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Ukrainian Journal of Ecology
Ukrainian Journal ofEcology, 2020, 10(3), 69-75, doi: 10.15421/2020_135
ORIGINAL ARTICLE
Ecological impact of phytoinvasions in Ukraine
V.V. Konishchuk1, I.V. Solomakha1, O.V. Mudrak 2, H.V. Mudrak3, O.B. Khodyn4
Institute of Agroecology and Environmental Management NAAS of Ukraine, 12 Metroiohichna St.,
Kyiv, 03143, Ukraine,
2Vinnytsia Academy of Continuing Education, 13 Hrushevskyi St., Vinnytsia, 21050, Ukraine, 3Vinnytsia National Agrarian University, 3 Soniachna st., Vinnytsia, 21008, Ukraine, 4Natural reserve "Medobory", 21 Mitskevycha St., Hrymaiiiv, Ternopiiska obiast, 48210, Ukraine
Corresponding author E-mail: ov mudrak@ukr.net Received: 02.06.2020. Accepted: 12.07.2020
By the decision of the United Nations Conference on non-native species (Trondheim, Norway, 1996), an obligation was made to conduct comprehensive studies of adventitious plants, animals and microorganisms, to develop regional strategies to control their introduction and distribution. The ecological problem of the expansion of advents has the second place in the conservation of biota after the destruction of ecotops of their existence. An interdepartmental working group on invasive alien species has been established at the Ministry of Ecology and Natural Resources of Ukraine. The list of invasive species of flora of Ukraine is discussed and includes from 40 to 100 species (Acer negundo L., Ambrosia artemisffoiia L., Amorfa fruticosa L., Asclepias syriaca L., Azoiia caroiiniana Willd., Cenchrus longispinus (Hack.) Fernald, Conyza canadensis (L.) Cronq., Echinocystis iobata (Michx.) Torr. et A. Gray, Eiaeagnus angustffoia L., Elodea canadensis Michx., Padus serotina (Ehrh.) Ag., Quercus rubra L., FaUopia sachalinensis (F. Schmidt) Ronse Decr., Robinia pseudoacacia L., SoUdago canadensis L., etc.). There are 215 species with highly invasive ability in total, of North American and Asian origin. Environmental hazards are quarantine, allergenic plants, transforming species that transform the local landscapes. A feature of invasive plants is their high adaptation, performance, intensive distribution, competition. Therefore, the environmental effects of phytoinvasions are very significant, especially for protected areas. Aboriginal vegetation cover varies, rare local species displaced. The most vulnerable are aquatic ecosystems, meadows, steppes, forests, coastal coasts. Less phytoinvasions in mountain regions (Carpathians, Crimea), sphagnum bogs (Polissia). Thus, given the high environmental risks of phytoinvasions, it is necessary to develop a strategy for invasive adventitious species of Ukraine. Priority measures relate to the prevention of spread, eradication, control and monitoring of phytoinvasions.
Key words: Alien plants; Invasions; Ecology Safety; Ukraine
Introduction
One of the priority tasks of biodiversity conservation is to conduct comprehensive studies of random plants, animals and microorganisms, control their introduction and distribution. The environmental problem of advent expansion currently ranks second in the world in biota conservation after the destruction of ecotopes of their existence (Mudrak, 2012-2013; Nagorniuk, Mudrak, 2017). The Global Strategy on Invasive Alien Species is based on contributions from the team leaders of the eleven main components addressed under Phase I of the Global Invasive Species Programme. This strategy summarizes key findings of the Phase I Synthesis Conference held September 2000 in Cape Town, Republic of South Africa and presents ten strategic responses that address mitigating the threats of invasive alien species. Directed toward the decision-makers whose policies and practices are affecting the movement of species around the world, this Strategy strives to provide a resource to increase awareness and provide policy advice. GISP has produced other volumes for more specialized audiences; these volumes provide detailed information and guidance to those interested (McNeely et al., 2001).
