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17УДК 81'2 (410+44)
DISCOURSE ANALYSIS OF ANTITERRORIST COMMUNICATION IN GREAT BRITAIN AND FRANCE
© Alexandre B. Bouchev
doctor of Philology, Professor,
Tver State University
Russia, 170100, Tver, ul. Tchaikovsky, 70
E-mail: [email protected]
The article sums up the theories of linguistic persuasion in political discourse and makes an attempt to look at the reaction of French mass media towards the terrorist acts in France in 2015. The material under study is the discourse of French mass media in the Internet ( Liberation, Figaro, France-Soir, Monde) and French satellite television ( France 24). The methodological approach is represented by discourse analysis. Publicity and influence upon public opinion are the communicative effects of terrorism and their tactics and techniques of persuasion and threatening are not different from the rest of communicative phenomena that have been since long ago studied in rhetoric. The paper shows that in the globalised world the state of emergency mass media are the site for the nation-wide discourse of the state officials who are performing state PR in crisis situation. The paper singles out main recurrent lexico-semantic groups in the discourse of fighting terrorism. Keywords: discourse; mass media; terrorism; persuasion; communication.
1. POLITICAL COMMUNICATION IN MEDIA DISCOURSE STUDIES
Sources of available political communication for the so called generation of "digital natives" are multiple and include at least the following: О Vast resources of the Web; О Podcasts; О Wiki-resources; О Twitter; О Facebook; О E-lessons; О Webinars.
We are also to take into account that modern on-line media news texts are hypertext, multimedia, interactive and truly global. The figure of consumer, reader is changed for the role of co-producer, prosumer (consumer + producer), skilled at generating UGC= User Generated Content.
Doubtless, in modern era one cannot limit the communication by any national barriers. We are witnesses to the creation of the globalized society, shared civil values and global labor force market which cannot be limited or prohibited by national governments. Great is the role of unlimited communication and cultural exchange of different forms of mass, basic and professional culture. Of great importance for the globalization is the process of reading modern economic and political mass mediaBusiness Week Magazine, Fast Company, Forbes Magazine, Fortune, The Wall Street Journal, NY Times, The International Herald Tribune, The Financial Times (the addresses of the sites being multiple and not limited to www.bbc.co.uk, www.bloomberg.com, www.CBS.com)
Modern electronic media — Bloomberg TV, BBC World, CNN and so on. — help comprehend authentic global discourse texts and mentality. Our studies shed light upon modern communicative web blogging reality, linguistic and rhetoric characteristics of the texts in web 2.0. blogs. An entirely new approach is demonstrated by collaborative writing h peer-correction in the new generation of services. The subjects of such communication are digital natives tapping into vast resources of the Net, podcasts, sites, wiki-resourses, Twitter, Facebook, e-lessons, webinars, etc. Thus we speak about communicative, intellectual, informational and organizational competencies of prosumers need in modern epoch.
Due to the Internet and globalization, as well as to the development and worldwide distribution of satellite channels, prosumers can easily watch programs on BBC News, Euronews and Bloomberg TV Europe.Work realities for journalists have also changed: having demolished the once strong Iron Curtain, online media have turned into truly transboundary media. Contemporary prosumers know English which now performs as a New Latin of global media. At their disposal they have both on-line web-based multimedia and traditional news media posted on the Internet. The new generic features of mass media include hypertext links, multimedia, interactive techniques and transboundary characteristics.
New consumers have no difficulty orientating in multimedia content. Blogs on the web-sites of traditional media, once printed, introduce a new personage of a prosumer. The User Generated Content (UGC) is constantly moderated on media web-sites. Principles that a convergent editorial board adheres to in performing their work are continuous 24/7 monitoring of news lines.
