and root free soil The organic carbon and N contents in rhizosphere and root free soils were significantly greater in all organic waste
treatments compared to the control soil (P<0,001). All of the organic waste additions significantly increased total organic C in rhizosphere compared to the root free soil (Fig. 1, 2).
■ 15 days □ 30 days S 45 days S 60 days 0 75 days □ 90 days
Figure 1 - Changes of total nitrogen in rhizosphere and root free soil. Vertical bars are standard errors. HH = Hazelnut husk, WS = Wheat straw, TOW = Tobacco production
waste, TEW = Tea production waste
■ 15 days □ 30 days HH 45 days 0 60 days 8 75 days □ 90 days
Figure 2 - Changes of total organic carbon in rhizosphere and root free soil. Vertical bars are standard errors. HH = Hazelnut husk, WS = Wheat straw, TOW = Tobacco production
waste, TEW = Tea production waste
The effects of different organic waste treatments on microbiological characteristics in rhizosphere and root free soils are presented in Table 2-6. Considerable variations in all microbiological characteristics, BSR, Cmic, DHA, UA and ASA were found for the different organic wastes and with/without plant roots at different sampling times. Statistically significant variations were found in all microbiological characteristics at various organic waste application and sampling times (Table 7 and 8). Microbiological characteristics were also affected by incubation period, organic waste and plant root. The analysis of variance of the results obtained
in our experiment on the periodic sampling times with organic waste showed that all factors (organic waste types, plant roots and incubation periods) significantly influenced all microbiological characteristics. After organic waste addition a rapid and significant increase in microbiological characteristics was observed in waste amended soils followed by a progressive increase in the microbiological characteristics in rhizosphere amended with the organic waste. At the end of the experiment, the microbiological characteristics measured in waste-treated soils were statistically different from those measured in the control soils.
Incubation Organic wastes
Days Control TEW TOW HH WS
Rhizosphere soil
15 days 2,7 (0,43) 8,4 (0,40) 7,5 (0,98) 6,2 (0,24) 5,6 (0,15)
30 days 3,6 (0,11) 12,2 (0,80) 10,3 (0,16) 8,2 (0,14) 6,2 (0,13)
45 days 4,5 (0,09) 15,5 (0,52) 14,7 (0,36) 8,2 (0,30) 8,9 (0,84)
60 days 5,5 (0,35) 18,3 (0,24) 16,2 (0,82) 13,7 (0,61) 9,9 (0,56)
75 days 7,1 (0,14) 20,8 (0,25) 18,4 (1,27) 15,4 (0,34) 12,8 (0,43)
90 days 9,6 (0,70) 20,9 (0,76) 18,3 (0,53) 17,2 (0,37) 15,2 (0,31)
Root free soil
15 days 2,6 (0,37) 8,5 (0,18) 7,8 (0,85) 5,8 (0,22) 4,4 (0,41)
30 days 2,5 (0,16) 11,5 (0,16) 9,6 (0,19) 7,4 (0,39) 5,5 (0,38)
45 days 2,8 (0,16) 12,7 (0,57) 10,5 (0,74) 9,4 (0,74) 7,8 (0,56)
60 days 2,9 (0,61) 13,6 (0,49) 11,4 (0,29) 10,1 (0,08) 8,9 (0,68)
75 days 3,0 (0,48) 13,7 (0,49) 12,7 (0,29) 12,5 (0,37) 9,1 (0,11)
90 days 3,1 (0,22) 15,1 (0,42) 13,2 (0,80 13,1 (0,27) 11,0 (0,75)
Table 2 - Microbial biomass C (Cmic) in rhizosphere and root free soils (mg CO2-C g-1 dry soil). Standard error in parenthesis.
Table 3 - Basal soil respiration (BSR) in rhizosphere and root free soils (mg CO2 g-1 dry soil). Standard error in parenthesis.