The ecological problem of the advents expansion is in the second place of the biota conservation after the destruction of ecotops of their existence. Article 8 (h) Parties to "prevent the introduction of, control or eradicate those alien species which threaten ecosystems, habitats or species" (Convention on Biological Diversity). The characteristics alien plants in Ukraine: adaptation to the different conditions of the environment; active distribution (antropo-, zoochory); good vegetation growing, reproduction, independence from the mutualist; the stability of the seeds reserves; the role of the life strategy. The causes of the phytoinvasions are different: introduction, transport, accidental settlement, migration from botanical gardens, agriculture, forestry and water management and etc. The hypothesis phytoinvasions: Enemy Release, Escape from Enemies, Evolution of Increased Competitive Ability, Novel Weapon (Blossey and Notzold, 1995). The barriers: geographical, ecological, reproductive, distribution, coenoses (Kennedy & al., 2002). Phytoinvasions are the special type of the biological contamination. More than 1000 of adventives species are listed in the Ukrainian flora now. Nowadays a lot of scientists are studying the phytoinvasions in Ukraine, namey V.V. Protopopova, R.I. Burda, S.L. Mosyakin, A.S. Mosyakin, M.V. Shevera, O.S. Abduloeva, O.O. Ivashchenko, B.H. Prots, L.B. Zub, L.V. Zavialova, N.A. Pashkevych, B.I. Vykhor, M.S. Prokopuk, and V.V. Konishchuk. There are different groups of invasive plants in Ukraine:
a) Species from the Europe, good naturalized, in stage of the expansions: Acer negundo L., Acroptllon repens (L.) DC. (quarantine), Aiianthus aitissima (Mill.) Swingle, Ambrosia artemisiifoiia L. (quarantine), Amorpha fruticosa L., Azoüa fllliculoides Lam., Bidens frondosa L., Cenchrus longispinus (Hack.) Fernald. (quarantine), Echinocystis iobata (Mixch.) Torr. et A. Gray., Grindeiia squarrosa
(Pursh.) Dunal., Helianthus tuberosus L., Heracleum mantegazzianum Sommier et Levier, Iva xanthiifoiia Nut., Padus serotina (Ehrh.) Ag., Fallopia sachalinensis (F. Schmidt) Ronse Decr., F. japonica (Houtt.) Ronse Decr., Soiidago canadensis L.
b) Species with the broader ecological amplitude: Elodea canadensis Michx., Elodea nuttaiiii (Planch.) St. John., Impatiens glandulifera Royle, Fallopia x bohemica (Chrtek et Chrtkova) J. P. Bailey, Robiniapseudoacacia L., Soiidago serotinoides A. L. et D. L.
c) Local, naturalized species: Amaranthus a/bus L., A. retroflexus L., Anisantha tectorum (L.) Nevski, Artemisia annua L., Asclepias syriaca L., Azolla caroiiniana Willd., Cannabis ruderaiis Janisch., Cardaria draba (L.) Desv., Centaurea diffusa Lam., Conyza canadensis(L.) Cronq., Cuscuta campestris Yunck. (quarantine), Eiaeagnus angustifoiia L., Gaiinsoga ciiiata (Rafin) Blake, Impatiens parvifiora DC., Xanthium aibinum (Widder) H. Scholz.
The origin of the invasive plants species in Ukraine are North America (the south-east, north-east, orient), East Asia (Japan, Korea, China), tropical and subtropical America, Caucasia, and the Middle East.
An interdepartmental working group on invasive alien species has been established at the Ministry of Ecology and Natural Resources of Ukraine (Kyiv, January 16, 2019).
In 2019, the National Strategy on Invasive Alien Species of Flora and Fauna in Ukraine for the period up to 2030 was developed. But, unfortunately, the lists of invasive plants and animals have not yet been officially adjusted and finally not approved. Only quarantine species have a legal status (the List of Regulated Pests, approved by the order of the Ministry of Agrarian Policy and Food of Ukraine dated August 4, 2010 No. 467 "On Amendments to the List of regulated Pests". Measures in accordance with the Law of Ukraine "On Plants Quarantine" are being held).
Material and Methods
In the deductive approach to perception of the scientific problem of phytoinvasion analysis and synthesis have been used. Typical environmental, botanical, geobotanical research methods have been applied. A bibliographic review of classical and recent international and Ukrainian sources have been conducted (Elton, 1958; Callaway, 2000; Mooney and Cleland, 2001; Rejmanek et al., 2005; Foxcroft et al., 2013; Protopopova et al., 2003; Burda et al., 2015; Konishchuk et al., 2016-2020). The provisions of international conventions and strategies (Convention on Biological Diversity; European Strategy on Invasive Alien Species; Heywood and Sharrock, 2013; Ivashchenko and Burda, 2014), the current legislation, and the Ukrainian regulatory framework have been taken into account.