2. LITERATURE SURVEY: DISCOURSE ANALYSIS STUDIES
The analysis of actual mass media and political discourse is in fact an exercise in political rhetoric, that goes back to the polemic practices of the antiquity. It is modernized having accumulated the ideas of critical analysis presented and elaborated in the works of G. Orwell, T. van Dijk, R. Wodak, the traditions of French School of History connected with "Annals" Journal and French discourse analysis (M.Pecheux, P. Serio, M. Foucault, deconstruction school, mediology research) and research in metaphor communication (G. Lakoff and M. Johnson). The global aspects of information technologies are tackled in the works of A. Toffler, M. Castells, R. Debre, M. McLuhan, E. Giddens, D. Bell, P. Drucker, Ch. Handy, G. Pocheptsov, O. Gaman-Golutvina, the researchers studying the sociology of mass communication and some others.
The monopoly of mass media on certain social positions and viewpoints presents the problem of public opinion as it is understood by P. Bourdieu. In this context the tradition of constructionism is rather noticeable. It is of interest to see the linguistic creation of many political problems, social programs, race, gender and sexuality problems. Much is spoken about social manipulation with the help of the social institution such as mass media. The first predictions in this context were made by A. Huxley and G. Orwell. In the "society of the spectacle" which is typical of the 21 century the whole world is the object of communication. Indeed it is quite right to maintain that thus the phenomenonology of communication ousts the phenomenology of life. The press has long since been accused of manipulating with the news, cynical managing the news on the sly, and the idea of television is linked with the opportunity
to perform visual supervision of the life of ordinary human beings. The experience of media is tackled in this way by some prominent researchers ant critics of mass media (e.g. N.Chomsky, D. Bolinger, H. Lasswell, U. Weinreich, P. Bourdieu). The critical attitude towards mass media discourse is shared by the Frankfurt School of Thought T. Adorno, U. Habermas).
The sociological studies discuss the global problems of spread of information form the standpoint of the theory of cultural imperialism as a variety of the theory of dependent development. The mythology in mass media is looked upon form the angle of critical discourse analysis. R. Blakar states that the language is the medium of social power, G. Debord emphasizes the role of the society of spectacle, these viewpoints are also voiced by P. Virilio. Any paper discussing the problems like those cannot but refer to the ideas expressed by G. Le Bon, G. Mead, Ch. Cooley, H. Lasswell, P. Lazarsfeld, J.-G. Tarde, H. Innis, M. McLuhan, C. Hovland, G. Gadamer. The impact of modern communication on the human experience looked upon in Toronto, Annenberg, Birmingham schools of media studies and also by such post-modernist thinkers like Baudrillard, Lyotard, etc. Sociologists discuss the functions of mass media, the concepts of public societal media, the forth power, the freedom of press, the role of mass media in creation of social perceptions and mass consciousness. Well known are four theories of press in mass sociology of communication: they are authoritarian ,libertarian, social responsibility, totalitarian theories. They actively discuss the problems of information law and mass media law and ethics. It is especially important because information warfare and dubious election campaigns have long since become characteristic of our epoch.