Incubation Organic wastes
Days Control TEW TOW HH WS
Rhizosphere soil
15 days 27,5 (4,40) 85,7 (4,12) 29,1 (3,83) 63,9 (2,43) 57,2 (1,53)
30 days 40,1 (1,22) 137,8 (8,97) 116,1 (1,84) 92,2 (1,57) 69,6 (1,49)
45 days 44,4 (0,91) 153,0 (5,10) 144,9 (3,89) 92,2 (2,94) 57,8 (4,31)
60 days 38,3 (2,95) 182,0 (2,95) 161,8 (8,19) 136,5 (6,10) 98,5 (5,56)
75 days 49,9 (5,81) 212,0 (2,50) 134,7 (8,84) 156,5 (3,48) 130,7 (4,39)
90 days 101,7 (7,44) 212,7 (8,10) 194,8 (5,62) 182,5 (3,91) 161,3 (3,25)
Root free soil
15 days 17.3 (1.66) 86,8 (1,88) 52.9 (3,89) 42,5 (3,24) 45,6 (4,21)
30 days 28.6 (1.80) 129,8 (1,79) 108.6 (2,14) 83,1 (4,40) 41,6 (3,13)
45 days 18.8 (4.29) 124,9 (5,65) 74.1 (5,74) 92,9 (5,74) 51,7 (3,89)
60 days 28.4 (6.13) 135,4 (4,92) 113.2 (2,90) 100,9 (0,75) 62,4 (4,83)
75 days 30.3 (4.93) 139,6 (4,92) 129.7 (2,90) 127,6 (3,75) 93,1 (1,10)
90 days 33.4 (2.33) 160,6 (4,50) 140.0 (8,51) 139,6 (2,91) 116,5 (8,01)
Total organic carbon and nitrogen Total organic C contents in rhizo-sphere were higher than in root free soil at all organic waste applications (Fig. 1). Treatments of TEW and WS gave the highest organic C content in rhizosphere and root free soil compared to the control treatment. In addition, N contents in TOW and TEW treated soils in rhizosphere were significantly greater in all organic waste treatments compared to the control
treatment and root free soil. Total N in root free soil were higher than in rhisophere at all treatments. These situations might be related organic matter and N contents of organic wastes which contain different amounts of organic matter and N (Table 1) and N uptake by plant roots. The differences of C/N ratios of rhizosphere and root free soil were statistically significant for all OW treatments.
The TOW and TEW treatments had lower C/N ratio in rhizosphere and root free soil than those in other treatments (HH and WS) (Fig. 1). All these changes mostly depended on the characteristics and initial level of organic C and N contents of organic wastes. In general, C/N ratios in rhizosphere and root free soil were lower in soil treated with organic wastes of initial low C/N ratios (TOW and TEW), while treatments with high initial
C/N ratios (WS and HH) caused high C/N ratios in rhizosphere and root free soil. Figure 1 shows that the organic C in rhizo-sphere were higher than in control treatment and in root free soils at all sampling times and organic waste treatments. This situation might be related supply of organic C material from plant exudates such as polysaccharides, mucigel, carbohydrates and amino acids, and dead cells of root hairs [36, 37].
Table 4 - Dehydrogenase activity (DHA) in rhizosphere and root free soils (mg TPF g-1 dry soil). Standard error in parenthesis.
