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НАУЧНЫЙ ЖУРНАЛ « IN SITU »
ISSN (p) 2411-7161 / ISSN (e) 2712-9500
№1 / 2023
которого намного меньше размеров отражаемого объекта и расстояния до него. Если свет проходит через узкую щель, закон прямолинейного распространения света нарушается, и точное изображение света не формируется. Тень возникает после полутени. Эта ситуация тем эффектнее, чем уже работа: полутень работы становится больше.
Закон несхождения световых лучей означает, что световые лучи не взаимодействуют друг с другом там, где они пересекаются. Пересечение лучей не влияет на их распространение, то есть пересекающиеся лучи продолжают свой путь без каких-либо изменений. Пересекающиеся световые лучи освещают область, на которую они падают, как если бы они не пересекались. Этот закон справедлив для лучей малой интенсивности. В точке, где пересекаются световые лучи очень высокой интенсивности, возникает явление, называемое перекрестной модуляцией. Эффекты пересекающихся лучей меняются после пересечения.
Список использованной литературы:
1. A.C. Белановский. Основы биофизики в ветеринарии. - М: ВО. Агропромиздат, 1989.
2. Б.В. Бондарев, Г.Г. Спирин. Курс общей физики. - М: Высшая школа, 2005.
© Аннаев Т., Аннакова Г., Ханова О., 2023
Batyrova Jennet Shajayevna,
lecturer
Turkmen State Energy Institute Ashgabat, Turkmenistan
ECOLOGY OF WIND POWER PLANTS
Annotation
Wind energy is a field of energy that specializes in using wind energy, that is, the kinetic energy of air masses in the atmosphere.
Keywords:
wind energy, kinetic energy, power station.
Аннотация
Ветроэнергетика - это область энергетики, которая специализируется на использовании энергии ветра, то есть кинетической энергии воздушных масс в атмосфере.
Ключевые слова: энергия ветра, кинетическая энергия, электростанция.
Wind energy is a field of energy that specializes in using wind energy, that is, the kinetic energy of air masses in the atmosphere. Wind energy is a renewable form of natural resources because wind generation is dependent on the activity of the Sun. Wind energy is a booming industry. At the end of 2008 alone, 120 gigawatts of energy were produced by all wind generators, a sixfold increase compared to 2000.
Human civilization has been harnessing wind energy since the Middle Ages. Building windmills to grind wheat is the first simple approach to harnessing wind energy. But mills were powered by hand or water, so their productivity was low.
"Until the middle of the 16th century, mankind used mills that were placed on the seat. But the strong
АКАДЕМИЧЕСКОЕ ИЗДАТЕЛЬСТВО «НАУЧНАЯ АРТЕЛЬ»
winds were able to overturn the whole mill. In the middle of the 16th century, a Flomandes invents a new method of milling. In his windmills, only the roof moves so that it can be changed in the direction of the wind, while the rest of the house is stable" (K. Marx. "Machines: harnessing natural forces").
The mass of the bench mill was limited because it was operated by hand, and therefore its productivity was limited. The improved mills were called chatroly.
In the 16th century, water-absorbing stations working on hydromotors and windmills began to be built in European cities: 1526 AD - Toledo, 1542 AD - Gloucester, 1582 AD - London, 1608 AD - Paris and others. In the Netherlands, many windmills pumped water from fields bounded by stations. Those fields were later used for agriculture. In arid regions of Europe, windmills were used to irrigate fields.
The first modern wind power station was built in Crimea in 1931, its capacity was 100 kW.
Modern wind generators operate at wind speeds from 3-4 m/s to 25 m/s. The power of the wind generator depends on the area occupied by the generator blades. For example, the turbines of the Danish company Vestas with a capacity of 3 MW have a total height of 115 m, a shaft height of 70 m and a blade diameter of 90 m.
In 2002, Enercon installed a 4.5 MW E-112 wind turbine. Until December 2004, this turbine was the largest in the world. In December 2004, the German company Repower Systems installed a wind generator with a capacity of 5.0 MW. The diameter of its wings is 126 m, the height of the tower is 120 m, and its weight is 200 tons. In late 2005, Enercon increased its wind turbine capacity to 6.0 MW. The diameter of the wings was 114 m and the height of the tower was 124 m. Clipper Windpower currently operates a 7.5 MW wind turbine.
The three-blade and half-shaft type of rotor are the most common types of wind generators in the world, but two blades are also found. Work is now underway to build wind generators of orthogonal construction, that is, generators with a vertical axis of rotation. According to calculations, orthogonal generators are capable of operating even at lower wind speeds.
Coastal zones are promising for the use of wind energy. Offshore wind power plants are being built in the sea, 10-12 km from the coast. Wind generator towers are placed on pile foundations. Other types of underwater foundations can be used, for example, the floating type. The first floating wind turbine was built in December 2007 by Technologies BV. The 80 kW wind turbine was built at a depth of 108 meters, 10.6 nautical miles off the coast of Southern Italy. On June 5, 2009, Siemens AG and Statoil built the first commercial wind turbine with a capacity of 2.3 MW.
In 2008, the total global wind power capacity grew to 120 GW. In 2007, wind power plants around the world produced 200 billion kWh of electricity, which is 1.3% of the world's electricity production. In 2008, 400,000 people were employed in the wind energy industry, and the world market for wind energy equipment was worth 36.6 billion euros, or 46.8 billion US dollars. In 2007, 61% of all wind farms operating in the world were concentrated in Europe, 20% in North America and 17% in Asia.
In 2005, wind energy accounted for 3% of the EU's electricity consumption. In 2007, Germany's wind farms produced 14.3% of the country's electricity. In 2007, 20% of Denmark's electricity came from wind power. In 2005, India got 3% of its electricity from wind. In 2007, wind power generated 48 billion kWh of electricity in the United States, or 1% of the nation's electricity that year. Portugal and Spain received about 20% of their electricity from wind at some point in 2007, and on March 22, 2008, Spanish wind power produced 40.8% of all the energy produced in the country. References:
1. Durdyev S. K. Public ecology. - Study guide for students of higher educational institutions. - Ashgabat, 2004.
2. The method of development of wind energy cadastre. G. M. Krzyzhanovsky. Izd-vo AN USSR, 1963.
© Batyrova J.S., 2023