It is still not clear whether the real life communication and discourse bring these ideas to the forefront or theoretical studies contribute to purely practical analysis. The first problem under study relevant to our approach was the portrayal of the bombardments in Kosovo and their depiction in mass media and the Internet. Then the information warfare in the Northern Caucasian region contributed to the importance of the method and provided certain optics. Some woks of G. G. Pocheptsov helped explain the discourse typical of Orange Revolution in Ukraine in 2005 [Pocheptsov 2005]. A certain number of conclusions were reached looking upon the military and political rhetoric of the operation "Afghan Freedom" and "Invincible freedom" which were widely covered by global mass media. [Bouchev 2013, 2016]. The ethnic- and socially driven Paris riots gave thought too . The discussions of the British riots of 2011 contributed to the theory and the public policy also gave thought to discourse analysis. The researchers scrutinize public electoral campaigns in France and the USA which are widely discussed in the Internet . And the discussions in blogs are the new phenomenon. The very materials under study were the Indignados movement in Spain, the action "Occupy the Wall Street" and demos in Greece, the operations of annihilation of Hussein, Ben Laden, Gaddafi. The discourse of economic crisis and multicultural discourse also shed light upon the analysis like that . In theis contexts our research is also is devoted to social networks of popular customer-funded social mass media. Their role is evident in horizontal interaction and coordination in modern polycentric society and in anti-establishment forms of protest activity. The media under study are exploited by modern politicians because of the vast range of covered topics and varied audiences. This research demonstrates the emerging research field of political communication studies as a paradigm of modern political media studiesThese
studies sump up political communication approach as it combines linguistic, psychological and political studies approaches. The political communication approach sheds light upon campaign advertising and communication in the USA and France on the eve of presidential elections in 2016 and 2017.the latest fields in our studies are the discourse of the underrepresented and identity of migrants in the public discourse. It certainly represents a new phenomenon. The discourse about the economic crisis and the discourse of multi-culturalism also promote the development of categorical mechanism of discourse studies.
The judgment of the world of politics involves discourse studies and their progress from Z. Harris via T. Van Deik and R. Wodak to D. Yule, D. Brown, D. Shiffrin, D. Tannen, N. Fairclough, M. Yorgansen, etc. It is to be noted that according to the American tradition discursive is understood as practically neo-rhetorical and discourse studies are aligned with well-institutionalized rhetoric, rich in tradition and tools. In this regard quite representative are domestic discourse studies, i.e., the works of the Urals Group "Discourse-P" under the supervision of O.F.Rusakova; online magazine of discourse studies issued in Belgorod under the supervision of Ye.A. Kozhemiakin [Political Communication Science 2012; Political Discourse 2007].
In our research we showed the importance of nomination in political discourse, the usage of clichés as stereotyped expressions, the usage of axiological vocabulary, metaphors, euphemisms, repetitions, periphrases, complex terms evading clear cut definitions, manipulation with facts, expressing the opinion as objective knowledgeable phenomenon and some other obligatory characteristics of political discourse. The research is devoted to the problems of direct and indirect assessment in the texts. The artistic means of assessment need the adequate interpretative optics in the interpretative activity based on methodology. Our works illustrate the work of hermeneutic techniques of comprehension citing the examples of texts of different genres. We sum up typical linguistic and rhetorical characteristics of mass media political discourse.The paper is dedicated to the critical appraisal of the media discourse. The multimedia journalism is looked at as the catalyst of clichés and stereotypes. The third conveyer of multiculturalism is pop culture.
We think that it is necessary to study such types of discourse as social, economic, military, political, cultural, popular science, everyday life, etc. in media. After all, the term 'journalism' itself assumes a professional discussion of social problems using factographic methods. What is the media agenda? What are the stereotypes of viewing a situation? What is the basis for building a certain point of view? How are the viewpoints balanced? How do media reflect the state of their consumers or, alternatively, how do they construct their perception? To these questions the monographs mentioned above do not give any answer whatsoever.
Therefore the discourse investigators' approach appears logical. Only the deciphering of language signs, anchoring of the signified to the signifier will give us a chance to speak about the globalist and marginal discourse, about imposing its standpoint, about reflecting the socium and socio-constructive normalizing function of media discourse.
The main ideas are expressed in the book "Global media discourse and intercultural communication" [Bouchev 2016]. The book analyses the globalization of media content and dire necessity of the techniques of its comprehension. The theoretical
framework of mediatization of the social life (ubiquitous penetration of the media into the social practices) and the discourse studies actual for its analysis are shed light on.
3. MATERIAL UNDER STUDY
The studies of such complex phenomenon as terrorism are multidisciplinary. The fact that communication is aimed at creating panic in population proves it is a communicative phenomenon and gives enough reason to study it by communicative and discourse methods. The technologies of influencing public opinion are not different from the rest of the communicative phenomena. The reality is represented and recreated in political of different genres, but the phenomenon of mediatization — ubiquitous media penetration — makes it possible to consider mass media anti terrorist discourse to be the main representative of discourse under study.