Incubation Organic wastes
Days Control TEW TOW HH WS
Rhizosphere soil
15 days 16,9 (0,65) 87,2 (3,40) 76,9 (2,31) 46,2 (1,83) 22,5 (1,43)
30 days 20,8 (0,69) 103,7 (5,96) 80,2 (2,12) 55,5 (2,67) 27,4 (2,94)
45 days 24,5 (0,59) 110,2 (1,90) 96,4 (3,07) 55,5 (2,25) 49,6 (12,52)
60 days 27,9 (2,34) 137,0 (3,56) 116,0 (5,46) 75,7 (4,03) 50,3 (2,39)
75 days 32,4 (2,14) 156,5 (5,68) 138,6 (1,85) 96,1 (4,08) 69,2 (3,24)
90 days 39,9 (2,79) 193,0 (8,73) 171,3 (1,74) 118,0 (10,04) 78,7 (2,66)
Root free soil
15 days 14,9 (0,60) 80,4 (1,84) 69,0 (1,18) 39,9 (2,06) 20,1 (0,93)
30 days 14,3 (0,80) 84,5 (3,56) 73,2 (2,18) 45,3 (1,29) 21,9 (1,63)
45 days 15,3 (0,91) 99,3 (3,70) 91,0 (2,75) 58,6 (2,75) 25,5 (1,46)
60 days 15,9 (0,32) 111,2 (3,66) 98,2 (2,81) 60,4 (3,02) 31,3 (2,14)
75 days 15,9 (1,36) 132,5 (3,66) 112,6 (2,81) 79,2 (3,51) 50,0 (2,29)
90 days 16,3 (0,94) 138,6 (8,40) 127,9 (4,00) 87,9 (4,89) 66,1 (7,78)
Table 5 - Urease activity (UA) in rhizosphere and root free soils (mg N g-1 dry soil) Standard error in parenthesis.
Incubation Organic wastes
Days Control TEW TOW HH WS
Rhizosphere soil
15 days 7,0 (0,54) 8,7 (1,06) 16,7 (2,54) 8,0 (0,75) 7,6 (1,17)
30 days 17,2 (2,29) 34,0 (1,95) 32,4 (0,74) 26,1 (1,79) 21,5 (0,92)
45 days 21,8 (1,93) 38,7 (1,69) 39,4 (1,18) 26,1 (2,33) 26,4 (2,09)
60 days 25,6 (1,24) 42,8 (2,24) 46,2 (2,74) 32,3 (1,93) 30,5 (2,14)
75 days 32,4 (2,14) 58,2 (3,02) 58,6 (1,85) 42,8 (2,27) 40,2 (1,53)
90 days 32,9 (2,70) 74,7 (3,09) 71,3 (1,74) 58,6 (3,01) 44,3 (2,73)
Root free soil
15 days 5,4 (1,18) 9,1 (1,57) 13,5 (2,85) 8,9 (0,84) 7,1 (1,59)
30 days 14,2 (2,30) 27,2 (1,31) 27,8 (2,91) 23,7 (2,15) 19,2 (1,00)
45 days 13,5 (1,90) 34,3 (1,31) 33,0 (1,27) 25,3 (1,27) 21,7 (1,86)
60 days 15,9 (0,32) 38,4 (2,19) 39,6 (0,96) 29,8 (1,69) 26,5 (1,98)
75 days 15,9 (1,36) 38,9 (2,19) 39,6 (0,96) 32,8 (2,69) 30,0 (2,29)
90 days 19,1 (1,24) 58,6 (2,70) 52,7 (2,84) 40,9 (2,33) 35,6 (0,97)
Different organic waste application significantly affected the levels of microbiological characteristics in the rhizosphere, when compared with the control treatment and root free soils. Table 2-6 shows that the BSR, Cmic and enzyme activities (DHA, UA and ASA) in rhizosphere were higher than in control treatment and in root free soils at all sampling times and organic waste treatments. This situation might be related the supply of organic material from plant roots and plant exudates. The supply of organic material from plant roots is crucial to soil microbial communities whose growth is carbon limited. The type and amount of nutrients released will affect both the microbial biomass and their activity. This primary carbon supply to the soil system arrives through plant
litter and more directly from roots. These include the release of plant exudates, many of which appear to be simply lost by leakage from the root. Plant exudates contain carbohydrates, amino acids, organic acids, lipids, hormones, vitamins and enzymes. These organic substances are stimulated for soil microbiological activity. It is well known that root-derived organic C from root exudates stimulates the growth of microorganisms and increases microbial activity in the rhizosphere [9, 38-41]. Results from this study also showed the greater microbiological characteristics (Cmic, BSR, and enzyme activities such as DHA, UA and ASA) in all organic waste added soils under plant roots compared with root-free soil.
