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0Научная статья УДК 330.341.1; 93
DOI 10.26118/2782-4586.2024.90.58.026
Егоров Петр Михайлович
Институт гуманитарных исследований и проблем малочисленных народов Севера Сибирского отделения РАН
РАЗВИТИЕ ПРОИЗВОДИТЕЛЬНЫХ СИЛ КАК ЦЕЛЬ ПОЛИТИКИ НАУЧНОГО ИЗУЧЕНИЯ АРКТИЧЕСКИХ РАЙОНОВ ЯКУТИИ В 1960-1970 ГГ.
Аннотация. В статье рассматривается развитие производительных сил как цель политики научных исследований в арктических и северных районах Якутии в 1960-1970 гг. Роль органов государственной власти ЯАССР в организации научной деятельности в Арктических районах 1960-е 1970-е гг. была значительной. В начале 60-х годов основными направлениями научных изысканий инициированных республиканскими властями являлись сугубо практические цели и задачи, в первую очередь это было связано с промышленным освоением, добычей полезных ископаемых их разведкой, а также проблемы судоходства и завоза грузов по северным рекам и морям. В дальнейшем начиная со второй половины 1970-х гг. стали проводить научные исследования, направленные на повышение уровня жизни населения проживающего в северных районах Якутии, а также направленные на сохранение природы Арктики
Ключевые слова: производительные силы, социально-экономическая политика, научные исследования, Арктика, Якутия.
Egorov Peter Mikhailovich
Institute for Humanities Research and Indigenous Studies of the North, Russian Academy of Sciences, Siberian Branch
DEVELOPMENT OF PRODUCTIVE FORCES AS A GOAL OF THE POLICY OF SCIENTIFIC STUDY OF THE ARCTIC REGIONS OF YAKUTIA IN 1960-1970.
Annotation. The article examines the development of productive forces as a goal of scientific research policy in the Arctic and northern regions of Yakutia in 1960-1970. The role of government authorities of the YASSR in the organization of scientific activities in the Arctic regions in the 1960s and 1970s, was significant. In the early 60s, the main directions of scientific research initiated by the republican authorities were purely practical goals and objectives, primarily related to industrial development, mining and exploration, as well as problems of navigation and delivery of goods along northern rivers and seas. Subsequently, starting from the second half of the 1970s, began to conduct scientific research aimed at improving the standard of living of the population living in the northern regions of Yakutia, as well as aimed at preserving the nature of the Arctic.
Key words: productive forces, socio-economic policy, scientific research, Arctic, Yakutia.
Introduction
The Arctic is a unique region of the Russian Federation, the importance of which will only increase in the future in economic, technical, technological and social development of the country, to ensure its progressive development [3]. Republic in the organization of scientific activities in the Yakut Arctic 1960s 1970s, was significant. In connection with the organization of the Siberian Branch of the USSR Academy of Sciences in 1957, the importance of its Yakut branch increased. In the 60s As part of the Yakut branch of the Siberian Branch of the USSR Academy of Sciences, new divisions of great scientific and economic importance arose: the Institute of Cosmophysical Research and Aeronomy (1962), the Institute of Physical and Technical Problems of the North (1970). The North-Eastern branch of the Institute of Permafrost Science was transformed into the Institute of Permafrost Science of the Siberian Branch of the USSR Academy of Sciences. Along with academic science, industrial research institutions have also received significant development: the Yakut branch of the Krasnoyarsk Prometroiniiproekt, the Yakut Scientific Research Institute of Agriculture. In the 70s there is a further increase in the scientific potential of the Yakut branch of the Siberian Branch of the USSR Academy of Sciences, which, by the mid-80s. includes institutes of cosmophysical research and aeronomy, biology, geology, mining of the North, physical and technical problems of the North, economics of integrated development of natural resources of the North, language, literature and history, departments of nature conservation and programming, mathematical and computer technology. In the divisions of this largest scientific center in the northeast of the country, fundamental and applied scientific problems of great national economic importance are being developed [1,4,6,9].
