Научная статья на тему 'ECONOMIC DIPLOMACY OF FRENCH EMPIRE'

ECONOMIC DIPLOMACY OF FRENCH EMPIRE Текст научной статьи по специальности «Социальная и экономическая география»

CC BY
52
13
i Надоели баннеры? Вы всегда можете отключить рекламу.
Ключевые слова
FRANCE / ECONOMIC DIPLOMACY / INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS / FRENCH EMPIRE / PEACE OF WESTPHALIA

Аннотация научной статьи по социальной и экономической географии, автор научной работы — Seitenova Assylana

Diplomacy is not foreign policy, but only the means for achieving it and not separable from it. It is a set of principles and codes of conduct, - the capacity, based on historical culture, observation and the ability to comprehend events, understanding of the interlocutor and impeccably true of what to tell-everything that gives you the opportunity to find a precise definition of any given policy and provides a steady adherence to it. France today is at a high level of development. It always was different and today is also different with subtlety of its diplomacy and peculiarities of the foreign policy. And this being so, every diplomat needs to some extent to be familiar with its diplomatic structure and to take it as an example for further activities in this field. As mentioned above, France is one of the great powers in the world. It is one of the countries of “Great Seven”, as well as member-country of EU and many other leading organizations in the world. Such countries as France define the international situation.

i Надоели баннеры? Вы всегда можете отключить рекламу.
iНе можете найти то, что вам нужно? Попробуйте сервис подбора литературы.
i Надоели баннеры? Вы всегда можете отключить рекламу.

ЭКОНОМИЧЕСКАЯ ДИПЛОМАТИЯ ФРАНЦУЗСКОЙ ИМПЕРИИ

Дипломатия - это не внешняя политика, а всего лишь средство для ее достижения, не отделимое от нее. Это совокупность принципов и кодексов поведения, - способности, основанные на исторической культуре, наблюдательности и умении осмысливать события, понимание собеседника и верная формулировка того, что необходимо сказать - все, что дает возможность найти точное определение той или иной политики и обеспечивает неуклонное следование ей. Сегодня Франция находится на высоком уровне развития. Она всегда была разной и сегодня отличается тонкостью своей дипломатии и особенностями внешней политики. И поэтому каждый дипломат должен в некоторой степени быть знакомым с её дипломатией, и применять для дальнейшей деятельности в этой области. Как уже говорилось выше, Франция - одна из великих держав в мире. Это одна из стран “Большой семерки”, а также страна-член ЕС и многих других ведущих организаций в мире. Такие страны, как Франция определяют международную обстановку.

Текст научной работы на тему «ECONOMIC DIPLOMACY OF FRENCH EMPIRE»

ПОЛИТИЧЕСКИЕ НАУКИ

_ЭКОНОМИЧЕСКАЯ ДИПЛОМАТИЯ ФРАНЦУЗСКОЙ ИМПЕРИИ

Сейтенова Асылана Алибековна

Магистрант факультета международных отношений

Уханьский Университет Китайская Народная Республика

ECONOMIC DIPLOMACY OF FRENCH EMPIRE

Seitenova Assylana, MA Student of International Relations Wuhan University, China

АННОТАЦИЯ

Дипломатия - это не внешняя политика, а всего лишь средство для ее достижения, не отделимое от нее. Это совокупность принципов и кодексов поведения, - способности, основанные на исторической культуре, наблюдательности и умении осмысливать события, понимание собеседника и верная формулировка того, что необходимо сказать - все, что дает возможность найти точное определение той или иной политики и обеспечивает неуклонное следование ей.

Сегодня Франция находится на высоком уровне развития. Она всегда была разной и сегодня отличается тонкостью своей дипломатии и особенностями внешней политики. И поэтому каждый дипломат должен в некоторой степени быть знакомым с её дипломатией, и применять для дальнейшей деятельности в этой области.