Greater microbiological characteristics in all organic waste added soils under rhizosphere after 90 days contributed to greater under root free soil. It is likely that increased levels of organic C and N due to root exudation could have led to greater microbial activity. The amount of root-derived C flow through the rhizosphere has a significant impact on transformations of soil organic C, N, P and S [42]. It has been established that soluble organic C and N in mineral soils is mainly derived from root derived from root exudates and root residues [36, 37]. In the present study, organic C accumulated in the rhizosphere soil, and concentrations of organic C were significantly greater in the rhizosphere compared with root free soil. There were
significant relationships observed between microbiological characteristics and organic substrates in rhizosphere and root-free soil, indicating that greater value of microbiological characteristics such as Cmic, BSR and enzyme activities in the rhizo-sphere may be partly attributed to increased levels of organic C. It has been suggested that both plant roots and microorganisms produce UA and ASA [43]. It was found that UA and ASA were higher in the rhizosphere compared with control and root-free soil (Table 5, 6), which is consistent with findings from several other studies [44]. Moreover, UA and ASA were directly related to value of microbial biomass and their activities in soils.
Incubation Organic wastes
Days Control TEW TOW HH WS
Rhizosphere soil
15 days 22,7 (2,12) 84,4 (4,34) 67,4 (1,90) 47,1 (1,42) 31,1 (1,03)
30 days 28,8 (2,81) 87,3 (3,94) 81,2 (2,79) 59,3 (4,35) 35,0 (2,44)
45 days 31,9 (1,81) 103,1 (4,39) 96,0 (5,13) 59,3 (1,45) 41,4 (3,33)
60 days 39,5 (1,26) 122,3 (2,82) 105,1 (4,96) 84,6 (2,78) 62,4 (3,61)
75 days 45,6 (1,98) 165,0 (9,58) 134,3 (7,86) 97,8 (3,06) 74,5 (2,66)
90 days 58,1 (1,98) 180,4 (10,83) 151,5 (5,50) 129,6 (8,26) 92,5 (2,85
Root free soil
15 days 10,7 (1,34) 38,9 (1,80) 30,8 (1,20) 26,9 (2,97) 17,3 (2,04)
30 days 13,4 (1,01) 61,3 (4,35) 59,5 (2,18) 36,5 (2,99) 19,2 (1,00)
45 days 15,7 (1,18) 74,9 (4,29) 63,0 (1,27) 43,6 (1,27) 33,4 (3,70)
60 days 20,5 (1,30) 94,7 (3,61) 82,1 (2,95) 59,0 (1,91) 44,4 (2,73)
75 days 20,6 (0,97) 124,6 (3,61) 105,7 (2,95) 74,9 (4,16) 73,6 (2,48)
90 days 25,52 (1,01) 141,6 (8,04) 122,0 (4,47) 96,9 (2,37) 66,6 (2,78)
Table 6 - Arylsulphatase activity (UA) in rhizosphere and root free soils (mg p-NF g-1 dry soil). Standard error in parenthesis.
