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sampling depth on the performance of a transfer function using an independent test-set from four Sphagnum-dominated sites in European Russia (Penza Region). We focus on transfer function performance along localised hydrological gradients, which is a useful analogue for predictive ability through time. The performance of the transfer function with the independent test-set was generally weaker than for the leave-one-out or bootstrap cross-validations. However, the transfer function was robust for the reconstruction of relative changes in water-table depth, provided the presence ofgood modern analogues and overlap in water-table depth ranges. When applied to subsurface samples, the performance of the transfer function was reduced due to selective decomposition, the presence of deep-dwelling taxa or vertical transfer of shells. Our results stress the importance of thorough testing of transfer functions, and highlight the role of taphonomic processes in determining results. Further studies of stratification, taxonomy and taphonomy of testate amoebae will be needed to improve the robustness of transfer function output. This research was funded by the Russian Scientific Fund (grant 14-14-00891) and grant ofthe President of Russian Federation (MD-7930.2016.4).
CELL COAT EVOLUTION AND PHYLOGENY OF DACTYLOPODID AMOEBAE (AMOE-BOZOA, DISCOSEA) Udalov Ilya A.
DepartmentofInvertebrate Zoology, Faculty ofBiology, Saint-Petersburg State University, Universitetskaya nab. 7/9,199034 St. Petersburg, Russia chlamydophrys@gmail.com
An amoebae order Dactylopodida was established on the base ofthe results of the molecular phylogenetic analysis. To date it includes genera Vexillifera, Cunea, Pseudoparamoeba, Korotnevella, Paramoeba and Neoparamoeba. All representatives of this order share the ability to form non-furcating finger-shaped subpseudopodia (dactylopodia), which considered as morphological synapomorphy for this group. Up to now all these genera were distinguished by morhological features: peculiarities of locomotive form, presence or absence of kinetoplastid endo-symbiont (Perkinsela amoebae-like organism, or PLO) and structure ofthe cell coat. The details ofthe cell coat evolution in Dactylopodida are still unclear. Recent studies shown that situation with generic distinctions in this group actually is much more complex. One of the studied species formally fits the diagnosis of the genus Korotnevella, because it has scales and lacks PLO. At the same time its
18S rRNA gene sequence robustly groups with Pseudoparamoeba pagei (which lacks both PLO and scales) and never branches among those of Korotnevella spp. Thus the situation described above shows that to the moment the boundary between two genera Pseudoparamoeba and Korotnevella can be correctly drawn only on the basis of 18S rDNA sequence. Our data probably mean that actually the presence of scales is a primitive feature for a whole clade, which unifies genera Pseudoparamoeba, Korotnevella, Paramoeba and Neoparamoeba. Within this group scales retained in some species and lost in others.
ECOLOGICAL STUDY OF THRAUSTOCHY-TRIDS (LABYRINTHULEA, STRAMENO-PILES)
Ueda M.12, Doi K.12, Nomura Y.3, Nakajima M.4, Honda D.32
1 - Graduate School of Natural Science, Konan University, Japan
2 - Institute for Integrative Neurobiology, Konan University, Japan
3 - Faculty of Science and Engineering, Konan University, Japan
4 - Research Institute ofEnvironment, Agriculture and Fisheries, Osaka Prefecture, Japan dhonda@konan-u.ac.jp
Thraustochytrids have been recognized as important decomposers in the marine ecosystem. However, in many cases, this recognition is based on the short investigation of the biomass of whole thraustochytrids without distinguishing the species. In this study, we investigated the seasonal changes of biomass and species composition ofthraustochytrids by continuous monitoring at river mouths and coastal areas in Japan for five years. Remarkable peaks of cell numbers of the thraustochytrids were observed in early summer and/or summer at the river mouths. This phenomenon was named "thraustochytrid spikes". Thraustochytrid biomass didn't correlate with chlorophyll a, but it seemed that the peaks occurred after the decrease in salinity. This phenomenon probably suggested that the thraustochytrid biomass is affected by the supply of the terrestrial organic matter from river water. Although thraustochytrid biomass was only 1.59% that of bacterial biomass, the fixed energy (as biomass) transferred directly from thraustochytrids to zooplankton was estimated to be 15.9% of that transferred from bacterioplankton via phagotrophic protists. Moreover, a clear seasonal succession of thraustochytrid species was repeatedly observed every year. However, species composition differs
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between the river mouths and coastal areas. It is suggested that habitat segregation occurred among these species and was caused by the environmental factors and the differences ofutilization ofterrestrial or marine organic matter.