In the present paper we are aiming at discussing, what linguistic characteristics of terrorism discourse are and how media actors react to recent terrorist attacks in Great Britain and France. The material cited below are taken from Internet sites of the maim satellite TV and newspaper sources.
Let us look at the fragment of the media text devoted to the description and discussion of terrorist attack in Manchester. Illustrative is the headline conveying the semantics of murder:
Manchester attack: 22 dead and 59 hurt in suicide bombing
The goes the picture that speks for itself with the following description:
Eight-year-old Saffie Roussos and Georgina Callander, believed to be 18, are among the dead
Its becomes clear that one cannot avoid informing about terrorism, but how should one avoid action in the interests of terrorists themselves! Because it is clear that these media messages bring publicity to the terrorists which is their aim.
Twenty-two people, including an eight-year-old girl, have been killed and 59 were injured in a suicide bombing at Manchester Arena, at the end of a concert by US singer Ariana Grande._
A man set off a homemade bomb in the foyer at 22:33 BST on Monday, in what Theresa May called a ".sickening" act.
Armed police have arrested a 23-year-old man in Chorlton, south Manchester, in connection with the attack.
The Queen is to hold a minute's silence at Buckingham Palace at 16:00 BST.
In just a few minutes the Internet is full of news and analytical materials:_
1. Special report on the bombing
2. What we know so far
3. Teenagers among the missing
The reaction to the terrorist attack on the part of state officials and political leaders is quickly demonstrated:_
Scotland's First Minister Nicola Sturgeon said police were in contact with Laura and Eilidh's families, adding: "It is hard for any of us to imagine the anguish that their families are going through right now.
"They are in our thoughts." Media captionTheresa May says the Manchester attack was an act of 'sickening cowardice'
In a statement in Downing Street on Tuesday, the prime minister said the bombing had been a "callous terrorist attack" that targeted "defenseless young people ".
The solidarity of response form the society is shown:
• World leaders have expressed solidarity with the UK, including US President Donald Trump, who called those behind the attack "evil losers"
• Exam boards are telling schools directly affected by the attack that they can re-arrange GCSE and A-level exams in the wake of the attack
• Take That are among a number a performers who have cancelled concerts "out of respect"
Let us cite a few lines from the article devoted to the reaction of the local community that states that the values of the local community will be those that help fight terrorism. The article is crowned with climax that is sure to influence public opinion:
They discuss the investigation, describe innocent victims. The floor is given to the relatives of those who fell victims to the terrorist attacks:
Emma Johnson, who went to pick up her children, aged 15 and 17, said: "The whole building shook. There was a blast and then a flash of fire afterwards. There were bodies everywhere."
Teenager Abigail Walker, who was at the concert, told the BBC: "I had to make sure I had my sister. I grabbed hold of her and pulled hard. Everyone was running and crying.
"It was absolutely terrifying."
The explosion happened shortly after Ariana Grande had left the stage and the 23-year-old actress-turned-singer, tweeted: "broken. from the bottom of my heart, i am so so sorry. i don't have words".
But our attention is completely drawn by the following line:
So-called Islamic State has said — via IS channels on the messaging app Telegram — it was behind the Manchester attack.
The analytical materials also predict further terrorist attacks:_
The UK threat level has been judged to be severe for nearly three years — which means an attack is considered highly likely.
But in recent months the tempo of counter terrorist activity has been increasing with — on average — an arrest every day.
After the attack in Westminster by Khalid Masood in March, police and security officials have been warning that further attacks were almost inevitable.