Table 7 - Results of ANOVA for BSR and C,
Variables BSR Cmic
F-value LSDa=0.01 F-value LSDa=0.01
Plant root (Pr) 73,210*** 8,516 1272,261*** 0,200
Incubation days (Id) 67,507*** 14,749 981,591*** 0,347
Pr x Id 5,060*** 20,859 117,093*** 0,490
Organic wastes (Ow) 128,453*** 13,464 2099,943*** 0,316
Pr x Ow 0,435*** 19,041 17,559*** 0,447
Id x Ow 2,913*** 32,981 25,607*** 0,775
Pr x Id x Ow 1 217*** 46,642 6,615*** 1,096
*, ** and *** indicate significant at P<0,05, 0,01 and 0,001 respectively
Table 8 - Results of ANOVA for enzyme activities
Variables DHA UA ASA
F-value LSD0.01 F-value LSD0.01 F-value LSD0.01
Plant root (Pr) 699,030*** 1,558 684,391*** 0,774 1843,665*** 1,492
Incubation days (Id) 851,059*** 2,751 1393,715*** 1,341 1436,351*** 2,584
Pr x Id 46,014*** 3,890 67,705*** 1,897 8,664*** 2,359
Organic wastes (Ow) 3688,078*** 2,511 713,288*** 1,224 2484,417*** 3,665
Pr x Ow 12,647*** 3,551 8,349*** 1,731 39,071*** 3,336
Id x Ow 42,717*** 6,150 35,649*** 2,999 57,859*** 5,778
Pr x Id x Ow 5,413*** 8,698 2,475*** 4,241 4,246*** 8,172
*, ** and *** indicate significant at P<0,05, 0,01 and 0,001 respectively
These tables shows that both rhizo-sphere and root free soils BSR, Cmic and enzyme activities (DHA, UA and ASA) in all organic waste treatments were higher than in control treatment at all sampling times. This situation may be related carbon source of organic wastes and increased the organic matter level, which consequently elevated the microbiological characteristics of soil. For this reason, increased soil organic matter content is correlated positivitely with microbiological activity in soil, generally. The organic waste treatments had consistent or significant effect on the soil microbiological characteristics. This indicated accumulation of organic matter and improvement
in nutrient status of soil, as microbial biomass and their activity is a labile reservoir of plant nutrients [45]. The BSR, Cmic and enzyme activities (DHA, UA and ASA) in rhizosphere and root free soil for all organic waste treatments was similar in all sampling times (Table 2-6). Addition of organic material increases the microbial activity in soil [46]. Garcia-Gilet reported increases microbial biomass and their activity in soil organic waste application application to soil [47]. Such increases in rhizosphere and root free soil BSR and Cmic were probably caused by the higher level of soluble organic-C in organic wastes. Availability of biogenic material for biomass stimulation induced the in-
crease in soil microbial activity of enriched soils [45]. The increase may also correspond to the growth of the zymoge-nous population associated with organic matter enrichment [48] and incorporation of exogenous microorganisms [49].The source of enzymes in soil is definitely known, additionally presumed to originate from microorganisms, plant roots and soil animals [22]. However, evidence could be obtained from the present study that DHA, UA and ASA of root free soil and rhizosphere were positively related to Cmic and their activity. Perucci also found positive correlation between enzyme activities and microbial activity [49]. Addition of all organic wastes increased the enzyme activities of rhizosphere and root free soil. This could have originated from the higher amounts of enzymes in the viable microbial populations and the increased levels of accumulated extracellular enzymes (UA and ASA) in the soil matrix. Presence of enzymes in organic matter may also contribute enzymes directly to soil on addition [50].
The highest BSR, Cmic and enzyme activities (DHA, UA and ASA) were generally found in rhizosphere and root free soil at TOW and TEW treatments. There have been numerous studies on the effects of organic wastes on microbial activity and their enzymatic activities in soil [46, 51]. These studies generally indicated larger effects in organic matter or organic waste treated soils than in control or non-treated soils. However, in most studies it was possible to establish relationships between and microbiological characteristics and the magnitude of the effects of organic waste type's especially chemical composition, nutrient content and C/N ratio. Similarly, Martens suggested that variation in the nature of organic materials variably stimulated the microbial activity and production of enzyme activity in soil [52]. In this researh, higher enzyme activities (DHA, UA and ASA) of soil treated with TOW and TEW was associated
with their quality in respect to their capacity of microbial biomass production. This situation might be related initial C/N ratios of organic wastes. Organic wastes their C/N ratios are the most important factors that the effects on soil microbiological characteristics. Moreover, low C:N ratio and nutrient (N,P,K) sources are essential for the build-up of Cmic and the production or synthesis of enzymes [53]. This can obviously be explained by the input of nutrients in organic wastes and lower C/N ratios prevalent in TEW and TOW. This rose with organic waste, particularly when TOW and TEW were added since this contains a high proportion of easily biodegradable compounds compared with HH and WS. Nitrogen content is also important in determining microbial decomposition rates of organic waste. Higher decay rates are found with increased nitrogen supply [54, 55]. This is similar to the role played by nitrogen in decomposition of other types of organic matter [56-58]. In addition, nitrogen content of organic wastes has only a positive effect on decomposition rates [59]. Because nitrogen has a positive effect on decomposition rates, the trend of increasing nitrogen content within decomposing wastes during the microbially-dominated stage of decomposition is important.