Main results
A new stage in the scientific and technical development of the Arctic zone of Yakutia, in the development of its productive forces in the post-war period, began in the late 50s - early 60s. In August 1958, a regional meeting on the development of the productive forces of the Yakut Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic was held in Yakutsk, organized by the USSR State Planning Committee and the USSR Academy of Sciences. The regional meeting was supposed to summarize the study of the natural resources of the Yakut economic administrative region, determine the extent of their use in the national economy, consider the state and outline, in the light of solving the main economic problem of the country, prospects for the further development of productive forces, indicate the nature and trends trends in internal and interregional economic relations, to justify the main directions of research work. At the meeting, it was noted that the Yakut Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic stands out in the ail-Union production for the growing pace of the mining industry - gold mining (Aldan, Indigirka), rare metal ores, especially tin (Yana), mica-phlogopite, and the expanding development of diamond deposits.
The need to further increase the industrial and technical potential of the Yakut Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic in the late 60s and the first half of the 70s. was determined by the resolution of the Central Committee of the CPSU and the Council of Ministers of the USSR dated July 8, 1967 "On measures for the further development of the productive forces of the Far Eastern economic region and the Chita region." The Soviet party leadership of the republic developed a plan for the development of industry, energy, construction and transport on the territory of the YASSR in 1968-1975. In March 1969, the Second Scientific Meeting on the development of the productive forces of the republic was convened in Yakutsk, in which scientists and specialists from Moscow, Leningrad, Novosibirsk, Irkutsk, Khabarovsk, Vladivostok, Magadan and other cities of the country took part [7].
During this period, freight transportation by water along the Northern Sea Route increased significantly, which led to a significant increase in the population of the settlement of Tiksi, which provides navigation, reaching a maximum in 1989 of 11,649 inhabitants. In this regard, on March 27, 1975, the Council of Ministers of the Yakut Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic made a decision on capital construction in the northern villages and approved a master plan combined with a detailed layout project for the village. Tiksi Bulunsky district.
1960-1970s in the history of Yakutia were associated with large-scale industrial development of
the mining of diamonds, precious, non-ferrous and rare earth metals in the North of Yakutia. As modern Russian researchers note, this circumstance objectively relegated to the background the economic development of the reindeer herding and commercial economy of the indigenous peoples of the North and traditional sectors of the economy: hunting and fishing[5].
At the same time, official documents of the party and government, and scientific publications emphasized the great national economic importance of the development of the economy and culture of the peoples of the North. So on March 16, 1957, the Central Committee of the CPSU and the Council of Ministers of the USSR adopted Resolution No. 300 "On measures for the further development of the economy and culture of the peoples of the North," which noted that "the created opportunities for comprehensive and successful economic and cultural construction are poorly used. It was noted that "the Council of Ministers of the RSFSR, local party and Soviet bodies admit serious shortcomings in the management of collective farm and state farm construction in the regions of the North; they slowly and routinely, without sufficient consideration of natural and economic conditions and the peculiarities of the way of life of the peoples of the North, resolve issues of their economic and everyday structure. The main branches of the social economy - fur farming, reindeer husbandry, fishing on many collective farms are in a neglected state, have extremely low marketability, and fur farming, especially on state farms, has not been developed"[8].
In order to further develop the economy and culture of the peoples of the North, the central authorities obliged local authorities to eliminate shortcomings and ensure the fullest use of natural and economic conditions and local opportunities for further raising the material well-being and cultural level of the peoples of the North.
So on May 22, 1968, the Yakut Regional Committee of the CPSU and the Council of Ministers of the Yakut Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic adopted the Resolution "On measures for the further development of the economy and culture of the peoples of the North of the Yakut Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic." In subsequent years, regional authorities carefully monitored the progress of implementation of the resolution of the bureau of the Yakut regional committee of the CPSU and periodically adopted regulations on the progress of their implementation.
At the level of the USSR, on December25,1973, Resolution of the Council of Ministers of the USSR No. 927 "On additional measures for the development of the economy and culture in the regions of the Far North and in equivalent areas" was adopted. The main purpose of the adoption of this resolution was defined as the further development of natural resources and economic development, as well as the improvement of the cultural and living conditions of the population of these areas and localities.
