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0PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCES
DEVELOPMENT OF REACTOLOGICAL AND PEDIOLOGICAL RESEARCHES IN XX CENTURIES HISTORICAL AND PSYCHOLOGICAL SEARCHES IN THE SOVIET PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCE
Larin D.I.
ph.D student, Member of the Council of Young Scientists, Faculty of Psychology Taras Shevchenko National University in Kiev (Ukraine)
Abstract
The theoretical and methodological analysis of the development of reactive and pedological research in psychological science of the first third of the XX century is carried out. The development of K. N. Kornilov's reactology lays the foundations preceding the emergence of a period of "open psychological crisis". The author emphasizes the importance of considering these areas, since solving methodological problems begins precisely with the development of reactive research.
Keywords: theoretical and methodological analysis, reactology, pedology, paradigm, contradictions, psychological science.
Introduction. Specificity of scientific work implies the need to have information about the past. The actual research should be organically linked to the studied history, because there is no such problem in modern science, which could be solved without taking into account the previous history. "The history of the question directly goes into the formulation of the problem of research. The latter should go hand in hand with the first one. The depth, fundamentality of this part of the study is currently in psychological science one of the most essential conditions that determine the scientific value of this work ", - wrote B. M. Teplov [2].
The closest story that encompasses this century is organically included in the present: the doctrine of integrity in Gestalt psychology, the unconscious in deep psychology, the understanding of thinking at the Wurzburg School, etc., form the basis of modern research. The material of a more distant and even completely distant history "is not completely denied, the understanding of its limitations does not prevent the partial inclusion of it in a wider system of knowledge."
Owning history, of course, is not limited to reproducing the views of the past. To a full extent, the historical past can serve only if it is used to solve actual problems. In the constant dispute with the main psychological directions, they created their theory of DN's installation. Uznadze B.M. Teplov, SL Rubinstein, O.M. Leontiev, B.G. Ananiev, P.Ya. Galperin paid a lot of attention to the history of psychology, although for none of them it was not a special field of study. Considering the significance of the history of psychology, MG Yaroshevsky calls such an appeal to history "a creative dialogue with the past" [3; 6; 7].
The purpose of this article is to provide a theoretical and methodological study of the development of reactological and pedological tracks as the preconditions of the period of "open psychological crisis".
Presentation of the material. Without exaggeration, it can be noted that Kornilov was at the beginnings of the development of Soviet psychology, because it was he, for the first time in 1923, expressed the idea of constructing a special science of Marxist science. The prerequisites for the emergence of a period of "open
psychological crisis" were laid by the collision of two experimental schools, W. Wundt and Tichern. It was in the words of Kornilov that the future idea of the scientist on reactology was laid down, then - Marxist psychology, objective psychology, the idea of which was based on the representatives of behaviorism, all this suggests the loss of psychology of his soul. The biological orientation of Kornilov has its continuation in the views of M. M. Lange and Wagner [13].
At that time, in the Soviet Union, psychology was represented by three directions - the theory of higher nervous activity by I. Pavlov, reflexology of V. M. Bekhterev and "psychology in the light of dialectical materialism" by K. N. Kornilov [5, p. 99].
In 1916, K. N. Konlilov published an article "The Conflict of Two Experimental-Psychologists of Schools", which entered the collection of students G. I. Chelpanov's works (among them were P. P. Blonsky, A. M. Shcherbyna, G. G. Shpet, A. F. Losev, etc.)., Where the scientist attempted to experimentally solve a methodological problem between V. Wundt school and the school of Achae in relation to the correlation in the experiment of subjective and objective parties, their consideration. The solution of the conflict Kornilov saw in a compromise approach: "Only the contradictions of the unity of objective and subjective data, their complementarity and control are mutually exclusive -this is what, in our opinion, is the only firm foundation for the full and unambiguous in its results of the experiment" [5, p. 104].