Definitions, terms and concepts have been used in accordance with international practice (Richardson & al., 2000). The Latin names of plants are indicated according to generally accepted systematics (Mosyakin, Fedoronchuk, 1999) and a Web resource The International Plant Names Index (http: //www .ipni.org/).
Results and Discussion
Decision No. 1143/2014 of the European Parliament of 22th October 2014 on the prevention and management of the introduction and spread of invasive alien species approved the requirements for risk assessment, procedures for the prevention of penetration of such species into the territory of the EU, the rapid identification and removal of new invasive alien species, the management of species that are already widespread in the EU, the responsibility of individual countries and civic engagement, etc. This document states that 12000 alien species are distributed in the European region, 10-15% of which exhibit invasive properties. The List of Invasive Alien Species for EU countries was agreed (Regulation (EU) 2016/1141).
The National Strategy on Invasive Alien Species of Flora and Fauna in Ukraine for the period up to 2030 was developed in Ukraine. Prevention of the invasive alien species spread and control of the introduction of such species into natural ecosystems, including marine ones, is one of the tasks of the Basic Principles (Strategy) of the State Environmental Policy of Ukraine for the period up to 2030, approved by the Law of Ukraine of February 28, 2019, No. 2697 / VIII. There are 830 (~1000) plant species in Ukraine that are considered alien (adventitious), 85 of which are highly invasive. Phytoinvasions have a significant negative impact on the natural environment, as well as involve a loss in agriculture, forestry, waterworks systems, fisheries, tourism and recreation. The harm to people's health from individual invasive, quarantine plants, as well as allelopathic effects on local indigenous flora has been proved (Hierro, 2003). In addition to biotic contamination and landscapes transformation phytoinvasions violates the ecosystems structure, changes natural successions, promote the spread of diseases. Therefore, the purpose of the National Strategy is to improve the state environmental policy in order to prevent penetration and control of the introduction of invasive alien species into natural ecosystems, eliminate and mitigate (minimize) the adverse effects of such species. The priority measures of the Strategy implementation are: scientific and experimental research; development of criteria for an invasive status designation for a species; creating a list of invasive species; database of invasive alien species by taxonomic groups; guidelines; information and educational campaigns; educational programs; information exchange; inclusion into state strategic documents; formation of the regulatory base; approving methods; updating the quarantine list; approving the criteria of invasive species and assessing their impact; approval of the list; development and approval of action plans; measures in the objects of the nature reserve fund; definition of responsible executors. Therefore, it is necessary to develop and approve the National Action Plan for the implementation of the National Strategy.
An annotated list of Ukrainian adventitious plant species with high invasive capacity was first developed in 2003 (Protopopova et al., 2003). The list included plant species with a high naturalization level, which showed biogeographic and cenotic activity. 27 species were assigned to archeophytes, and 58 - to neophytes. At the meeting of the Interdepartmental Working Group on Invasive Alien Species under the Ministry of Ecology and Natural Resources of Ukraine, the feasibility of 40-70 plant species listing as Invasive was discussed. The final version of the list was not agreed. However, the consensus of inappropriate inclusion of naturalized widespread archeophytes, some ruderal, segetal, residential, annual plant species was found.
100 invasive alien species of vascular plants, the most harmful for phytodiversity on the protected areas of national importance of Ukraine, are given as a brief compendium of three lists: Black (17), Grey (50) and Watch (33) (Zavialova, 2017). However, some suggested species are not appropriate to be included in the National List.
Local invasive species should be considered separately. The list of 31 invasive plants for the Transcarpathian region of Ukraine was approved by the Regional Council decision (Shevera & al., 2017). Quarantine, allergenic, aggressively distributed plant species call for special attention. Taking into account the literature data as well as our own expeditionary and experimental research, we provide a refined Ukrainian Invasive Alien Plants List (Table 1). The List includes 215 species of 66 families. From the main invasive
species of Ukraine, 10 families prevail: Asteraceae, Poaceae, Rosaceae, BBrassicaceae, Fabaceae, Scrophulariaceae, Apiaceae, Amaranthaceae, Hydrocharitaceae, and Tiiaceae - 122 species (57%). Other others include 93 (43%) species (Figure 1).