4 ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION
In our research we showed the importance of nomination in political discourse, the usage of clichés as stereotyped expressions, the usage of axiological vocabulary, metaphors, euphemisms, repetitions, periphrases, complex terms evading clear cut definitions, manipulation with facts, expressing the opinion as objective knowledgeable phenomenon and some other obligatory characteristics of political discourse. The research is devoted to the problems of direct and indirect assessment in the texts. The artistic means of assessment need the adequate interpretative optics in the interpretative activity based on methodology. Our works illustrate the work of hermeneutic techniques of comprehension citing the examples of texts of different genres.
Let us look at French media discourse dedicated to the recent terrorist attacks in France. The words of the then French president were multiplied by all main French media. These words were constantly reiterated in all the texts of the discourse under study.
They are repeated when curfew and the state of emergency are declared. The words war terrorism fight are semantic recurrences in media texts and political speeches and create the image of combating the news evil that targets out everyday social life»:_
La France fait face à «une guerre nouvelle»,une guerre «où la terreur est le premier but et la première arme», a affirmé Manuel Valls jeudi. «Nous sommes en guerre, pas une guerre à laquelle l'histoire nous a tragiquement habitué», a déclaré le premier ministre devant l'Assemblée nationale où le projet de loi prolongeant l'état d'urgence de trois mois est examiné. «Cette guerre nouvelle reste une guerre planifiée menée par une armée criminelle. Ce qui est nouveau ce sont les modes opératoires, les façons de frapper, de tuer, évoluent sans cesse». «C'est une guerre dont le front se déplace constamment et se retrouve au cœur même de notre vie quotidienne», a-t-il souligné, avant d'égrener plusieurs pistes de lutte contre ce terrorisme.
The support of this fight by different social strata and consolidation of society is achieved at political actions and in political discourse.
The actions taken by the deputies of the National Assembly a re in synch with the speeches — they declare the state of emergency:_
Les députés ont approuvé massivement jeudi matin, dans une atmosphère consensuelle et grave, l'article 1 du projet de loi prorogeant de trois mois (jusqu'à la fin
février 2016) l'état d'urgence, régi par la loi du 3 avril 1955, qui va être modifiée pour s'adapter à la lutte contre le terrorisme.
Illustrative are the assessments of the actions of the National Assembly by the establishment:_
Applaudi sur tous les bancs de l'hémicycle, bien garni pour un jeudi matin, Manuel Valls a pris la parole en ouverture de la discussion générale. Il a conclu son propos d'une trentaine de minutes en déclarant que «ce projet de loi, c'est la réponse d'une France forte, qui ne plie pas et qui ne pliera jamais». Le premier ministre a évoqué «une guerre nouvelle — extérieure et intérieure — (...) où la terreur est le premier but et la première arme (...) dont le front se déplace constamment et se retrouve au cœur même de notre vie quotidienne».
Constant is the information about military actions and they are justified by the great number of innocent victims of terrorism, the fight is portrayed ad ruthless and the enemy as fierce:_
Le ministère français de la défense a annoncé que l'aviation française avait de nouveau bombardé le fief de l'Etat islamique à Rakka, dans le nord de la Syrie, dans la nuit de lundi à mardi. Un centre de commandement et un centre d'entraînement ont été détruits. Dimanche soir, 10 chasseurs français avaient largué 20 bombes sur le fief de l'EI
Le président François Hollande a annoncé que la réponse de la France serait « impitoyable » après les attentats qui ont fait au moins 129 morts.
Of interest are the statement about the support of military actions on the part of many political leaders form different countries, e.g. the US secretary of Sate John Carry.
Mass media spread the news about criminals who have been captured:_
« Tout laisse à penser » que le groupe de personnes interpellées ou tuées mercredi 18 novembre lors d'un raid contre un appartement situé à Saint-Denispouvait commettre un nouvel attentat, a déclaré, mercredi soir, le procureur de Paris, François Molins.
