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2022
ВЕСТНИК ПЕРМСКОГО УНИВЕРСИТЕТА. ЮРИДИЧЕСКИЕ НАУКИ
PERM UNIVERSITY HERALD. JURIDICAL SCIENCES
Выпуск 58
Информация для цитирования:
Razveykina N. A., Shikhanova E. G., Dmitriev A. V.Digitalization of Legal Proceedings as a Way to Ensure Access to Justice // Вестник Пермского университета. Юридические науки. 2022. Вып. 58. C. 621-627. DOI: 10.17072/1995-4190-2022-58-621-627.
Razveykina N. A., Shikhanova E. G., Dmitriev A. V. Digitalization of Legal Proceedings as a Way to Ensure Access to Justice. Vestnik Permskogo universiteta. Juridicheskie nauki - Perm University Herald. Juridical Sciences. 2022. Issue 58. Pp. 621-627. (In Russ.). DOI: 10.17072/1995-4190-2022-58-621-627. ¡ЯШШШШ
УДК 342.7+343.1+347.9
DOI: 10.17072/1995-4190-2022-58-621-627
DIGITALIZA TION OF LEGAL PROCEEDINGS AS A WAY TO ENSURE ACCESS TO JUSTICE
N. A. Razveykina
Samara National Research University E-mail: [email protected]
Received 12 Mar 2022
E. G. Shikhanova
Samara National Research University E-mail: [email protected]
A. V. Dmitriev
Autonomous Non-profit Organization of Higher Education Humanities University
E-mail: [email protected]
Introduction: rapid spread of the coronavirus infection caused restrictions that have affected all areas of social relations. Russian legal proceedings have also changed significantly. The new context revealed problems in ensuring the work of the courts and administration of justice. The purpose of the article is to analyze the problems of the justice system during the pandemic, in particular, the inability to exercise the right to protection, lack of access to justice, violation of procedural deadlines, technical unpreparedness of courts for the implementation and use of information technologies in justice. Methods: general scientific methods (analysis and synthesis, induction and deduction, comparison and classification, abstraction and axiomatic method); statistical methods; special legal methods such as content analysis of legal acts and interpretation of laws. Results: we have analyzed legislation and compared Russian experience with the level of digitalization of judicial systems in foreign countries. The study indicates a low level of digital transformation of Russian legal proceedings and poor quality of the changes that have taken place. The realization of the right to judicial protection appears to be the most urgent problem. Conclusions: the pandemic showed unreadiness of the Russian judicial system for the rapid implementation of information technologies. However, it seems likely that in the short term, due to the information technology development, it will become possible in some cases to abandon the practice of face-to-face hearings on a wide range of cases.
Keywords: digitalization of justice; online justice; information technology in legal proceedings; pandemic
© Razveykina N. A., Shikhanova E. G., Dmitriev A. V., 2022
ЦИФРОВИЗАЦИЯ СУДОПРОИЗВОДСТВА КАК СПОСОБ ОБЕСПЕЧЕНИЯ ДОСТУПА К ПРАВОСУДИЮ
Н. А. Развейкина
Самарский национальный исследовательский университет имени академика С. П. Королева E-mail: [email protected]
Е. Г. Шиханова
Самарский национальный исследовательский университет имени академика С. П. Королева E-mail: [email protected]
А. В. Дмитриев
АНО ВО
«Гуманитарный университет» E-mail: [email protected]
Поступила в редакцию 12.03.2022
Введение: распространение коронавирусной инфекции вызвало ограничения, которые повлияли на все сферы общественных отношений. В российском судопроизводстве в это время выявились проблемы обеспечения работы судов и отправления правосудия, что повлекло значительные изменения в этой сфере. Цель: анализ проблем судопроизводства во время пандемии, в частности, невозможность реализации права на защиту, отсутствие доступа к правосудию, нарушение процессуальных сроков, техническая неготовность судов к внедрению и использованию информационных технологий в правосудии. Методы: совокупность общенаучных методов (анализ и синтез, индукция и дедукция, сравнение и классификация, абстрагирование и аксиоматический метод); статистические методы; специальные юридические методы: контент-анализ правовых актов и толкование законов. Результаты: анализ законодательства и сопоставление российского опыта с уровнем цифровизации судебных систем зарубежных стран привели к выводу о низком уровне цифровой трансформации российского судопроизводства и низком качестве произошедших изменений. Таким образом, наиболее актуальной проблемой обозначена реализация права на судебную защиту. Выводы: в ходе исследования установлено, что судебная система в период пандемии оказалась не готова к быстрому внедрению информационных технологий. Однако в краткосрочной перспективе развитие информационных технологий позволит в ряде случаев отказаться от очного слушания по широкому кругу дел.
