CC BY
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MEDICINE AND PSYCHOLOGY
DYNAMICS OF PSYCHO-EMOTIONAL STATE, SELF-ACTUALIZATION AND SUBJECTIVE CONTROL LEVEL OF DIVORCED WOMEN IN ORDINARY LIFE CIRCUMSTANCES AND IN CIRCUMSTANCES
OF PSYCHO-CORRECTIONAL INFLUENCE
Abstract
The analysis of psycho-emotional state, self-actualization and subjective control level of divorced women in ordinary life circumstances and in circumstances of psycho-correctional influence was made in the article.
Keywords
divorced women, psycho-emotional states, psycho-pathological symptomatology, anxiety, depression, psycho-social stress, self-actualization, subjective control level, maladjustment, posttraumatic growth
AUTHOR
Helen Evgenyevna Falyova
PhD, associate professor, Associate Professor, Department of Scientific Bases of Management and Psychology, Kharkov National Pedagogical University named by H.S. Skovoroda, Kharkov, Ukraine. E-mail: lena_f5@list.ru
Formulation of the problem.
Family is complex system of people's interaction. Destruction of this system, divorce, loss of the confidence in protection, stability leads to the stresses, family and psychological maladjustment. Divorce in modern European family from the position of psychology is not just disintegration of marital relations, but also destabilization of whole life style. Mental maladjustment is considered, from one side, as relatively short situational state which is result of influence of new, unusual stimulus of changed surrounding that is signalizing about violation of equilibrium between mental activity and needs of surrounding and encourage to preadaptation. In such case maladjustment is necessary compound component of adaptation process which is
shown at the stage of sharp mental reactions of entrance. Maladjustment also can be considered as enough strong, complete mental state which is shown in inadequate reaction to the behavior of person and is caused by functions of psyche at the limit of its relational and compensational abilities or in over limited regime. If we say about frustrated conditions of marital life, maladjustment to such conditions is shown in nervous-mental instability, breach of psycho-emotional state. That is why studying of divorce phenomenon, its influence to the emotional state, personal self-realization of women and abilities of psycho-correction is very important and actual.
Purpose of studying is to make an analysis of psycho-emotional state, self-actualization and subjective control level of divorced women in normal conditions of surrounding and during psycho-correctional influence.
Methods and ways of experiment making.
In order to reach provided goal there were studied divorced women at the age of 29-56 years and total numbers of 104 persons in 2010 - 2015 years. Psycho-correctional work [7] was done with 68 women. The group of comparison contains 36 women who refused from the psycho-correctional work. Received results were worked out with help of U-criteria by Mann-Whitney (Mann-Whitney U-test). Control studying of divorced women was conducted with help of methods: questionnaire of psychopathologic symptomatology expression by Derogatis (Simptom Check List'90'Revised SCL-90R), scale of psychosocial stress by L.Rider, hospital scale of anxiety and depression (HADS) (A. S. Zigmond, R P. Snait), self-actualization test (CAT) (Yu.Ye. Aloshina, L.Ya. Gozman, M.V. Zagika, M.V. Kroz), test "Subjective control level" (Ye.F. Bazhin, S.A. Golynkina, A.M. Etkind).
Results.
Analysis of received results by indicators of psycho-pathological symptomatology of divorced women, who refused from the communication with psychologist, show that during whole period of studying prevail women with low and middle level of somatization, and these indicators became worse but changes are not statistically meaningful. By scale of obsessive-compulsive disorders were marked indicators of low and middle level with prevail low level. During studying these indicators of divorced women, who refused from the communication with psychologist, didn't improve statistically meaningfully.
Scale of interpersonal sensitiveness showed prevails of low and middle level. During studying these indicators became worse but not statistically meaningfully. Division of levels by the scale of depression (psychopathologic symptomatology) is conducting by middle and low levels with not meaningful advantage of middle one and this situation becomes worse though not statistically meaningfully. Low level of anxiety (psychopathological symptomatology) is prevailing over middle meaningfully. Analysis of control section show that indicators of anxiety (psychopathological symptomatology) became lower and these changes are statistically meaningful (p>0,020).
At the beginning levels of hostility were divided between low and middle with prevailing of low level. During studying indicators of hostility of divorced women, who refused from the psychocorrection, remain without changes. Indicators of phobic anxiety and psychoticism had preferably low level at the beginning and they had not changed during studying. Firstly low level of paranoid symptomatology was prevailing and these indicators became better during studying but not statistically meaningful.
By scale of additional questions at first division was done to low and middle levels with prevailing of low one. Control section show not meaningful worsening of these indicators. Indicators of general level of mental distress became worse also, but not statistically meaningful.
