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СОВРЕМЕННЫЕ НАУКИ И ОБРАЗОВАНИЕ
УДК 911.5/.9
Hamidov A.A. doctoral candidate Ferghana state university Xalilov X.B. methodist Uzbekistan, Ferghana
DEVELOPMENT OF NATURAL GEOGRAPHICAL RESEARCHES IN UZBEKISTAN (DEVELOPMENT OF THE PLANTS WORLD)
Annotation: The article examines the natural geographical study of flora in the territory of Uzbekistan, as well as the concepts that emerged during the study.
Key words: landscape, photosynthesis, geobotanical studies, paleobotany, flora, mesophilic, geographic component, complex, soil-geobotanical, anthropogenic effects.
Both the air and the water of the landscape are essential for the existence of living components in it and the performance of its specific activities. Of these components, the herbaceous coating is an important component of the system. At the same time that it reflects the appearance of the landscape, it is crucial in the formation of landscape relief, climate and soil features, and the geographical distribution of animal species and their geographical distribution.
Landscape plants are the primary organic substance that forms the basis of many chemicals, physical and biological processes occurring in the landscape. Plant growth affects other components of the landscape during metabolism, accumulation and excretion, and changes their composition and properties. Quantitative characteristics, such as air movement, moisture content, temperature, gas composition, and other characteristics, often depend on the characteristics of vegetation cover.
Physiological processes in the growth and development of plants and their role in the formation and existence of landscapes are also important. For example, in the photosynthesis process, plants inhale SO2 in the air, emit O2 into the air, and absorb water and various minerals from the soil with the help of sunlight. Of these, they form organic compounds. The specific metabolic and energy exchange processes occurring between the air and plant-soil have different intensities depending on the nature zone and the relief environment.
We have already considered the position of plants or flora in the landscape above. Well, let's take a look at the work and dynamics of the study and study of flora in Uzbekistan as a whole.
In the history of Central Asia, including Uzbekistan, the early 20th century is characterized by several features. The most important feature of this period was the expansion and improvement of the geographical conceptions of soil-botanical
expeditions. The Turkestan branch of the Russian Geographical Society, established in Tashkent in 1897, and the Turkestan Agricultural Society played a great role in this.
Geobotanical research of the early 20th century led to the discovery or corroboration of several scientific and geographical regularities. In particular, the idea that the genesis of flora and fauna in the southern part of the country is related to the southern regions (Old Asia and the Mediterranean), and the northern part to Western Siberia and Central Asia.
Results of the geobotanical study of geo-botanical soils from 1908 to 1915 under the guidance of S.S. Neustruev of the Department of Resettlement and the Department of Land Improvement, headed by N.A. Dimo based on natural and historical methods. was particularly important from.[1]
By the 1930s most of the territory of Uzbekistan was covered by geobotanical studies. In particular, research works in Nurata, Jizzakh, Mirzachul, Begovat, Zaamin, Yangikurgan, Samarkand, Urgut, Konimeh and other areas have been well-researched.
As a result of the study of pristine plants in 1934, E.P.Korovin and M.M.Sovetkina published a paper entitled "Introduction to the study of hay and pastures of Uzbekistan" and M.M.Sovetkina's "Natural herbs and pastures in Central Asia" (1938). things have come up. Most importantly, as a result of these studies, a map of the Republic of Uzbekistan was developed.
In those 30s, the elements of tertiary and Jurassic flora from the paleobotanical point of view were fully restored by A.V.Yarmolenko, M.I.Brick, E.P.Korovin. According to their research, tertiary forests in Central Asia, including Uzbekistan, were covered by xerophytes and evergreen trees and shrubs.
In this regard, the analysis of plant species by M.G. Popov in covering issues of flora history is of great interest. By itself, the flora of the globe is divided into two parts; southern desert - Welwitschia and mesophyll - Ginkgo. Central Asia and partly Uzbekistan are located on the border of these two flora regions. Interesting are the flora elements that have been preserved in the plastered layers of Central Asia. These plants are the oldest periodic composition and composition of flora of Central Asia and Uzbekistan. In general, Popov believes that the vegetation cover in the present area was formed by the migration and hybridization of the elements of the original primary flora.
At the same time as M.G.Popov, E.P.Korovin conducted a great research work on the concept of plant migration. Central Asia has created a historical concept of the formation of flora elements in the region, revealing botanical and geographical features of plant development in Uzbekistan. All the ideas put forward, the essence of the historical concept, and the source information on the formation of the flora elements were included in his two-volume work, The Crops of Central Asia and South Kazakhstan, published in 1961 and 1962.
As E.P.Korovin argues, the autochthonous orientation ensures the genetic diversity of plant composition, and migration is enriched by environmental systems, supplementing new plant species.
In other scientific works of E.K.Korovin we find interesting scientific data. The fossil record in Central Asia, including Uzbekistan, was found to be representative of tertiary and upper Cretaceous flora. Based on these studies, E.P. Korovin concludes that the vegetation of the southern part of Central Asia developed in the form of a persistent evergreen shrub, with xerophyte character in the tertiary period. In this regard, the views of M.G.Popov and E.P.Korovin and the results of the studies are very close. Only in the form of subtropical forests, M.G. Popov is thought to be in the form of permanent green shrubs with small leaves in Korovin. However, both researchers paid close attention to the plant xerophytes.