The active industrial development of the northern and Arctic regions of Yakutia, starting from the 1960s, had a great influence on traditional branches of agriculture, such as reindeer husbandry, hunting and fishing, based on the use of biological resources; in this regard, the issue of preserving biological resources and about the rational placement and prospects for the development of traditional industries in the new conditions of massive industrial development.
In the early 1970 the state of the hunting industry in the northern regions of the Yakut Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic was characterized by a chronic decrease in the volume of production, which was reflected in a decrease in the procurement of commercial furs. In order to create conditions for the reproduction of game animals and waterfowl, by resolutions of the Council of Ministers of the Yakut Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic, local reserves were created in the Abyisky, Allaikhovsky and Tomponsky regions of Yakutia. Measures were also taken to preserve the basins of the northern rivers of Yakutia, the Lena and Kolyma.
A new stage in the development of state scientific policy for studying the Arctic regions of the Yakut Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic began in the second half of the 70s. In March 1974, Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the USSR A.N. Kosygin visited the republic, who on the spot got acquainted with the state of economic development in various regions of the republic, held a meeting of the regional party and economic activists, who outlined prospects for the development of fuel and energy potential republics. As a result of the stay of the head of the Soviet government, a number of important policy decisions were adopted on promising areas for the development of the productive forces of the Yakut Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic[2],
In the Arctic zone of the Yakut Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic in 1960-1980. industries
were created and operated that were of national importance, specializing in the extraction of tin, gold, and diamonds, represented by the Deputatsky, Kularsky mining and processing plants (GOK) and the diamond mine at Anabar. Traditional sectors of the northern economy also developed here - reindeer husbandry, fishing and hunting. Maritime transport with the large seaports of Tiksi and Cape Verde and air transport for the transport of passengers and urgent cargo were relatively well developed and were of great importance for the economic development of the Arctic zone and other subpolar regions of the republic.
For further economic development, the Arctic zone had a large mineral resource potential and fairly high prospects for the discovery of new mineral deposits. The expansion and rationalization of the republic's mining specialization here was possible through the creation of new, reconstruction, technical and technological re-equipment of existing enterprises for the extraction of gold, diamonds, tin, hydrocarbons, apatites, tungsten, antimony, rare earth elements, coal, etc. In particular, the development of tin mining, which was organized in the early 40s, was associated with the expansion of the capacity of the Deputatsky Mining and Processing Plant, with the development of numerous nearby tin-bearing placer and ore deposits, as well as, in the future, sea placers. Gold mining, which was organized here in the early 60s in the Kular gold-bearing region, had the prospect of growth due to the involvement of new deposits in other areas and due to an increase in the share of high-performance mining equipment, that is, as a result of an increase in fixed production assets with a significant qualitative increase in their structure active part in the Kular district. At the beginning of the 13th Five-Year Plan, a new mine for the extraction of natural diamonds was created in Anabar.
The extremely unfavorable natural and climatic conditions of the Arctic zone significantly limited the development of the main agricultural industries, except for the traditionally northern ones (reindeer husbandry, fishing and hunting), which were the main determinants of the employment of the indigenous population and the level of the economy of national economies. But there were also serious lags in the development of these traditional industries. The efficiency of reindeer husbandry was not high enough; hunting and fishing were unprofitable due to lagging technical and technological equipment, backwardness of the material and technical base, and low level of labor organization.
Achieving a higher level of efficiency in industries of industrial specialization and traditional northern industries was largely hampered here by the low level of development of industrial infrastructure sectors - energy, transport, construction industry and capital construction.
The electric power industry was represented by relatively small and scattered diesel power plants and gas turbine units without electrical connections. The energy and fuel supply to reindeer herding and commercial farms has been poorly and not even resolved in many areas. Electricity supply is 8-12% of their needs. Imported coal was used as fuel, which lost its quality as a result of long transportation, many transshipments and inappropriate storage. Neither liquefied nor natural gas, nor coal briquettes were used here. Hunters and fishermen mainly used driftwood, dead wood and firewood delivered by plane as fuel.
The main main routes for the delivery of goods to the regions of the Arctic zone were the Lena river and sea communications. Of the total length of roads, only about 9% had a hard surface; the overwhelming share was occupied by winter roads. The total length of cargo delivery to consumers under favorable conditions reached 300-400 days. As a result, the national economy suffered large losses from incomplete and untimely delivery to consumers, insufficient safety and loss of commodity mass from the imperfection of the transport system.