Analysis of hospital scales of anxiety and depression show that at first division was more or less equally at the level of subclinical anxiety and depression, norm and clinical anxiety and depression with prevailing of subclinical level of anxiety and norm by the indicator of depression. During studying in group of divorced women, who refused from the psycho-correction, level of depression (hospital scale) remain without changes and indicators of anxiety (hospital scale) became better and these changes were statistically meaningful (p>0,019).
Primary indicators of psycho-social stress were at the middle and high levels with prevailing numbers of women with middle level. During our research such situation has not changed. Thus by scales of psychopathological symptomatology, anxiety, depression and psychosocial stress in group of divorced women, who didn't agree to participation in psycho-correction, were noticed statistically meaningful changes by indicators of anxiety only. All other changes were occurred heterogeneously and at the level of trends.
Analysis of self-actualization show that by indicators of competitiveness in time, sensitiveness, human's nature, sociability, creativity and hostility of changes practically didn't happen. Thus divorced women stay at the elementary, not high level of inability to live by present, to feel and to reflect own needs and feelings, to perceive human's nature positively, abilities to establish deep and tight emotional contacts. Such women, as it was earlier, show negative affective state of anger, aggression and irritation. In group of divorced women, who refused from the communication with psychologist, was noticed negative dynamics by scales indicators of support, value orientations, behavioral flexibility, self-respect, self-accepting, synergy, aggression accepting. Positive, but not statistically meaningful, dynamics was noticed by indicators of spontaneity and cognitive needs. Primary indicators of general internality show prevailing quantity of divorced women with middle and high levels and with meaningful prevailing of middle level. Control psycho-diagnostics show not meaningful improvement of general internality level.
Analysis of psycho-emotional state, self-actualization and subjective control level of divorced women, with who was made psycho-correction, didn't notice negative changes. All indicators have changed positively and such changes were statistically meaningful (p > 0,001).
Discussion.
N.I. Olifirovich, T.A. Zinkevich-Kuzemkina, T.F. Velenta (2006) notice that crisis character of divorce is caused by duration and soreness of family members experiences and by its destabilizing influence to whole family system [5]. A. Maslow proposed model of family relations disintegration which includes seven stages: 1. Emotional divorce is caused by destruction of family life illusions, feeling of dissatisfaction, alienation, fear, despair and so on; 2. Time of thoughts and despair before divorce which is accompanied with pain, anger, fear, inconsistency of feelings and actions, shock, feel of emptiness and chaos; 3. Juridical divorce - relations of spouses may include conflicts, threatening or pursuit of negotiations; partner may feel self-pity, helplessness, feel of despair and anger; 4. Economical divorce; 5. Balance setting between parental responsibility and right for custody. Basic goals of this stage is creation of new relations between parents and child and also finding of self-esteem and independence feeling; 6. Time of self-research and come back to equilibrium after divorce. Basic problem of this period is loneliness, presence of ambivalent feelings: hesitation, optimism, regret, curiosity, excitation, joy, sorrow and so on. There is beginning search for new friends, spheres of activity, is forming new life style and so on; 7. Psychological divorce is at the emotional level: accepting of relations disintegration fact, stabilization of emotional state, study of negative feelings, connected with divorce; at the cognitive-behavioral: readiness for actions, self-reliance, feeling of self-worth, emergence of feeling of independence and autonomy, search for new objects of love and readiness to new relations formation [2].
H. Kubler-Ross (2001) proposed modification of loss experience model in order to describe stages of divorce. L.B. Shnejder (2006) wrote that divorce in model of Kubler-Ross is the death of relations, which evoke different but almost always painful feelings [8]. According to model of Kubler-Ross sequence of events is next: 1. stage of objection, 2. exasperation, 3. negotiation, 4. depression, 5. acceptance [3]. By S. Dack was proposed model of process of emotional relations disintegration which includes four phases: intra-mental (internal), inter-mental (between partners), social (other people are attracted) and phase of "treatment" (intra-mental again) [1].
J.A. Lee proposed own conception which describes disintegration of emotional relations and emphasized 5 phases: 1. perception of dissatisfaction, 2. demonstration of dissatisfaction, 3. negotiation, 4. decision making, 5. transformation of relations. Wherein researcher notices that process of disintegration may be directed not to the break of relations but to their transformation. The most common strategies of behavior in situation of divorce are: aggressive, manipulative and accepting [8].
L.B. Shneyder (2006), studying the problem of divorce, underline that during year after divorcing the risk of illnesses of divorced increases for 30% [8, p. 635]. Divorced patients most of all complain to headaches, genitourinary disorders and skin diseases. They visit psychiatrist in 6 times more often. A.Rosenfeld explains that interaction in crisis, critical situation between brain, nerve and immunity systems is violated. During 14 months after stress quantity of immunity cells reduces and risk of disease increases [6, c. 338-339]. Beside that we should notice that after divorce situation may be complicated by different circumstances. Despite of view liberalization
to the divorce, there are stereotypes according to which divorced women have lower social status than married. Because of that after divorce they may face negative reactions in own social environment. It may lead to critical worsening of situation in a future [5].