Table 1. Ukrainian Invasive Alien Plants List.
№ FAMILY Species total
1 Acoraceae Acorus calamus L. 1
2 Amaranthaceae Amaranthus albus L., A. biitoides S. Watson, A. poweiiii S. Watson, 4
A. retrofiexus L.
3 Anacardiaceae Cotinus coggygria Scop. 1
4 Apiaceae Bupieurum fruticosum L., Conium macuiatum L., Heracieum 4
mantegazzianum Sommier et Levier, H. sosnowskyiManden.
5 Araceae Pistia stratiotes L. 1
6 Aristolochiales Aristoiochia ciematis L. 1
7 Asclepiadaceae Asciepias syriaca L. 1
8 Asteraceae Acroptilon repens (L.) DC., Ambrosia artemisifoiia L., Anthemis 55
arvensis L., A. cotuia L., Artemisia annua L., A. veriotiorum Lamotte,
Bidens frondosa L., Carduus acanthoides L., C. nutans L., Centaurea
diffusa Lam., C. so/stitia/is L., Cyc/achaena xanthifoiia (Nutt.) Freser,
Conyza canadensis (L.) Cronqist, Centaurea diffusa Lam., Cichorium
intybus L., Conyzanthus graminifoiius (Spreng.) Tamamsch.,
Erechtites hieracifoiia (L.) Raf., Erigeron annuus (L.) Desf., Gaiinsoga
cliiata (Rafin) Biake, G. quadriradiata Ruiz et Pav., Gaiiiardia
puccheiia Foug., Giebionis coronaria (L.) Cass. ex Spach., Grindeiia
squarrosa (Pursh) Dunai, Heianthus annuus L., H. tuberosus L., H.
subcanescens (A. Gray) E. Watson, Heianthus x iaetffiorus Pers.,
Heliopsis heiianthoides (L.) Sweet, Iva xanthiifoiia Nut., Lactuca
serrioia L., Onopordum acanthium L., Phaiacroioma annuum (L.)
Dumort. P. septentrionale (Fernaid et Wiegand) Wagenitz, P.
strigosum (Muehi. ex Wiiid.) Tzvelev, Senecio cineraria DC., S
tataricus Less., S. viscosus L., S. vulgaris L., Siiphium perfoiatum L.,
Sonchus arvensis L., S. oieraceus L., S. asper (L.) Hiii,
Symphyotrichumxsaiignum (Wiiid.) Nesom, Symphyotrichum
ciiatum (Ledeb.) Nesom, S. novae-angiae (L.) Nesom, S. nov--beigii
(L.) Nesom, Soiidago gigantea Aiton, S. canadensis L., S.
serotinoides A. L. et D. L., Verbesina enceiioides (Cav.) Benth. et
Hook. ex A. Gray, Xanthium abbinum (Widder) Schoitz et Sukopp, X.
itaiicum Miretti, X. pensyivanicum Wallr., X. spinosum L., X.
strumarium L.
9 Azoiaceae Azoia caroiniana Wiiid., A. fiicuioides Lam. 2
10 Baisaminaceae Impatiens gianduiifera Royie, I. parvifiora DC. 2
11 Boraginaceae Anchusa officinaiis L. 1
12 Brassicaceae Brassica campestris L., B. napus L., Bunias orientais L., Cardaría 11
draba (L.) Desv., Capseia bursa-pastoris (L.) Medik., Lepidium
densffiorum Scharad., L draba L., L ruderaie L., Sinapis arvensis L.,
Sisymbrium loeseliiL., S. voigenseM. Bieb. ex Fourn.
13 Buddiejaceae Buddieja davidii Franch. 1
14 Cactaceae Opuntia engeimannii Salm-Dyck subsp. indheimeri (Engeim.) U. 2
Guzman et Mandujano (O. indheimeri Engeim.), O. humifusa Raf
15 Caesaipiniaceae Cercis siiiquastrum L., Gieditsia triacanthos L. 2
16 Cannabaceae Cannabis sativa L., C. ruderais Janisch. 2
17 Caprifoiiaceae Lonicera etrusca Santi, Symphoricarpos albus (L.) S. F. Biake, 3
Viburnum tinus L.
