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19DEVELOPMENT OF SYSTEM OF MANAGEMENT OF PHYSICAL CULTURE AND SPORT
ACROSS KRASNOYARSK TERRITORY
A.Yu. Bliznevsky, Honored trainer of Russia, professor, Ph.D.
Siberian Federal University, Krasnoyarsk
Keywords: physical culture and sport, stages of management, historical analysis, state and public advisory bodies.
Introduction. The system of management of physical culture and sport across the Krasnoyarsk Territory started to be formed almost simultaneously with other territories of Siberia - in the post-revolutionary period. Prior to that, in tsarist times, the economy of the Yenisei Province was considerably behind that of central regions of the Russian Empire. Hopeless poverty hampered the development of the civilized physical culture movement in the Province. Women's sport didn't exist at all and male population was spending its free time mostly in fistfights on the outskirts. But since the railway was constructed, the situation began to change. Running regular rail traffic between Novonikolaevskiy settlement (Novosibirsk) and Krasnoyarsk in 1898 opened great opportunities not only for economic development but also for the progress in culture and public life. The specialists and engineers, who arrived in the Province to build the Asia's largest railway bridge over the Yenisei River and the railways that would connect Krasnoyarsk with the south of Siberia, brought western sports and health-improving culture. Due to the resettlement of the population of Central Russia to the territory of the Province, its population increased from 570.2 thousand in 1897 to 1119.2 thousand people in 1914.
The purpose of the study was to analyze historical landmark stages of the formation of the system of management of the physical culture and sports industry in the present Krasnoyarsk Territory in advance of the 80th anniversary of its establishment.
Results and discussion. The first physical culture and sports societies began to appear across the Krasnoyarsk Territory in the early XX century.
A landmark event was the establishment of the gymnastic society "Sokol" in February 1912 according to the joint decision of Governor of the Yenisei Province Ya.D. Boguslavsky and head of Krasnoyarsk S.I. Smirnov [13].
After the Civil War, in 1920, at the Provincial Council of Workers' and Soldiers' Deputies the Committee for the Development of Physical Education was established under control of the Young Communist League [11]. It became, in fact, the first provincial authority that conducted centralized management of physical culture and sports in Krasnoyarsk. Then, in 1924 the Committee was transformed into the Yenisei Province Council of Physical Education on the basis of regulations approved by the Supreme Council of Physical Education at the Central Executive Committee of the RSFSR. The regulations consisted of only one page containing brief formulation of Council's rights and tasks including "...coordination of scientific and educational activities of different organiza-
tions in the sphere of physical education, organization of festivals related to physical development, performances, contests and competitions, agitation and propaganda of the ideas of physical education in the Province". According to the regulations the Council was supposed to include one representative from each of the following organizations: the Provincial Executive Committee, the Provincial Military Enlistment Office, the Department of Education, the Provincial Department of Health Protection, the Provincial Committee on Labor and Wages, as well as the Provincial Committee of Russian Communist Party, the Provincial Committee of Young Communist League, the State Political Administration and the Provincial Council of Trade Unions. The Provincial Council of Physical Education was authorized to address various issues and involve various people for that purpose at own discretion [9].
In 25 May 1925 the Yenisei Province became a part of newly formed Siberian Territory and the sports and health-improving activities in the new territorial entity came under control of the Territorial Council of Physical Education, located in Novosibirsk, while the District Council of Physical Education was functioning in Krasnoyarsk [9].
In July 1930, after the period of recovery of the country's economy, the Central Executive Committee decreed the establishment of East Siberian Territory with the center in the city of Krasnoyarsk. Then, as a result of further regionalization of East Siberian and West Siberian Territories, on December 7, 1934 the Krasnoyarsk Territory was formed, having enormous potential for economic development. Consequently, all the administrative organizations were renamed. On January 3, 1935, the Territorial Council of Physical Culture was established and the district councils of Krasnoyarsk Territory were in submission of this organization [2]. Its tasks included constructing and equipping sports facilities (stadiums, sports grounds), distributing supplies of sports equipment, organizing sports and physical activities, agitation and collaboration with other establishments.
When in June 1936 the All-Union Committee for Physical Culture and Sports under the Executive Committee of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR was established instead of All-Union Council, the managerial functions in the sphere of physical culture and sports in te Territory were assigned to the Territorial Committee on Physical Education and Sports at the Territorial Council of Workers' Deputies. Its tasks included not only management of the activities of all sports organizations and control over the construction of sports facilities and production of sports equipment, but also training, retraining and distribution of sports specialists. In addition, the Committee planned and made statistical records of all sports-related activities in the Krasnoyarsk Territory [3].
During the period of 1935-1936 in the USSR lots of voluntary sports associations and clubs of physical culture were created and many of them had territorial subdivisions - the trade union society "Spartak", the sports clubs "Nauka", "Stroitel", "Iskra", "Kommunal'nik", "Pishchevik", "Molniya" and others. At the same time the sports and health-improving infrastructure was being developed in the Territory. In 1936 in Krasnoyarsk the "Lokomotiv" stadium was opened, in 1939 the first ski jump was built. The part of the Yenisei River from the railway bridge to "Strelka" was used for swimming competitions. Thanks to the "Stolby" mountaineering and
climbing became the mass entertainment of Krasnoyarsk people. During these years athletes could practice in climbing very difficult rocks of the reserve: Kommunar, Manskaya stenka, Mitra and Per'ya.