The postulates of reactology were little provided with experimental data, but in contrast to the psychology of Chelpanov, they clearly felt the demands of real practice and found expression in the focus on the analysis of individual differences. Kornilov's main mistake was the misunderstanding of the essence of social conditioning of human consciousness.
In order to understand the essence of his position, you should imagine a balance of forces in psychology in the first post-revolutionary years. First of all, the philosophical speculative psychology (L.M. Lopatin, N.O. Lossky, S. L. Frank, and others) lost a dominant position. Her place on the right flank was occupied by empirical psychology (A.P. Nechaev, Yu. Porugalov,
The scientific heritage No 18 (18),2017 G. I. Chelpanov, etc.), which strongly resisted materialist tendencies, using more subtle techniques of struggle than an outright response to spiritualism and mysticism [2; 7; 8].
In these conditions, Blonsky firmly stood on the side of natural psychology and sought to reform the psychological science on the basis of the principles of objectivism, close to the concept of objective psychology, later - psychoreflexology Bechterew. In the book "Reform of Science," he defined his understanding of the subject of psychology: "Scientific psychology is the science of human behavior, that is, about its movements as functions of some variables."
He also formulated important theses: "Scientific psychology is a social psychology." "Human behavior, he argued," can not be anything other than social "and" from the genetic point of view, comparing human activity with the activity of other animals, we can characterize human activity as an activity of such an animal that uses the tools "[1; 2].
It should be noted that the Soviet psychology from the very beginning gave a lot of attention to the ideological justification of research, comparing any theory with the corresponding official-state ideological guidelines. V. A. Romenets puts the right question to the psychological science "Is American behaviorism less ide-ologized than Marxist psychology in the USSR?" It is necessary to speak about the level of ideology mastered by the author of psychological teaching (VA Romenets, 1998, p. 909 ) It should also be said that between these two guidelines were the relations of creative interaction.
In the 20-30's. Soviet psychologists showed considerable interest in the directions of world psychology, carefully analyzing them and even trying everywhere to find positive actual achievements that could be used to build Marxist psychology. Particular attention deserves the collective work of L. Vygotsky, S. Gel-lershtein, B. Fingerta and M. Shirvindt "The main directions of modern psychology" (1930), the critique of which is directed against the ideas of I. Pavlov about the identification of mental and physiological. In turn, B. Bekhterev, though emphasized the need to consider the social factor of human behavior, however, according to the authors, he tried to substitute psychology reflexology. B. Finger evaluates Pavlov's theory as a dualist, mechanistic, and Bechterev's theory as an anti-dialectical and antimaterialist one.
An important place is given to highlighting the problems of social determination of the mental, which necessarily involves consideration of the economic basis of society, its class and political characteristics, which determine behavior. Vygotsky - thoroughly analyzed the structural direction, constantly emphasizing the idea that "European psychology is experiencing a deep crisis. This should be a continuation of the analysis of the crisis in natural science, especially in physics. The crisis in psychology was reflected in the struggle of ideological and materialist trends, splitting psychology on two. Structural psychology overcomes this crisis, offering an exit from dualism (Wertheimer, Keller, Koffka, Levin) [8].
M. Shirvindt gives a similar interpretation of psychoanalysis. He observes that behaviorists transform a person into an automaton, and psychoanalysts see in this machine a mentally ill person. In this connection, Shirvindt calls Freud "Dostoevsky modern psychology". Psychoanalysis is declared to be valuable precisely because it is in fact abundant in the objective method of knowing subjective experiences. Criticism of behaviorism is carried out almost by analogy, believing that this direction has lost a person who is not needed by anyone.
Summaries and conclusions. Having considered the ideas of representatives of reflexology and pedagogical schools in relation to the preconditions of the period of "open psychological crisis," we received material for historical and psychological research.
It should be noted that from these circumstances there is a need for a profound historical and psychological analysis in conducting a theoretical study of the impact of an "open psychological crisis" on the formation of modern psychological science. Actuality of the analysis of gaps in chronological events of the period of "open psychological crisis" implies further scientific and methodological research in the development of modern psychological science.