18 Caryophyiiaceae Saponaria officinaiis L. 1
19 Ceiastraceae Ceiastrus orbicuiatus Thunb., C. scandens L. 2
20 Chenopodiaceae Chenopodium album L., Kochia scoparia (L.) Schrad., Salsola tragus i 3
21 Combretaceae L. Rudbeckia hirta L., R. iaciniata L. 2
22 Crassuiaceae Petrosedum rupestre (L.) P.V. Heath 1
23 Cucurbitaceae Bryonia alba L., Echinocystis iobata (Michx.) Torr. et A. Gray, 3
Thaiadiantha dubia Bunge
24 Cuscutacea Cuscuta campestrisYunck., C. cesatiana Bertol., 2
25 Eiaeagnaceae Eiaeagnus angustifoiia L., Hippophae rhamnoides L. 2
26 Euphorbiaceae Acaiypha austrais L., Euphorbia davidii Subils 2
27 Fabaceae Amorpha fruticosa L., Caragana arborescens Lam., Lupinus 7
poiyphyiius Lindi., Robinia pseudoacacia L., Trifoiium hybridum L.,
Vicia angustifoiia, V. viiiosa Roth
28 Fagacea Quercus Hex L., Q. rubra L. 2
29 Geraniaceat Geranium sibiricum L. 1
30 Grossulariaceae
31 Hydrocharitaceae
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
48
49
50
51
52
57
58
59
60 61
62
63
64
65
Iridaceae
Juglandaceae
Juncaceae
Lamiaceae
Lemnaceae
Leguminosae
Malvaceae
Moraceae
Myrtaceae
Nyctaginaceae
Oleaceae
Onagraceae
Oxaiidaceae
45 Pinaceae
46 Papaveraceae
47 Poaceae
Polygonaceae
Portulacaceae
Rhamnaceae
Resedaceae
Rosaceae
53 Rutaceae
54 Saiicaceae
55 Sapindaceae
56 Scrophulariaceae
Simaroubaceae
Solanaceae
Typhaceae
Thymelaeaceae
THiaceae
Ulmaceae Valerianaceae Verbenaceae Vitaceae
66 Zygophyllaceae
Ribes uva-crispa L. 1
Elodea canadensis Michx., E. nuttaiiii (Planch.) H. St. John., Egeria 4 densa Planch., Valiisneria spiralis L.
Sisyrinchium angustifoium Mill. 1
Juglans cinerea L., J. mandshurica Maxim., J. regia L. 3
Juncus tenuis Willd. 1
Ballota nigra L., Lamium abbum L., L. purpureum L. 3
Lemna turionifera Landolt 1
Sarothamnus scoparius (L.) Koch. 1
Alcea rosea L. 1
Ficus carica L. 1
Eishottzia cíiiata (Thunb.) Hyl. 1
Oxybaphus nyctagineus (Michx.) Sweet 1
Fraxinus ornus L., F. pennsyivanica Marshall, Syringa vulgaris L. 3 Oenothera biennis L., O. depressa Greene 2
Xanthoxaiis diiienii(Jacq.) Holub, X. corniculata (L.) Small, X. stricta 3 L.
Larx decidua Mill., L sibirica Ledeb., Pinus strobus L. 3
Fumaria schleichen Soy.-Will., F officinaiis L., Papaver rhoeas L. 3 Anssantha diandra (Roth) Tutin, A. sterilis (L.) Nevski, A. tectorum 20 (L.) Nevski, Avena fatua L., Digitaria sanguinalis (L.) Scop., Bromus arvensis L., Cenchrus longispinus (Hack.) Fernald, Cynodon dactylon L., Echinochloa crus-gali (L.) P. Beauv., Eragrostis minor L., E. pilosa (L.) P. Beauv., Eragrostis suaveoles A. Becker ex Claus, Hordeum leporinum L., H. murinum L., Phragmites a/tissimus Mabille, Setaria glauca (L.) P. Beauv., Setaria pumila (Poir.) Roem. et Schult., S. viridis (L.) P. Beauv., Zizania iatifoiia (Griseb.) Turcz. ex Stapf., Z. aquatica L. Rumex obtusifolius L. Portulaca oleraceae L. Rhamnus alatemus L. Reseda lutea L.