CONCLUSION According to data, this showed a clear relationship between organic wastes and microbiological characteristics. We assume that the replacement of organic waste has stimulating effects on microbiological characteristics such as Cmic, BSR and enzyme activities (DHA, UA and ASA) in rhizosphere and root free soil, due to the quantity and quality of the organic waste incorporated into soil, and the mi-crobial growth caused by the addition of organic compounds to the soil. Organic materials are possibly the most important C source for microorganisms. It consists mainly of root exudates and organic waste degradation products. Differing organic
waste inputs in the system were reflected by the C and N contents which, however, varied much more between the systems than did microbiological characteristics. In general, initial low C/N ratios of organic wastes application (TEW and TOW) caused the most beneficial effects on microbiological characteristics in rhizo-sphere and root free soil among the investigated types of organic waste on clay loam soils. The use of these organic wastes can contribute to an enhancement of the level of organic matter and the fertility of the
agricultural soils. Furthermore, organic waste had a stronger impact on microbiological characteristics in rhizosphere compared to root free soil. Hence, it can be concluded that the microbiological characteristics was clearly governed by the organic waste incorporated into soil under the conditions of the investigated greenhouse experiment. At the same time this practice seems to be a potentially effective way of recycling wastes and solving the problem of their disposal.
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TYfflH
TYP-Ш ОРГАНИКАЛЫК КДЛДЬЩТАРДЫН, ЖYГЕРШЩ МИКРОБИОЛОГИЯЛЫК (ZEA
MAYS INDENDATA) РИЗОСФЕРАСЫ СИПАТ ТАМАС ЫНА ЖЭНЕ ТАМЫРСЫЗ
TOnblPAKTAPFA ЭСЕР1 1 2Ридван Кизилкайя, Шериман Каблан Делге, Шурат Дурмуш
1 Ондокуз Майз Университет1 ауыл шаруашылыгы факультетi, топырацтану жэне eciMdiK ^opeei кафедрасы, Самсун, Туркия 2Агробиден гылыми зерmmеулерi (R & D), Ltd.Co. Самсун Технопарк. Ондокуз Майз Университетi, Самсун, Туркия
Бул зерттеулер жылыжаи жагдаиында балшык;ты-саздак;ты топыра;тарда микробиологиялы; керсетюштердщ (микробты; биомасса C, топырактыц базальды; тынысы, дегидрогеназа ;ызмет^ уреаза жэне арлысульфатты ;ызмет^ жэне жYгерi астындагы топыра;тыц ризосферасына (Zea Mays indandata) тYрлi органикалы; ;алды;тардыц (темега ендiрiriнщ ;алды;тары, бидаи сабаны, шаи ;алды;тарды жэне
фундук ;ауызы) эсерш аны;тау масатында жYргiзiлдi. Органйкалы; ;алдык;тар кургак;-ауа массасы негiзiнде 50 г/кг-1 тец жылдамдыщта топырак;пен жете араластырылды. Тэжiрибелiк дизайн жылыжайдагы ;айталап eндiру телiмнщ кездейсо; дизайны болды. Ыдыстарды кYнделiктi елшеу жолымен судыц барынша куаттылыгын устаганда топырак;тары ылгалдык; мeлшерi шамамен 60 % децгейде болды. Тэжiрйбе етгазыгеннен кейiн 15, 30, 45, 60, 75 жэне 90 ^н кезещнде алынган топыра; Yлгiлерiндегi жэне рйзосферадагы (Zea мays indendata), сонымен ;атар тамырсыз топырак;тары, мйкробйологйялы; ^рсетгаштердщ eзгерiстерi аны;талды. Тэжiрйбе соцында, тэжiрйбе жYргiзiлген барлы; кезецдер шшде, ба;ылаумен салыстырганда барлы; органйкалы; ;алды;тар топыра;тыц мйкробйологйялы; сйпатыныц артуына (р<0,01) мYмкiндiк тугызды. Сонымен ;атар, органйкалы; ;алды;тарды ендiргенде тамырсыз топырак;пен салыстырганда (P<0,01), топыра; рйзосферасында мйкробйологйялы; сйпаттамалар жогары болды. Топыра;тыц мйкробйологйялы; сйпаттамаларын арттыруга арналган органйкалы; ;алды;тардыц эсершщ тенденцйясы эртYрлi болды (Р<0,01), топыра;тагы ец Yлкен мйкробйологйялы; сйпаттама, бас;а органйкалы; шай ;алдыгымен темекi eндiрiсi ;алды;тарымен салыстырганда топыра;тарда C/N алгаш;ы ара;атынасы тeмендiгi бай;алды.