Ключевые слова: цифровизация правосудия, онлайн-правосудие, информационные технологии в судопроизводстве, пандемия
1. Introduction
The epidemiological situation that has developed since the end of 2019 across the world is ambiguously assessed by theorists and practitioners in the field of legal proceedings. With all the pandemic risks and restrictions imposed around the world, justice could not stay the same. This affected the procedural time frame, access to justice and, in general, the protection of the rights and legitimate interests of citizens and organizations. At the same time, the significant progressive impact of the pandemic period on legal proceedings cannot be denied. The active processes of digitaliza-tion of justice can be considered a technological breakthrough due to the pandemic: courts around the world have increasingly begun to consider cases using video conferencing, accept documents in electronic form, and provide parties with online
access to case files, evidence, and audio protocols. According to experts, commercial courts turned out to be best prepared for work in the new conditions in Russia: the indicators showing their informatization level are higher than those in Australia, Germany, Canada and corresponds to the level of Singapore and China1. The decisions of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation on the approval of online justice and the readiness of com-
1 Research 'Information technologies in justice: the current state and prospects. Russia and the world. Analytical report' was carried out within the framework of the Program of Basic Research of the National Research University 'Higher School of Economics' in 2020. Available at: https://ilr.hse.ru/da-ta/2020/07/14/1597449494/%D0%98%D0%BD%D1%84%D 0%BE%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0 %BE%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B5%20%D1%82 %D0%B5%D1%85%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE %D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%B8%20%D0%B2%20%D0%BF% D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%83%D0 %B4%D0%B8%D0%B8.pdf.
mercial courts to promptly implement this form of administration of justice turned out to be fundamentally significant.
Obviously, electronic services of justice can significantly speed up legal proceedings, reduce labor and financial costs, increase the transparency of the judicial system, and, most importantly, facilitate the access of citizens and organizations to the judiciary, reducing the costs of hiring a professional representative. However, the application of new digital technologies and the period of the pandemic pose new challenges for practitioners, legislators, and academics, which are discussed in this article.
2. Materials and Methods
The relevance of the study of changes in the judicial system during the period of restrictions associated with the spread of coronavirus infection is confirmed by the increased attention of the world community to the issue of access to justice. The transition to remote forms of interaction in justice in the United States and Canada is perceived ambiguously. Researchers note that a complete rejection of face-to-face trials will harm the integrity of the justice system [3]. Significant and, at the same time, controversial changes in legislation and procedures for the administration of justice during the pandemic occurred in India [10; 11; 12]. In Australia and the UK, hearings quickly moved to the virtual space [16], however, in the initial stages, family proceedings were complicated [4], and there was an increase in the number of court decisions in favor of bail releases aimed at reducing the risk of contracting the new coronavirus infection [6]. The work of the courts in Brazil in terms of ensuring legal proceedings is radically limited [15]. In foreign publications, theoretical studies of the transformation of the principles of justice during the pandemic are presented; for example, there is discussed the risk of neglecting the principle of equality [2] and changing priorities in connection with the introduction of information technology in the judicial process [8].
Russian scientists have also been actively engaged in research concerning various aspects the judicial system's operation during the period of restrictions imposed in order to minimize the spread of the coronavirus infection. There are studies that discuss the changes in the interaction of authorities [17], transformations in the activities of higher courts [5; 14], the growing level of digitali-
zation of criminal proceedings [1; 7; 9; 18; 19; 20] and commercial proceedings [13]. In our opinion, increased attention to criminal proceedings is justified by the greatest legal risks from the point of view of human rights. Procedural abuses in criminal proceedings and negative consequences of those will most significantly affect important social relations that are under the special protection of the state.
However, we note that the problems of the impossibility of exercising the right to defense, the lack of access of citizens to justice, violation of procedural deadlines, technical unpreparedness of courts to implement and use information and digital technologies for administering justice are systemic in nature, which requires a comprehensive study without differentiation by branches of law.
3. Analysis of the Research Object and the
Prospects for Solving the Problem
On September 8, 2020, at the BRICS Chief Justices Forum, the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of Russia noted1 that in the context of the pandemic, the legal positions set out in Reviews on certain issues of judicial practice related to the application of legislation and measures to counter the spread of the new coronavirus infection (COVID-19), approved by the Presidium of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation on April 212 and April 303 2020, are important to access justice.
The Reviews drew the attention of the courts to the fact that the procedural time limits missed in connection with measures to counter the spread of the coronavirus infection (restrictions on the free movement of citizens, their presence in public places, government and other institutions) are subject to restoration in accordance with procedural legislation. Given the fact that a citizen does not
1 Information of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation of September 9, 2020 'BRICS Chief Justices Forum via videoconferencing'. Access from the legal reference system 'ConsultantPlus'.