Lors de l'opération, « une nouvelle équipe de terroristes a été neutralisée et tout laisse à penser que, au regard de leur armement, leur organisation structurée et leur détermination, ce commando pouvait passer à l'acte », a expliqué M. Molins lors d'une déclaration à la presse.
Let us pay attention to the given evidence like « Tout laisse à penser («All makes it think»), notable is the very modality of possibility in the aforementioned text.
Numerous are the news stories about the anti terrorist raids under the state of emergency. Many media sources of different political specter publish the portraits of the wanted suspects along with the reports about anti-terrorist activity of the police force in France and Belgium ( that is the instance of crisis PR of police during the state of emergency)._
LE FIGARO. — Que savez-vous avant de commencer l'assaut?
Jean-Michel FAUVERGUE. — Au départ, on nous a dit qu'il y avait trois personnes à l'intérieur. On pense qu'il y a une femme et deux hommes radicalisés.
Vous saviez que la femme portait un gilet explosif?
Oui, on savait que les terroristes étaient sans doute armés de kalachnikov et de gilets explosifs.
Abu Abdelhamid Abaaoud pouvait-il être présent?
On savait qu'il était peut-être là. Les autres services nous avaient transmis cette information.
Pouvez-vous nous raconter l'assaut?
L'assaut commence à 4h16 et il dure tout le temps du siège. On décide de faire une ouverture de porte à l'explosif car c'est généralement efficace et sidérant pour les gens qui sont à l'intérieur. Malheureusement, comme ça arrive quelques fois, ça ne marche pas bien. La porte blindée s'ouvre mal. On a du mal à rentrer et donc l'effet de surprise n'existe pas et très rapidement nos gars sont pris dans des échanges de tirs nourris. On riposte.
L'échange de tirs dure entre une demi-heure et trois-quarts d'heure. Des centaines de coups de feu sont échangés. Les terroristes ont également lancé des grenades offensives. Puis les tirs deviennent plus sporadiques, entrecoupés de périodes de feu plus intenses.
Après un long moment sans tir, on décide d'envoyer un chien pour qu'il fasse une reconnaissance des lieux. Malheureusement, Diesel, un chien d'attaque, est tué à la Brenneke.
On avait auparavant placé 6 tireurs d'élite devant les ouvertures, sur des immeubles aux alentours. L'un de nos hommes voit un des terroristes, lui demande de lever les mains. Il ne le fait pas. Le tireur d'élite tire. Le terroriste est touché mais continue de riposter à la kalachnikov. Les échanges de tirs continuent assez longtemps.
Puis la femme présente à l'intérieur envoie une longue rafale de tirs et s'ensuit une grande explosion. Les fenêtres, côté rue, volent en éclats. Un bout de corps, un morceau de colonne vertébrale, tombe sur une de nos voitures.
Mass media write about inundation of migrants that have come to the country along with the analysis of the situation of the lone wolves who sympathize with militant and terrorist Islam.
Thus for example the discuss the educational methods that help stop radicalization of young people:_
Structure pour jeunes radicalisés
«Une première structure pour jeunes radicalisés va être créée. Les financements sont prêts, le cadre juridique et le projet pédagogique en voie de finalisation. Le site sera choisi d'ici la fin de l'année. Les premiers admis pourront être des repentis, que nous mettrons à l'épreuve afin de mesurer leur volonté de réinsertion dans la durée», a annoncé le premier ministre.
The very possibility of incoming of migrant is questioned:_
Gérer le retour des djihadistes
En revanche, il est hors de question que les djihadistes français de retour de Syrie et d'Irak aillent dans ces structures. «Leur place est en prison. Un centre de déradicalistion ne peut pas être une alternative à l'enfermement carcéral», a dit Manuel Valls. «Nous voulons interdire à ces Français [partis faire le djihad] ou résidents en France de revenir sans y être expressément autorisés. Ce dispositif, qui complète ce que nous avons mis en place depuis 2012 — interdiction de sortie du
territoire, interdiction de retour des résidents étrangers — suppose de franchir une étape supplémentaire en révisant la Constitution.»