Amelanchier canadensis (L.) Medik., A. spicata (Lam.) K. Koch, Crataegus sanguinea Pall., C pinnatifida Bunge, C. coccínea L., C. crus-gaiii L., Malus domestica Borkh., Padus serotina (Ehrh.) Agardh., P. virginiana L., Physocarpus opuiffoiius (L.) Maxim., Rosa rugosa L., Sorbaria sorbffoia (L.) A. Braun
Ptelea trifoliata L. 1
Salix fragilis L. 1
Acer negundo L. 1
Antirrhinum majus L., Cymbalaria muraiis G. Gaertn., B. Mey. et 5 Scherb., Paulownia tomentosa Steud., Veronica persica Poir. ex Lam., V. fifformisSmith
Aianthus attissima (Mill.) Swingle 1
Lycium barbarum L. 1
Typha iaxmannii Lepech. 1
Daphne laureola L. 1
Fallopia x bohemica (Chrtek et Chrtkova) J. P. Bailey, F. 4 sachalinensis (F. Schmidt) Ronse Decr., F. japonica (Houtt.) Ronse Decr., F convolvulus (L.) A. Love
Celtis occidentaiis L., Ulmus pumila L. 2
Centranthus ruber (L.) DC. 1
Verbena officinalis L. 1
Parthenocissus inserta (A. Kern.) Fritsch, P. quinquefoiia (L.) 3 Planch., Vitis vinifera L.
Peganum harmala L. 1
I 215
Figure 1. Dominant families of invasive plant species in Ukraine.
The first two families (Asteraceae, Poaceae) of phytoinvasive species are dominant and inherent in physic-geographical zones of Ukraine.
Some species reveal sporadic, spontaneous invasions in agrolandscapes, near transport routes (Portuiaca oieracea L., Saponaria officinalis L., Cannabis sativa L., C. ruderaiis Janisch.). Introduced species in forestry (Larix decidua Mill., Pinus strobus L., Ptelea trffoiiata L., Ulmus pumila L.) do not always reveal active invasiveness, but need to be monitored and further explored. Some species (Acorus calamus L., Bidens frondosa L., Juncus tenuis Willd., Salix fragiis L., Typha iaxmannii Lepech.), although considered invasive, are naturalized in Ukraine and do not carry significant threats.
Some species reveal local invasions (Centaurea diffusa Lam., C. solstitiais L., Opuntia engelmannii Salm-Dyck subsp. indheimeri (Engelm.) U. Guzman et Mandujano (O. indheimeri Engelm.), O. humffusa Raf, Peganum harmala L., Fraxinus pennsylvanica Marshall, Paulownia tomentosa Steud., Symphyotrichum ciiatum (Ledeb.) Nesom, S. novae-angiae (L.) Nesom, S. novi-belgii (L.) Nesom, Syringa vulgaris L., Xanthium itaicum Miretti. Therefore, these species should be included in the upcoming regional invasive alien species lists.
It should be clarified that invasions of aboriginal forest species (Acerpiatanoides L., Crataegus sp. L., Juniperus communis L., Pinus sy/vestris L.), as well as aquatic plant species (Stratiotes abides L., Trapa natans L.) appear in Ukraine. As a result of combined changes, ecosystems transformations, their structure and autochthonous change take place. The phytoinvasions mass distribution results in negative phenomena namely reservoirs eutrophication, meadows and steppes sylvatisation, boreal landscapes mesophytisation. Phytoinvasions are on full display in agrolandscapes, near transport infrastructure and ecotons areas (valleys, shores, forest bands). Transformed ecotops (drained peat bogs, fallows, agrolandscapes, irrigation canals, pastures) are the most vulnerable to phytoinvasions. Often phytosanitary, agrochemical, biotechnical measures are not effective in invasive alien plants control. Such works are generally limited in objects of the nature reserve fund, which often leads to valuable areas degradation. Aquatic ecosystems are the most vulnerable. Invasive species from the hydro-helophyle ecosystems: Acorus calamus, Amorpha fruticosa, Azoia iculoides, A. caroiniana, Bidens frondosa, Cenchrus paucffiorus, Echinocystis iobata, Eichornia crassipes, Eiodea canadensis, E. nuttaiW, Heracleum mantegazzianum, H. sosnowskyi, Juncellus serotinus, Juncus tenuis, Pistia stratiotes, Vaiisneria spiralis, Zizania latffoia, Z. aquatica. The species Pistia stratiotes L., formerly exotic for Ukraine, has now spread in the Dniester River lowlands, in the rivers Dnipro and Siverskyi Donets. Invasive species of Amorfa fruticosa L. and Echinocystis Iobata (Michx.) Torr. et A. Gray essentially transform the coasts (Figure 2). In addition to the degradation of aquatic ecosystems econiches, phytoinvasions cause decrease in populations or the disappearance of rare hydrophytes, which are included in the Red Data Book of Ukraine (2009), all together, for example Aidrovanda vesiculosa L., Salvinia natans(L.) All.