2 Review of certain issues of judicial practice related to the application of legislation and measures to counter the spread of the new coronavirus infection (COVID-19) in the Russian Federation No. 1. Approved by the Presidium of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation on April 21, 2020. Available at: https://www.vsrf.ru/files/28856/.
3 Review of certain issues of judicial practice related to the application of legislation and measures to counter the spread of the new coronavirus infection (COVID-19) in the Russian Federation No. 2. Approved by the Presidium of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation on April 30, 2020. Available at: https://www.vsrf.ru/documents/all/28882/.
have the opportunity to go to court in a timely manner with a claim, there are grounds for restoring the limitation period. Here, the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation followed the world practice of extending deadlines until the end of the crisis period1. On the one hand, these explanations seem to be favorable for citizens since they exclude the possibility of rejection of judicial protection on formal grounds. On the other hand, after the relaxation of restrictive measures and the return of the courts to work in a usual manner, in all cases pending for more than four months (including a long period of 'self-isolation'), it was necessary to submit explanatory statements to the court indicating the reasons for the 'delay'. Meanwhile, the effectiveness of the work of a particular judge and the court as a whole is assessed by procedural terms.
In the next section of this paper, the authors present an analysis of the problems faced by the Russian judicial system during the pandemic and the prospects for their solution.
4. Results and Discussions
The most critical issue discussed is the realization of the right to judicial protection. It turned out to be impossible or difficult to exercise this right in connection with the restrictive measures introduced, and, accordingly, the access to justice was either limited or completely unavailable. Despite there has long been talks in Russia about the need to ensure the accessibility of justice through the introduction of electronic platforms and information technologies that allow the participants in the process to interact remotely, not all types of legal proceedings were carried out online during the period of the complicated epidemiological situ-ation2. On April 29, 2020, the Presidium of the Supreme Court and the Council of Judges recommended that the courts, if technically feasible, and
1 The same decisions were made in the judicial systems of Belgium, Spain, Italy, Turkey. See: The Courts of the World During the COVID-19 Pandemic. Information. Available at: http://rap-sinews.ru/incident_publication/20200413/305702705.html.
2 For comparison: in Kazakhstan, even before the pandemic, the project 'SMART Court' was introduced, which allows participation in court hearings through the mobile application 'TrueConf'. As of April 3, 2020, 1,825 court sessions were held, over 80% of them - via video communication (citizens
are allowed to use smartphones and non-specialized software to participate in the sessions). See: Aktau hosted the first online civil process. Available at: https://www.lada.kz/aktau_ news/society/71910-v-aktau-proshel-pervyy-grazhdanskiy-process-v-rezhime-onlayn.html.
taking into account the opinions of the participants in proceedings, hold meetings using a video conferencing system. In order for hearings to take place online, all parties to the dispute must give their consent to an electronic application being sent to the court with indication of the identity documents and confirmation of powers. In the case of civil, commercial and some categories of administrative cases, this significantly facilitated the judicial procedure. However, participants in criminal proceedings did not agree to online process or to the consideration of cases in their absence (where it is allowed by law). They pointed out that the lack of an opportunity to present their position and examine the evidence directly before the court contradicts all procedural guarantees for persons involved in criminal proceedings, which is a sphere where decisions are taken that sometimes determine the person's fate. Thus, there were repeated postponements of court hearings, extensions of procedural time limits, accumulation of a huge number of 'cold' cases, dissatisfaction of citizens (organizations), and violation of their rights, including the rights to protection and access to justice.
Despite the wide possibilities of using information technologies in legal proceedings, given the scale and diversity of the territorial entities of the Russian Federation, many courts were not ready to conduct online sessions due to the lack of technical facilities (for example, in Samara one can still find court buildings having no dedicated Internet access, so judges and the court staff use their personal mobile communications for these purposes). In addition, it is often impossible to avoid technical problems - technical failures of electronic services, unstable Internet connection, which is critical for online court hearings, malfunction of audio or video devices, low quality of the transmitted image or sound, which significantly affects the perception of evidence and the possibilities of its evaluation by the court.
It is all the more difficult to present a criminal case online to jury. On May 18, 2020 in the state of Texas (USA), the first jury trial via video conferencing took place. There was considered a civil case (subject to trial by jury in the Anglo-American judicial system). Jury selection was live streamed on YouTube3. However, in this matter
3 Texas court holds first US jury trial via videoconferencing. Available at: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=u6lnI7FZRoc.
the U.S. legal community shows solidarity with Russian legal experts who express concerns that remote consideration of evidence and facts in a criminal case excludes interaction of the parties with the jury, which is crucial in this type of legal proceedings. Lawyers are also skeptical about online criminal proceedings since in such a situation they are deprived of some opportunities, for example to communicate with their clients in private.