The measures are of large scope, but the stare of emergency remains the primary measure:_
«Bien sûr qu'il faut une action forte des services de police et de justice, que les services de renseignement soient à pied d'œuvre pour identifier les potentiels dangers, poursuit Laurence Blisson. Il faut des moyens, on ne l'a jamais contesté. Ce qu'on dit, c'est que l'existence de garanties ne nuit pas à l'efficacité.» Elle rappelle que l'assaut donné à Saint-Denis était possible hors état d'urgence. Or, juge-t-elle, «ce discours-là est très largement inaudible : il est renvoyé à une absence d'empathie, ou à une déconnexion de la réalité». «On voit bien que c 'est compliqué, abonde la présidente de la Ligue des droits de l'homme (LDH), Françoise Dumont. La pression des événements pèse extrêmement fort. Mais l'état d'urgence, la plupart des Français ne savent pas ce que cela implique, à court ou moyen terme. On a, les uns et les autres, un travail de pédagogie à faire
They voice the necessity to prolong the state of emergence stating that security concerns are more important that the human rights._
Il faut une réflexion large»
Le projet de loi qui prolonge de trois mois l'état d'urgence et modifie la loi de 1955, présenté mercredi, est examiné ce jeudi à l'Assemblée. De rares députés ont annoncé qu'ils ne le voteraient pas, tels le vert Sergio Coronado ou le «frondeur» socialiste Pouria Amirshahi. «Avec l'état d'urgence, les préfets peuvent interdire des réunions publiques, des manifestations, au moment où les Français ont plus que jamais besoin de se parler, où il faut entraîner la société mobilisée, explique-t-il. Rien ne dit qu'ils feront jouer l'ordre sécuritaire, mais cela veut dire qu 'on accepte l'idée de tomber dans un régime exorbitant du droit commun.» La députée LR Laure de la Raudière, également très présente lors des débats sur la loi antiterroriste et la loi renseignement, se dit, elle, «favorable à sa prolongation» : «Je me suis toujours opposée aux mesures sécuritaires inefficaces, mais quand les mesures de sécurité sont efficaces, elles doivent être mises en œuvre pour lutter contre le terrorisme, ça ne fait pas discussion. Je préfère qu'on déclare l'état d'urgence plutôt que de faire une nouvelle loi inefficace, liberticide et qui restera après. »
Facing the terrorist threats the society curtails democratic freedoms._
«Les démocraties risquent de s'abîmer»
Or, la révision constitutionnelle n'est pas le seul chantier ouvert par le gouvernement, qui a annoncé ce mercredi de nouvelles mesures pour «compléter les lois qui ont été adoptées depuis 2012 — deux lois antiterroristes, une loi sur le renseignement». «Il y a un moment où les démocraties risquent de s'abîmer à alimenter la surenchère sur des dispositifs de sécurité de moins en moins contrôlés par les citoyens et les institutions, sans qu'il soit prouvé qu'ils aient fait preuve d'efficacité», avertit Pouria Amirshahi. Même écho du côté d'Amnesty International : «Pour nous, c'est une question de conviction et d'expérience sur les quinze dernières années : les mesures d'exception qui vont à l'encontre des libertés publiques ne permettent pas de lutter efficacement contre le terrorisme, avance Nicolas Krameyer. Les états d'exception qui se pérennisent, c'est l'Etat de droit qui est mis à mal.» Lui
aussi appelle à un large débat : «Il va bien falloir s'interroger sur ce qui a permis que de tels actes soient commis. »
CONCLUSIONS
Social assessments which are inherent in the antiterrorist discourse are spread throughout the texts and convey the effect. This phenomenon is called by us semantic irradiation. The presence of at least one emotional word makes the whole statement look emotional.