By 1987, construction industry enterprises existed only in 3 of the 5 regions of the Arctic zone: Bulunsky, Ust-Yansky and Nizhnekolymsky. But some construction organizations did not have their own construction base here, even in strongholds of concentrated construction. Because of this and the complex transport scheme and the high cost of importing building materials, the national economy suffered large unproductive losses when creating facilities.
There were also great difficulties in the logistics of supplying enterprises in the zone. Here, Yakutglavsnab has only one wholesale trade enterprise in the village of Ust-Kuiga, which supplied 26 enterprises, and the Gossnab of the YASSR did not have its own enterprises.
Period from 1960-1970 were associated with large-scale industrial development of the mining of diamonds, precious, non-ferrous and rare earth metals in the North of Yakutia. Research in the field
of geocryology, cosmic rays and auroras, geophysics, and economics has been developed. For the first time, a solid scientific material and technical base appeared. At this time, the Yakut Institute of Biology, the Institute of Geological Sciences, the Institute of Permafrost Science, and the Institute of Cosmophysical Research and Aeronomy were created.
In the early 60s, the main directions of scientific research initiated by the republican authorities were purely practical goals and objectives, primarily related to industrial development, mining and exploration, as well as problems of navigation and delivery of goods along northern rivers and seas. Subsequently, starting from the second half of the 1970s, began to conduct scientific research aimed at preserving the nature of the Arctic, which was caused by environmental problems of intense anthropogenic impact.
Список источников
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2. Аргунов И.А. Промышленно-техническое освоение региона и процесс урбанизации в Якутской АССР (1945-1985 гг.) //Современные социально-культурные процессы в городах Севера. Сб.научных трудов. Якутск, Якутский филиал СО АН СССР. - 1988. - 8-29 с.
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9. Элерт Э. X., Тимошенко А.И. Россия в Арктике: проблемы изучения исторического опыта освоения региона//Гуманитарные науки в Сибири. 2016. № 3. с. 5-12.
Сведения об авторе
ЕГОРОВ ПЕТР МИХАЙЛОВИЧ, кандидат политических наук, научный сотрудник Институт гуманитарных исследований и проблем малочисленных народов Севера Сибирского отделения РАН, г. Якутск, Россия.
Information about the author
EGOROV PETER MIKHAILOVICH, PhD in Political Science, Research Fellow, Institute for Humanities Research and Indigenous Studies of the North, Russian Academy of Sciences, Siberian Branch, Yakutsk, Russia
Научная статья
УДК 33
DOI 10.26118/2782-4586.2024.59.99.027
Акбашева Диана Мухадиновна
Северо-Кавказская государственная академия Бойчоров Ш. К.
Северо-Кавказская государственная академия Хыбыртова Л. Б.
Северо-Кавказская государственная академия ЦИФРОВИЗАЦИЯ ПРЕДПРИЯТИЯ
Аннотация. Улучшение коммуникаций, достигается благодаря использованию цифровых инструментов и платформ, что облегчает сотрудничество и обмен информацией. Оптимизация управления и принятия решений предприятие может достичь, благодаря доступу к большому количеству объемов данных, как о предприятии самом, так и о его конкурентах, что позволяет провести анализ полученной данных и своевременно внести коррективы.
Улучшение клиентского опыта предприятие возможно при создании на основе конкретной базы данных, путем предоставления персонализированных и удобных сервисов. Следовательно, возможность увеличение конкурентоспособности, прибыльности и статуса предприятия будет достигаться на основе инноваций и совершенствования процессов внедрения цифровых технологий. Подчеркивается важность цифровизации для современного предприятия и предлагается применение описанных преимуществ в своем бизнесе.
Ключевые слова: процесс цифровизации предприятия, стратегии и целей цифровизации, автоматизация бизнес-процессов и внедрение новых технологий, бучение сотрудников.
Akbasheva Diana Mukhadinovna
North Caucasus State Academy Boychorov S. K.
North Caucasian State Academy Khybyrtova L. B.
North Caucasian State Academy
DIGITALIZATION OF BUSINESS
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