Changes in weather and climatic conditions, reducing livestock inventory, the cutting reducing contribute to the afforestation of meadows and steppe areas. At the same time shrubs and trees are actively spreading, replacing the rare meadow and steppe species (Figure 3).
Figure 2. Echinocystis Iobata. Figure 3. Spreading shrubs: Crataegus sp.
River Sluch, Rivnenska oblast "Medobory" Natural Reserve, Ternopilska oblast
(2015, Konishchuk V.V.) (2019, Konishchuk V.V.)
The mass distribution of Elodea canadensis Michx., Stratiotes aloides L. and other hydrophytes causes an eutrophication of reservoirs, their waterlogging and the rare plants extinction (Figures 4 and 5).
Figure 4. Eutrophication. River Udai, Figure 5. Eutrophication. River Tsyr,
Chernihivska oblast (2017, Konishchuk V.V.) Volynska oblast (2011, Konishchuk V.V.)
The rivers are very vulnerable to phytoinvasions, particularly those within the ecological corridors of the Emerald Ecological Network (Solomakha et al., 2020). Monitoring of phytoinvasions in agriculture should be carried out taking into account agroecological zoning (Konishchuk, 2018). The most dangerous are quarantine, allergenic phytoinvasive plants, transformer species, intensively distributed with allelopathic properties and high competitiveness. Some phytoinvasions change the structure of vegetations, invasive species are difficult to remove from phytocoenoses (Figure 6).
Figure 6. Padus serotina (Ehrh.) Ag., Heracleum sosnowskyi Manden., Soiidago canadensis L., Eiaeagnus angustffoia L. (photo by Konishchuk V.V.).
Conclusion
Invasive plants areas in Ukraine are actively expanding. Three natural zones (Forest, Forest-Steppe, Steppe), two mountain systems (Carpathians, Crimea) and two specific regions (Transcarpathia, Sub-Mediterranean zone of the south of Crimea) contribute to the distribution of a significant proportion of adventitious and invasive plant species. The part of naturalized archeophytes is now almost impossible to destroy, this is the case for species Eiodea canadensis Michx., Juncus tenuis Willd., Saix fragiis L. and more. It is appropriate to regulate the expansion of trees in forest ecosystems (Fraxinuspennsyivanica Marshall, Gieditsia triacanthos L., Padus serotina (Ehrh.) Ag., Quercus rubra L., Robinia pseudoacacia L.), because in some regions it is real. For meadow and steppe ecosystems it is important to carry out biotechnical measures on the invasive shrubs and trees removal. For aquatic ecosystems it is necessary to clean up the streambeds, to remove biomass of the advents.
Mountain regions (Crimea, Carpathians), in particular the highlands, as well as the sphagnum bogs of Polissia are the most resistant to phytoinvasions. This is due to extreme natural conditions, tougher competition for environmental niches, isolation from the transport routes, infrastructure.
The primary tasks in the implementation of the National Strategy on Phytoinvasions are: the approval of the species list; inventory and monitoring of distribution centers; management plans for biotechnical, phytosanitary efforts (primarily in the objects of the nature reserve fund, near settlements); rehabilitation of disturbed phytocoenoses and transformed landscapes; preventive measures to keep new species from spreading; international, economic, regulatory and legal influencing mechanisms; extension of scientific research, educational and informational activities.
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Citation:
Konishchuk, V.V., Solomakha, I.V., Mudrak, O.V., Mudrak, H.V., Khodyn, O.B. (2020). Ecological impact of phytoinvasions in Ukraine. Ukrainian Journal of Ecology, 10(3), 69-75.
I yhjg yyQ^ ¡s licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0. License