The words of the then French President after the terrorist attacks of the 13 of November «Nous sommes en guerre» are constantly recurring in all fragments of the discourse under study.
Let us look at repetitions if the words as antiterrorist fight in all the text of the discourse._
La France fait face à «une guerre nouvelle»,une guerre «où la terreur est le premier but et la première arme», a affirmé Manuel Valls jeudi. «Nous sommes en guerre, pas une guerre à laquelle l'histoire nous a tragiquement habitué», a déclaré le premier ministre devant l'Assemblée nationale où le projet de loi prolongeant l'état d'urgence de trois mois est examiné. «Cette guerre nouvelle reste une guerre planifiée menée par une armée criminelle. Ce qui est nouveau ce sont les modes opératoires, les façons de frapper, de tuer, évoluent sans cesse». «C'est une guerre dont le front se déplace constamment et se retrouve au cœur même de notre vie quotidienne», a-t-il souligné, avant d'égrener plusieurs pistes de lutte contre ce terrorisme.
The linguistic peculiarity of the studied English and French texts of anti-terrorist discourse id first and foremost semantic isotopy of semes terrorist and radical , constant reiterations of semes fight and state of emergency. The long-term discourse aims at showing social response to terrorism and measures to combat it. During the state of emergence mass media are the site for public official address and thus perform the function of crisis public relations.
Again we have demonstrated the importance of nominating phenomena in a political discourse, the application of set phrases and clichés as of a specific instance of stereotypy, of using axiological vocabulary, metaphors, euphemisms, iterations, periphrasis, complex term definitions, manipulation of facts, disguising opinions as knowledge and some other obligatory phenomena of political discourse.
In view of the above, it is hard to avoid addressing the standpoints of the researchers who reach the discourse moving from language (e.g., see [Language and Discourse of News Media 2008, Solganik 2012, Manakina 2011].
The paper sheds light upon innovations in the sphere of language learning and teaching caused by widespread tapping of global recourses in the Internet. The new ideas of usage of new technologies are connected with the new generation of digital natives and the context of economical and cultural globalization.
Doubtless, in modern era one cannot limit the communication and cooperation by any national barriers. We are witnesses to the creation of the globalized society, shared civil values and global labor force market which is not restricted by national governments. Great is the role of unlimited communication and cultural exchange of different forms of mass, basic and professional culture. The language is regarded as the means of social perception and interaction.
References
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ДИСКУРСИВНЫЙ АНАЛИЗ АНТИТЕРРОРИСТИЧЕСКОЙ КОММУНИКАЦИИ В ВЕЛИКОБРИТАНИИ И ФРАНЦИИ
Бушев Александр Борисович доктор филологических наук, профессор, Тверской государственный университет Россия, 170100, г. Тверь, ул. Чайковского, 70 Е-таП: [email protected]
В данной статье в практической части мы делаем попытку рассмотреть, как на террористические события во Франции и в Великобритании реагирует медиапространство, каковы языковые особенности дискурса о борьбе с терроризмом. Материалом являются прежде всего Интернет-версии основных мировых газет и телеканалов (Либе-расьон, Фигаро, Франс-Суар, Монде, Франс — 24, Би-Би- Си, Дэйли Мэйл, Гардиан). Методологической основой исследования является анализ дискурса. Пропаганда, паблисити, влияние на общественное мнение и общественный резонанс, освещение своих действий в СМИ — вот чего ждут террористы. При этом техники описания, убеждения, внушения, заражения и устрашения не отличаются от коммуникативных феноменов при других явлениях, издревле изучаемых в риторике. Показано, что в глобальном мире условиях чрезвычайного положения СМИ являются площадкой для выступления первых лиц государства, выполняющих функцию связей с общественностью в чрезвычайной ситуации, выделены частотные рекуррентные лексико-семантические группы медийных сообщений о борьбе с терроризмом. Ключевые слова: дискурс масс-медиа; терроризм; убеждение; коммуникация.