Как уже говорилось выше, Франция - одна из великих держав в мире. Это одна из стран "Большой семерки", а также страна-член ЕС и многих других ведущих организаций в мире. Такие страны, как Франция определяют международную обстановку.

ABSTRACT

Diplomacy is not foreign policy, but only the means for achieving it and not separable from it. It is a set of principles and codes of conduct, - the capacity, based on historical culture, observation and the ability to comprehend events, understanding of the interlocutor and impeccably true of what to tell-everything that gives you the opportunity to find a precise definition of any given policy and provides a steady adherence to it.

France today is at a high level of development. It always was different and today is also different with subtlety of its diplomacy and peculiarities of the foreign policy. And this being so, every diplomat needs to some extent to be familiar with its diplomatic structure and to take it as an example for further activities in this field.

As mentioned above, France is one of the great powers in the world.

It is one of the countries of "Great Seven", as well as member-country of EU and many other leading organizations in the world. Such countries as France define the international situation.

Ключевые слова: Франция; экономическая дипломатия; международные отношения; Французская Империя; Вестфальский договор.

Keywords: France; economic diplomacy; international relations; French Empire; The Peace of Westphalia.

In order to be strong, the country should have a developed economy.

If until the 19th century the Foreign Ministry did not pay enough attention to the economy, it's because was never made the connection between it and foreign policy. While the criterion of a strong state in the international arena is the economy. The first attempts of establishing diplomatic relations of France are associated with the name of Louis IX (1226-1270), when France became one of the most influential states in Europe. During the reign of Louis's IX grandson Philip the Fair (1285-1314) the foundation for all future French diplomacy laid. The Philip's reign was marked by a large number of negotiations, which had the purpose of either preventing war or stopping them, either territorial acquisition. Earlier diplomatic relations with foreign countries was limited to the rare and short-term missions. The negotiations were conducted mostly orally. Only during Philip IV routine diplomatic relations

had written and the Embassy had become more frequent [3, p.170].

Louis XI (1461-1483) is one of the founders of modern diplomatic art. Indeed, this king was a consummate diplomat, not only for his time. In the struggle for the extension of possessions, Louis before to bring the case to a military confrontation, often resorted to negotiations, during which used various tricks and intrigues, not stopping at bribery, deceit and treachery. In order to know the true situation of affairs in the state, Louis travelled around the country. In plain clothes, without a retinue, the king was walking on the streets and struck up conversations with people of different classes. None of the sovereigns before Louis XI not treated so contemptuously to chivalrous military glory. The French king did not trust the military happiness, because he was afraid to lose in case of unsuccessful battle, the fruits of many years efforts. "Diplomacy is the art of harnessing the power" [1].

The 16th c. for France was an age of civil turmoil, the 17th c. became the century of its hegemony on the continent. Summing up the bitter experience of the past century, European politicians and diplomats have formulated provisions, which bore the character of international principles. And despite the fact that these principles are often violated by one or another European state, they formed the basis of establishment of regulations regarding international relations. Such a "normative" character had the ideas of "natural borders" and the "political balance". These principles were adhered by the king of France Henry IV, his principal assistant Sully, Cardinal (from 1622) and first Minister (1624-1641) Richelieu [3, p. 243].

By the end of 1620, the French government had the opportunity to participate more actively in international affairs, which induced Richelieu to action. The trading companies had organized by him to conduct business with the overseas territories were not effective, but the protection of strategic interests in the West Indian colonies and Canada has opened a new era in the creation of the French Empire.