ANALYSES OF PHOTOSYNTHETIC OXIDATIVE STRESS RESPONSES IN HERBIVOROUS UNICELLULAR ORGANISMS Uzuka Akihiro12, Hirooka Shunsuke2, Fujiwara Takayuki12, Kanesaki Yu3, Yoshikawa Hirofumi3, Miyagishima Shin-ya12
1 - The Graduate University For Advanced Studies [SOKENDAI]
2 - National Institute of Genetics
3 - Tokyo University of Agriculture, Japan auzuka@nig.ac.jp
Photosynthesis generates reactive oxygen species (ROS) which destroy biomolecules. It is known that photosynthetic organisms, such as plants and algae, have strategies to cope with the photosynthetic oxidative stress to perform photosynthesis safely. When unicellular predators, such as amoebae, feed on photosynthetic organisms under illumination, they are probably exposed to ROS that are generated by engulfed prey during digestion. The aim of my study is to examine whether the algal predators are really exposed to oxidative stress, and if so, to understand how they cope with the photosynthetic oxidative stress. To this end, I have isolated amoebae that feed on both photosynthetic and non-photosynthetic bacteria from marsh. From them, I chose three amoebae which were evolutionally distantly related. These amoebae were co-cultured with the cyanobacteria or E. coli under dark or light condition and I measured ROS generated by engulfed photosynthetic prey and examined transcriptome changes of amoeba cell. The results show that singlet oxygen, which is believed to be the main ROS produced by photosynthesis, is generated in amoeba by engulfed photosynthetic prey under illumination but not in dark condition or during predation of non-photosynthetic prey. On the other hand, higher level ofhydrogen peroxide is produced under illumination than under dark condition regardless ofthe photosynthetic ability ofprey. Even if they are evolutionally distantly related species, three species of amoebae exhibited similar pattern of transcriptome changes. Now, I am conducting some assays to investigate whether phenomena which are predicted based on transcriptome changes are really occur.
IRON SULFUR CLUSTER ASSEMBLY IN AMITOCHONDRIATE OXYMONAD MONOCERCOMONOIDES
Vacek Vojtech1, Karnkowska Anna2, Cepicka Ivan3, Novak Lukas1, Treitli Sebastian1, Zubacova Zuzana1, Hampl Vladimir1
1 - Department of Parasitology, Charles University in Prague, Faculty ofScience, Czech Republic
2 - Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, V6T 1Z4, Canada
3 - Department of Zoology, Charles University in Prague, Faculty of Science, Czech Republic vacek3@natur.cuni.cz
Oxymonads are a group of anaerobic or micro-aerophilic protists living in guts of insects and vertebrates. They are the only group of eukaryotes without mitochondrion, however in their closest free-living relative Paratrimastix pyriformis have been found organelles which are morphologically ntsimilar to hydrogenosomes. Concomitantly with the absence of mitochondrion, Monocercomonoides lacks classical mitochondrial ISC system for synthesis of Fe-S clusters. Instead, subunits of SUF system were found in genome and transcriptome of Monocercomonoides: SufB, SufC, SufS and SufU. All these proteins contain well conserved catalytic sites which are needed for their function in FeS cluster assembly. Heterologous localization of SufB and SufC in Trichomonas vaginalis expression system showed cytosolic localization. We have also found subunits of SUF system in transcriptomic data from Paratrimastix pyriformis and two other members of Preaxostyla — oxymonad strain NAU3 distantly related to Monocercomonoides and isolate MORAITICA, the deepest branching lineage of Preaxostyla available at the moment. Phylogenetic analyses of SUF subunits showed that all preaxostyla SUFs forms single clade, which is clearly distinct from clades of other eukaryotes — proving that common ancestor of all known Preaxostyla acquired SUF system by horizontal gene transfer independently from other eukaryotes. To prove that SUF subunits are indeed functionally active in Monocercomonoides we have performed several complementation experiments in E. coli. Preliminary experiments with complementation proved that SufB of Monocercomonoides can substitute SufB of E. coli in synthesis of Fe-S cluster and therefore SUF system is functionally active in Fe-S cluster assembly. Heterologous localization of SufB and SufC in Trichomonas vaginalis expression system showed cytosolic localization. Our results indicate that Monocercomonoides is the first known