Before the Great Patriotic War the purposeful work of sports associations and regional authorities was aimed at popularizing the sports and physical culture among the masses. During the postwar period, the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party obliged the sports organizations to ensure the improvement of sports skills and focus primarily on elite sport. During these years the social prestige of sports rose sharply.
In the early 50-ies of the XX century in the Krasnoyarsk Territory, as across the country, the public authority managing physical culture and sport has been working as a structural unit of the Ministry of Health for a few months. Here it was named the Territorial Department of Health Protection for Physical Culture and Sports and worked since October 6, 1953 till March 31, 1954 [4,5]. On April 15, 1954, the Executive Committee of the Krasnoyarsk Council of Workers' Deputies issued the decree "On the establishment of the Committee for Physical Culture and Sport at the Executive Committee of the Territorial Council and on the establishment of the committees for physical culture and sport at the executive committees of regional, district, city and raion Councils of Workers' Deputies" [6]. During this period, the Territory also included one Region - Khakassia and two Districts - the Taimyr and Evenk.
As it was shown in the subsequent years, the management in the sphere of physical culture and sport in the country and in the Territory was ineffective. The statement of N.S. Khrushchev that "... we don't want the paid instructors in physical education in communism" [1], which had caused the devolution of the direct management of sports movement in the country to the elective public organizations, proved to be wrong. Therefore, in January 1969 in order to improve the management in the field and to execute the decree of the Central Committee of Communist Party and the Council of Ministers of the USSR, the Committee for Physical Culture and Sport was formed again at the Krasnoyarsk Territorial Executive Committee (18 staff positions). The relevant committees were established at the Khakassia Regional Executive Committee (4 staff positions) and at Taimyr and Evenk District Executive Committees (1 staff position). 9 staff positions were allocated for the Krasnoyarsk City Committee, other 13 cities in the Territory got 17 staff positions, 48 district committees got 1 staff position each [8]. The main objectives of the Committee were: development and implementation of the plans for physical education of the population, training of highly skilled athletes, development of material and technical base in the field and construction of sports facilities, organization of theoretical and methodological work as well as researches in the field of physical culture and sport, training of human resources, organization of sports events in the Territory [10].
By the end of the 60s of the XX century in the Krasnoyarsk Territory several dozen of sports were already at a high level. Thus, the systematic approach was needed in the management in the field of sport and physical culture, the developed infrastructure and related material and technical base. The construction of large sports facilities were dictated by the needs of elite sport and by the organization of All-Union sports activities in the Territory. In 1967 the Central Stadium on the Otdykha Island was put into operation and it was included in the catalog of the largest facilities in Russia. The stadium had football fields, tennis and gorodki courts, athletics
arena, wrestling halls and a chess and checkers club. In 1974 the 70-meter springboard was built on the Nikolaevskaya Sopka and later the 100-meter springboard - on the Kashtak. By the Olympics of the Peoples of the USSR of 1982, held in Krasnoyarsk, the "Vetluzhanka" ski stadium and the "Dinamo" biathlon shooting range were built. At the end of 1981 the "Yenisei" Sports Palace became operational, having an ice arena and plenty of space for training sessions in different sports.
With the collapse of the USSR in the Krasnoyarsk Territory in February 1992 the Committee for Physical Culture and Sports was established, which was directly subordinate to the head of the Territorial administration as well as to the relevant authorities of the Government of the Russian Federation. The name of the regional body of the department of physical culture and sport was changed repeatedly. Since 2008 it is the Ministry of Sport, Tourism and Youth Policy of the Krasnoyarsk Territory with the number of civil officers and public servants of the Krasnoyarsk Territory of 66 staff positions. Its tasks and competences demand both to strengthen the role of public authorities in physical culture and sport and the effective participation of the system of public sports organisations.
The first one of the existing public advisory bodies was the Board (since the mid-80s of the XX century). It was attended by the heads of physical culture and sport in municipalities, the presidents of territorial sports federations, the heads of institutions of further sports education and other interested parties. In accordance with the decree of the Governor of the Krasnoyarsk Territory of 10.12.2003 № 179-ug the Council for Physical Culture and Sport under the Governor of the Territory was created, designed as an advisory body providing the coordinated work of executive authorities, local government, the Legislative Assembly of the Krasnoyarsk Territory and public associations.
Conclusion. Reforms, taking place in the country and the region, resulted in occasional weakening of the role of the public administration in physical culture and sport, but at the same time an effective system of public authorities had not been created either. Examples of the non-state impact on the activity in the industry show that public authorities are not able to cope with the tasks of effective development without assistance. On the contrary, success here depends on the implemented state policy - a set of measures intended to establish legal, economic, educational and organizational conditions. The main goals and guidelines of the territorial management bodies in the sphere of physical culture and sport have been unchanged in recent years. These are satisfying the needs of the population for active leisure, introducing mass physical culture in the activities of enterprises and institutions, developing elite sport and training of adequate reserve athletes in the region.
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