After the Richelieu's death foreign policy of France was in the hands of the Cardinal (from 1641) and first Minister (from 1643) Giulio Mazarin. To the speedy conclusion of peace Mazarin was inspired by the inner-political circumstances. So, after a series of diplomatic victories and tricks for the benefit of France, October 24, 1648 Peace of Westphalia was signed, which ended the all-European conflict- Thirty Years' War. Peace of Westphalia marked the beginning of the history of European congresses. Final peace terms were signed in Münster on 24th October 1648, where shortly before it came authorized from Osnabrück. The result of the Peace of Westphalia was Europe's territorial changes. France received Alsace (excluding Strasbourg) and consolidated its previously purchased three bishoprics Metz, Toul and Verdun. The French requirement of "natural boundaries" was thus to be realized. The political fragmentation of Germany was fixed. Both branches of the Habsburgs, Spanish and Austrian-had been weakened. The Peace of Westphalia was a triumph of the policy of Richelieu, in spite the Cardinal was no longer alive. It is Mazarin, who became the successor of his policy. He stood in power in the period of registration of a peaceful environment in Osnabrück and Münster and later signed the Treaty of the Pyrenees with Spain (1659). This treaty, by which France acquired part of Luxembourg, Roussillon, Artois and Hennegau, had prepared the hegemony of France in Europe. The principles of "political balance", put forward during negotiations in Münster and Osnabrück provided the political predominance of France. The Empire virtually ceased to exist, thus the most dangerous enemies of France has been eliminated [3, p.248-252].

The trade was the main content of international economic relations during this period. This was true primarily in states that depended on trade and navigation, as to them foreign policy objectives were primarily commercial. France in the 15-17 centuries actively participated in international trade relations. However, for countries such as France foreign affairs were the most complete expression of high politics. Nevertheless, the history of France is replete with treaties for the protection of persons, trade agreements, with the aim to use economic levers to achieve political goals. So trading began to play a large role in many complex relations of diplomatic and political characters of big

policy. Consequently, the protection of the trading activity was one of the most important diplomat's duties. In this period diplomatic agreements of an economic nature of France with other countries were often accompanied by a demonstration of force. However, since the 16th century agreements based on a policy of international exchange and reflecting the economic power of the signatory states appeared. Precisely in the 16th century permanent embassies and customs agencies emerged. In modern times diplomats helped entrepreneurs for their active support, which was a natural extension of their duties. It was not enough just to protect compatriots in danger, to stipulate the guarantee that they can safely do business, but also teach diplomats to support, encourage, push them in a prominent place and respectively to rebuild diplomatic services. From the 17th century the consuls became the official functionaries of European states, which were charged with the duty to help domestic merchants abroad [2, p.41].

From the former Mazarin's assistants Jean Baptiste Colbert (1619-1683) especially moved after his death. He was General Controller of Finance since 1665. This somewhat vague post have not been formally elevated him above the other ministers, but because at that time the most important state issue was the state of finances, Colbert acquired a leading position in the government.

In order French nobles did not spend money on foreign goods, Colbert encouraged the manufacture in France of mirrors and lace on the Venetian pattern, stocking — English, cloth — Dutch, copper products in German. Something was done to facilitate sales of goods of French manufacture in France itself by destroying part of the internal customs, tariff reductions, significant improvements of roads and river ways. In 1666 — 1681 the Canal du Midi was dug, linking the Mediterranean Sea with the Atlantic Ocean. On the contrary, the acquisition of foreign goods was extremely difficult by special laws against foreign luxury goods, especially customs tariffs, so elevated in 1667 that the importation into France of foreign products has become almost impossible.

For the purpose of maintenance and development of export of goods from France Colbert had established a monopoly trading company (the East India, West India, Levantine, etc.), contributed to the construction of a large trade (or military) fleet, of which France before him had. It is not without reason considered one of the founders of the French colonial Empire. In India when Colbert had captured Pondicherry and some other items as a support base for the spread of French influence, encounter the shocking, however, is an overwhelming rivalry of other powers (England and Holland). In Africa the French had occupied Madagascar, and many other items. In North America, was founded a vast colony on the Mississippi river — Louisiana, as well as continued enhanced colonization of Canada and the Antilles.