In addition, the judges express concern about the lack of possibility to identify the persons involved in the process remotely. There is no guarantee of the authenticity of the information presented in electronic form, as well as there is no opportunity to examine the original documents submitted. As of today, there are no technologies introduced in Russia to identify participants in legal proceedings by biometric data, which could remove the problem of personal identification. Meanwhile, to establish the identity of the participants in proceedings, commercial courts of Russia use the Unified portal of public services (go-suslugi.ru), which operates on the Unified system of identification and authentication. This suggests that the judges' fears are not quite reasonable. Moreover, judicial practice (primarily in commercial proceedings) has not yet demonstrated problems associated with misuses, which would indicate critical vulnerability of the identification of persons in the applied system cMy.Arbitr.ru' in terms of ensuring procedural guarantees for the parties or protection of information. However, we note that the technical support for the operation of this system is far from being perfect: there are problems with uploading documents into the system, with synchronizing data from the Unified portal of public services and the cMy.Arbitr.ru' system, as well as other technical failures, which entails negative consequences such as inability to participate in the process, violation of deadlines, which, as a result, violates citizens' access to justice. Despite the fact that the cMy.Arbitr.ru' system has been applied for a long time, the judicial system is regularly unavailable due to a number of objective reasons. Obviously, the risks of abuse in the criminal process are higher, and the negative consequences can be more significant, since there are resolved fundamental issues of guilt / innocence, involvement / non-involvement, affecting fundamental human rights.
5. Conclusions
The authors' conclusions are based on the analysis of the decisions of the highest judicial bodies of Russia, which, throughout the entire period of the imposed restrictions, promptly responded to changes in the sanitary and epidemiological situation and strove to adhere to a single policy of administration of justice and uniform judicial practice.
Today the priority of the development and widespread use of modern digital technologies by the courts for the purpose of high-quality and timely protection of the rights of citizens during unfavorable epidemiological situations is indisputable. In the short term, the development of information technologies will most likely make it possible to refuse from holding face-to-face hearings on a wide range of cases. It is expected that this will make administration of justice not only faster but also more accessible to citizens and businesses. However, doubts remain that all types of legal proceedings will be able to introduce the new formats while ensuring the legality and validity of the final procedural decisions. There is no confidence that the outcome of the legal proceedings will be satisfactory in terms of the effect expected by society to de-escalate the conflict and relieve social tension and that the indicators of public confidence in the judiciary and citizens' access to justice will increase.
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Информация об авторах:
Н. А. Развейкина, кандидат юридических наук, зав. кафедрой социальных систем и права Самарский национальный исследовательский университет имени академика С. П. Королева 443086, г. Самара, Московское шоссе, 34 ORCID: 0000-0002-0287-9421 ResearcherID: AEA-6098-2022
Е. Г. Шиханова, кандидат педагогических наук, доцент кафедры социальных систем и права Самарский национальный исследовательский университет имени академика С. П. Королева 43086, г. Самара, Московское шоссе, 34 ORCID: 0000-0001-9568-6989 ResearcherID: AAI-5475-2021
Статьи в БД «Scopus» / «Web of Science»: DOI: 10.15293/2226-3365.1806.06
А. В. Дмитриев, преподаватель кафедры истории
государства и права
АНО ВО «Гуманитарный университет»
620041, г. Екатеринбург, ул. Железнодорожников, 3
ORCID: 0000-0002-4342-5821
ResearcherID: GUE-4140-2022
Статьи в БД «Scopus»/«Web of Science»: DOI: 10.35853/UfH-Public/Private-2020-24 DOI: 10.35853/UfH-RMP-2019-L07
ceedings]. Vestnik Saratovskoy gosudarstvennoy yuridicheskoy akademii - Bulletin of the Saratov State Law Academy. 2020. Issue 3(134). Pp. 193-200. DOI: 10.24411/2227-7315-202010086. (In Russ.).
About the authors: N. A. Razveykina
Samara National Research University
34, Moskovskoye shosse, Samara, 443086, Russia
ORCID ID: 0000-0002-0287-9421 ResearcherID: AEA-6098-2022
E. G. Shikhanova
Samara National Research University 34, Moskovskoye shosse, Samara, 443086, Russia ORCID: 0000-0001-9568-6989 ResearcherID: AAI-5475-2021
Articles in Scopus / Web of Science: DOI: 10.15293/2226-3365.1806.06
A. V. Dmitriev
Lecturer of the Department of History of State and Law Autonomous Non-profit Organization of Higher Education Humanities University 3, Zheleznodorozhnikov st., Yekaterinburg, 620041, Russia
ORCID: 0000-0002-4342-5821 ResearcherID: GUE-4140-2022
Articles in Scopus / Web of Science: DOI: 10.35853/UfH-Public/Private-2020-24 DOI: 10.35853/UfH-RMP-2019-L07