Most of studying, which are connected with influence of crises to the personality, is telling about negative effects, but an author of posttraumatic growth conception R.Tedeshy (2004) and L. Kelkhown in 1995 year put this term as meaning potential and alternative result of injury overcome during clash with difficult life crises. Researchers revealed five spheres of human's life in which could be shown posttraumatic growth: searching for new opportunities in life; feeling of growing personal strength; big closeness and appreciation to other people; realizing of life value in whole; growing interest to spiritual side of life [12]. This position is maintained and developed by S. Joseph, P. A. Linley (2006), who are describing conception of posttraumatic growth from the point of using it in clinical theory and practice; C. Peterson, N. Park, N. Pole, W. D'Andrea, M.E.P. Seligman (2008), Aaron Jarden (2009), M.Sh. Magomed-Eminov (2009), O. Tolkacheva (2013) [12, 10, 11, 9, 4].
R. G. Tedeschi, L. G. Calhoun (2004) underlined basic positions of their conception: widespread belief that injury leads to mental disorders should not be replaced by belief that injury leads to posttraumatic growth, rather destructive personal experiences exist with process of growth at the same time; variety of difficult life situations, in which is staying human, and high individuality of those processing, reactions and changes, which they are provoking very often we may consider in context of positive changes; posttraumatic growth is not just turn back to previous level of functioning after injury, this process becomes the experience of deep self-improvement for some people; conception of posttraumatic growth supposes qualitative changes and transformation of personality unlike conception of personal persistence, finding of new meanings, optimism and stamina; it is wrong to consider growth as direct result of injury, posttraumatic growth is a result of human coping with new posttraumatic reality and in many ways is determined by extended to coping efforts; posttraumatic growth is not end in itself for people who are struggling with difficult life circumstances and often is unexpected result even for themselves [12].
S. Joseph, P. A. Linley notice that traumatic circumstances may cause personal growth and positive changes. There are documental data which describe interconnections and background of posttraumatic growth, in particular such meaningful factors as stress resistance, individual peculiarities, selection of coping-strategies, optimism, extroversion, self-effectiveness which let to use internal spiritual and emotional resources for coping with injury and for further growth. Also it is noted the importance of social support [10].
Conclusion
Thus, analysis of results of studying show that psycho-correctional impact is changing meaningfully picture of psycho-emotional state dynamics, self-actualization and level of responsibility (level of subjective control) of divorced women comparing with ordinary circumstances of existence and let to get satisfactory and statistically meaningful results by all studying indicators.
In group of divorced women, who didn't agree to take part in psycho-correctional work, studying indicators did not change practically or became worse. An exception composes indicators of anxiety, which became worse and this changes are statistically meaningful.
Recommendations
Received results of studying are intended for use in work of practical psychologists, psychotherapists and other specialists, whose activity is connected with consulting of women in crisis states.
REFERENCES
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THE RESEARCH OF COGNITIVE PROCESSES (ATTENTION, MEMORY AND THINKING) OF WOMEN BEFORE, DURING AND AFTER PREGNANCY
Abstract
The paper describes the characteristics of cognitive processes and their change depending on the term of woman's pregnancy. The quantitative indices of the same women before, during and after pregnancy are compared.
Keywords
pregnancy, cognitive processes, attention, memory, thinking
AUTHOR
Maria Viktorovna Kazachikhina
head, the Center of Additional Professional Education, Ekaterinburg Academy of the Modern Art, Yekaterinburg, Russia. E-mail: kaz_mv@mail.ru
From the point of view of psychological science, the relevance of studying pregnancy as the initial stage of motherhood formation is explained by an ambiguous demographic situation, a conflict situation of woman's choice between family and professional activity, growth of cases of child's cruel treatment, numerous cases of conscious refusal from motherhood.
Motherhood is one of social female roles; therefore, even if the requirement to be a mother is put biologically, public norms and values have the defining impact on its contents and manifestation for each specific woman. Pregnancy, in turn, is considered as the critical period of woman's life of the woman, as a stage of sex-role identification, during which her consciousness and relationship with the world change. Not every woman, having known that she is pregnant, is able to refuse from work (education). The majority of them continue to work: 90% of pregnant women continue to work at a former place.
Today, despite numerous medical researches, there is the opinion that intellectual indicators and memory state of pregnant women considerably decrease and the women-employees do not cope with the functions. The same concerns pregnant students (they are offered to take the