In the 18th century with the aim of expanding markets, coupled with the hopes of improving the political relations of France and England, a trade treaty between two countries was drafted. The contract as a result of enhanced activity of diplomatic services was signed in 1786. Nonetheless later followed complaints about the agreement, which went into decline French textile industry, led to the termination of the agreement in 1792. This and other trade agreements signed in that period, left a deep trace, as it marked the

beginning of the independent existence of economy in the parallel to policy [2, p.35].

During the reign of Louis XIV the Commercial Code (1673) was developed in France, first defined the duties of the consuls. At the same time the systematic collection of diplomatic documents were begun and the state political archive created. In 1712 the first Diplomatic Academy was established.

From 1793 all the important diplomatic issues-negotiations, appointment of agents and their surveillance-were concentrated in the hands of the Committee of Public Meetings. The Committee maintained a semiofficial diplomatic relations with Turkey, Sweden, USA, Denmark, Geneva, Switzerland, Genoa and Algeria. According to the decree from 5 December of the same year, all diplomacy was formally placed in the hands of the Committee. Diplomatic personnel had been cleared of counter-revolutionaries. The Foreign Ministry was transformed into the Commission on Foreign Affairs headed by the Commissioner Bouchot, entirely depended on Committee's. Important role in organizing the diplomacy of the Committee had played a network of agents. Initially in this network the number reached 45 agents, then their number reached 120. But for organization such work a lot of money needed, what France of that period was lacking [3, p.389-390].

In 1797 Talleyrand was appointed as the Minister of Foreign Affairs. Yet in 1792 he ran errands for the Girondists, but just in case, secretly served the Royal Court. The first period for Talleyrand's activity at the head of the diplomatic service was unsuccessful in almost all areas of foreign policy of Directory. He made a lot of mistakes, but managed to keep the impact on international relations in Europe. Having suffered several diplomatic defeats, the Prince Perigord became more cautious and balanced in conducting a foreign policy in the subsequent.

During the Directory Talleyrand made a number of changes in the organization of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Incidentally, he restored the institution of consuls. Before the revolution consuls of the French monarchy (often most natives of noblemen, alien to the interests of trade) were not always adequately protected the interests of the french merchants, for example, in the East they only followed the regulation of petty trade; therefore, in the

first years of the revolution french merchants pressed for the replacement of their elected commissioners. During the Jacobin dictatorship in the foreground were standing political issues. The consulates were subordinated to the political departments of the Ministry. Their functions were mixed with activities of political agents of the Republic. Talleyrand restored the consular bureau at the Ministry. The main task of the consuls was the protection of trading interests of the french merchants and collection of commercial information. After the coup d'état of the eighteenth Brumaire, the consuls became known as "the commissioners for commercial relations", as the name "consul" has acquired a political meaning [3, p.398].

Talleyrand and Bonaparte had hoped to use the Alliance with Russia to ensure French domination in Germany, to guarantee her borders on the Rhine and finally saving the rivalry of Austria and Prussia, to deprive them of their political and military advantages. Paul I counted, together with the French, to dispose the German land.

In the mid of 19th century the consulates more highly ordered to submit reports about the economy and trade relations of France with the countries of their stay. In 1885 some consuls were assigned on temporary duty by commercial part. In 1906 the first commercial attaché was appointed in London and at the same time the first financial attaché appeared. The formation of these special services was a new phenomenon in diplomacy around the world. It marked the emergence of a new form of diplomacy-economic [2, p.42].

Having studied diplomacy and diplomats of France, we can conclude that as long as the policy of the state will not coincide with its interests, and the head of state or a group of people who are the creators of its policies, will not put the differences between public and personal politics, then there will be no development within the country and therefore it will not be influential in their external relations.

Sources

1. http://www.allmyquates.com/themes/diplomacy

2. Gyu Carron de la Carriere. La diplomatie economique: Le diplomate et le marche. Moscow, 2003.

3. The history of diplomacy. Moscow, 2006.

i Надоели баннеры? Вы всегда можете отключить рекламу.