References
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ЗНАЧЕННЯ ПСИХОЛОГ1ЧНО1 П1ДГОТОВКИ СПОРТСМЕН1В НА ПРИКЛАД1 ЗБ1РНО1 САУД1ВСЬКО1 АРАВП З ВЕЛОСПОРТУ
Петрук 1.Д.
Мiжнароднuй економжо-гуматтарний yuieepcumem iMem академка Степана Дем'янчука, старший викладач кафедри здоров'я людини
та ф1зично1 терапИ
THE VALUE OF PSYCHOLOGICAL TRAINING OF ATHLETES ON THE EXAMPLE OF THE SAUDI
NATIONAL TEAM OF CYCLING
Petruk I.D.
International University of Economics and Humanities named after academician Stepan Demianchuk, senior lecturer of department of
human health and physical therapy
Анотащя
В статп дослщжено особливосп психолопчно! щдготовки спортсмешв Саудiвськоi Аравп. Визначено важливi чинники психологiчноi шдготовки тд час рiчного тренувального циклу спортсмешв. Розширено уявлення про можливють оперування засобами психологiчноi' шдготовки для шдвищення ефективносп спортивноi' дiяльностi. Abstract
Author described psychological features sportsman's Saudi Arabia. The dynamics of mental condition of cyclists is certain during the annual training process. To proof scientifically the necessity of using special psychological preparation as the means to sports activities.
Ключов1 слова: психолопчш особливосп, адаптащя, засоби, ментальшсть, тренування. Keywords: psychological features, adaptation, means, mentality, training.
Психолопчна шдготовка використовуе нау-ковi досягнення психологи та реалiзуe И засоби для щдвищення ефективносп спортивно! д!яльносп. Спортивна дiяльнiсть розглядаеться як одна iз сфер отримання сощально-значимих результата. Для не! характерш ва види стресу ввд фiзичного та психо-лопчного до сощального та бюлопчного[1].
Лжарсько-педагопчш спостереження показу-ють, що бiля 50% висококвалiфiкованих спортсмешв у передзмагальний перiод починають проявляти рiзнi вiдхилення в нервово-псимчному станi. Зок-рема, часто зустрiчаються порушення сну, подраз-ливiсть, загострена психiчна ранимiсть, змiни настрою, тдвищена або знижена у порiвняннi iз зви-чайними днями контактшсть [2].
В багатьох видах спорту психолопя посилюе свiй вплив як один iз фрагментiв системи розвитку спортсменiв i спортивних результата. Кожний аспект пiдготовки спортсмена взаемопов'язаний i вза-емообумовлений. Фамвцям для покращення шдго-
товки спортсмешв необхвдно ефективно використо-вувати комплекси заходiв в кожнiй дiлянцi спортивно! спецiалiзацi! [3].
Психологiчна шдготовка допомагае форму-вати та вдосконалювати у спортсменiв властивостi особистостi та психiчнi якостi, що необхiднi для ус-пiшного виконання тренувально! дiяльностi, шдго-товки до змагань та надшного виступу в них.
Внаслвдок цього, не пiдлягае сумнiву викорис-тання в спортi вищих досягнень рiзноманiтних ме-тодiв психологiчно! шдготовки.та !! взаемод!я з ш-шими видами пiдготовки спортсменiв такими як фь зична спецiальна, технiчна, тактична, теоретична. Засоби психолопчно! пiдготовки потрiбно розгля-дати як елемент формування суб'ективного став-лення, оцiнки значимосп всiх видiв виконано! ро-боти для усшху в спортивнiй д!яльностг Тiльки в такому разi досягаеться бшьш високий системний рiвень шдготовки, коли ва дi! спортсменiв оргаш-зуються вiдповiдно до логiки високих спортивних досягнень.