TyuiHdi свздер: органйкалы; ;алды;тар, топыра;, рйзосфера, мйкробты; бйомасса, топыра;тыц базальды; тынысы, ферменттердщ белсендiлiгi
РЕЗЮМЕ
ВЛИЯНИЕ РАЗЛИЧНЫХ ОРГАНИЧЕСКИХ ОТХОДОВ НА МИКРОБИОЛОГИЧЕСКИЕ ХАРАКТЕРИСТИКИ РИЗОСФЕРЫ КУКУРУЗЫ (ZEA MAYS INDENDATA) И ПОЧВУ
СВОБОДНУЮ ОТ КОРНЕИ 12Ридван Кизилкайя, 1Нериман Каблан Делге, 1Мурат Дурмуш 1Университет Ондокуз Майз, факультет сельского хозяйства, кафедра почвоведения и питания растений, Самсун, Турция 2Агробиден Научные исследования (R & D), Ltd.Co. Самсун Технопарк. Университет
Ондокуз Майз, Самсун, Турция Это йсследованйе проведено с целью определенйя влйянйя разлйчных органйческйх отходов (отходы табачного пройзводства, соломы пшенйцы, чайные отходы й шелуха фундука) в условйях теплйцы на мйкробйологйческйе показателй (мйкробная бйомасса С, базальное дыханйе почвы, деятельность дегйдрогеназы, уреазы й арлысульфатная деятельность) в глйнйсто-суглйнйстых почвах й рйзосфере (Zea Mays indandata) почвы под кукурузой. Органйческйе отходы тщательно перемешалй с почвой со скоростью, равной 50 г/кг-1 на основе воздушно-сухой массы. Эксперйментальный участок был рандомйзйрованный дйзайн участка с повторной реплйкацйей в теплйце. Содержанйе влагй в почве поддержйвалось на уровне около 60 % максймальной мощностй удержйванйя воды путем ежедневного взвешйванйя горшков. Измененйя мйкробйологйческйх показателей определялйсь в образцах почвы й рйзосферы (Zea мays indendata), а также почве без корней, взятых в перйод 15, 30, 45, 60, 75 й 90 дней после проведенйя эксперймента. В конце эксперймента, все органйческйе отходы способ-ствовалй увелйченйю мйкробйологйческйх характерйстйк грунта по сравненйю с контролем (р <0,01) в теченйе всех эксперйментальных перйодов. Кроме того, мйкробйологйческйе характерйстйкй в рйзосфере почвы былй выше, чем в почве без корней прй внесенйй органйческйх отходов (P <0,01). Действйе органйческйх отходов по увелйченйю мйкробйологйческйх характерйстйк почвы ймелй разлйчную тенденцйю (Р <0,01), самое большое увелйченйе мйкробйологйческйх характерйстйк в почве, наблюдалось в почве, обработанной отходамй чая й отходамй пройзводства табака с нйзкйм первйчным соотношенйем C/N по сравненйю с другймй органйческймй отходы.
Ключевые слова: органйческйе отходы, почва, рйзосфера, мйкробная бйомасса, базальное дыханйе почвы, актйвность ферментов.