In creating the Ecological and Genetic Characteristics of Plants of Uzbekistan in 1937, E.P.Korovin commented: "For many years Uzbekistan has not summarized research and studies on flora. At present, large flora and plant materials are collected in Uzbekistan. Now it is time to systematize and summarize plant species, taking into account the needs of the national economy, and the logical progression of views on plants in the country." This information is stored in a manuscript file in the Basic Library of the Republic of Uzbekistan (Khamidov, 2007). The main section of the manuscript is entitled "In Study of Crops of Uzbekistan - Past, and Present". Very good scientific ideas and ideas about flora and fauna have been put forward.
The main thing is the study of Central Asian flora by E.P. Korovin from the earliest times to 1917, which is divided into four periods:
1. Ancient, Geographical Exploration in Uzbekistan, 1717-1804
2. Studies on Recognition, 1820-1904
3. The first systematic study of the territory of Uzbekistan, 1908-1917
(The activities of the "Resettlement Department" and "Land Improvement
Unit" (many soil-botanical, geobotanic, geographic studies have been carried out).
4. Soviet Studies, Beginning from 1917 The history of the study of plants in Uzbekistan during the Soviet period was mainly related to the solution of national economic issues.[2]
In geobotanical researches, the study of cultural plants along with wild-growing flora and plants was carried out to improve their varieties, introduce new species and increase crop yields. The use of complex techniques in botanical and geographical research has revealed that wild plants used for forage and technical purposes have always been versatile and are widely used in the national economy.
Research has also been done on individual cultural plants. For example, K.A.Flyakoberger, N.Pokrovsky, G.M.Popov and others, V.L.Golodkovskiy and others on algae biology and systematics researched wheat.
After 1917, the study of the nature of the territory of Uzbekistan, its plant and animal resources was carried out based on a general plan of state importance, closely related to the rational deployment and rapid development of the productive forces of the country. As a result, geobotanical research has been carried out in a planned, systematic and specific way. The goals and objectives of the planned developing national economy required comprehensive and sectoral research on the nature of the country, expeditionary and stationary research. This allowed the
study of natural geographical components, complex processes, and phenomena, both territorial and historical-dynamic.
As a result of country-specific research, rich factual data on the interconnection and integrity of natural components (for example, flora and fauna), constant change, development, and specific regional distribution have been collected and new scientific ideas presented. In the early twentieth century, geobotanical research was carried out using complex methods, and the use of progressive methods - geophysical, geochemical, environmental and other techniques in geobotanical research in the late 20s allowed for a deep analysis of not only the distribution and development of natural landscapes but also the physical, chemical and biological significance.
In 1920, the Central Asian State University was established in Tashkent with leading scholars - N.A.Dimo, A.I.Rozanov, M.N.Voskresensky, M.A.Orlov, M.A.Pankov (soil scientists). V.Blagoveshchenskiy, P.A.Baranov, E.P.Korovin, M.G.Popov, M.V.Kultiasov, V.P.Drobov, I.A.Raykova, M.M.Sovetkina, I.I.Granitov (botanists) and others have made a great contribution to the study of flora of the country. In 1921 the Institute of Scientific Research was established at the University, and its structure was separated from the Institute of Soil Science and Geobotany (1921-1932). Numerous soil-geobotanical expeditions carried out by the Institute since 1921 were carried out in the spirit of a complex natural-historical method of field research and new scientific ideas created and used by V.V.Dokuchaev before the above revolution. These great works were led by the successors of V.V.Dokuchaev's teaching, well-known scientists, soil scientist-geographer N.A.Dimo (director of the institute) and soil scientist, geobotanical-geographer R.I.Abolin. In general, during its activity the Institute studied soil and botanical area of 522376 thousand square kilometers of the territory of Uzbekistan (1921-1938). About 100 expeditions and scientific detachments were organized by the Institute to study them. [3]
The expeditions were of great practical importance due to the needs and direct instructions of the agricultural organizations of the country. During these expeditions, the soil and vegetation cover of the regions was studied in the background. Consequently, much attention was given to all components of nature as soil-forming and environmental factors. In addition to the scientific analysis of the various factual data collected in the field, the expeditions provide important practical conclusions about the state of the soil and vegetation cover of the studied area and the rational use of it. They are accompanied by large-scale soil and plant maps.
In the development of natural geographical reflection in the 20s, the Institute of Botany and Zoology of the SAGU also made a significant contribution. Although the research of university botanists during this period was floristic, leading biologists have also successfully developed botanical, geographical, ecological and biotechnological ideas. In these studies, P.A.Baranov, A.V.Bllagoveshgensky, V.P.Drobov, A.I.Vvedensky, E.P.Korovin, M.G.Popov, I.A.Raikova, I.G.Granitov, M.V.Kultiasov, E.A.Makeeva, O.N.Radkevich and others took an active part. Between 1929 and 1941, I.G.Gerasimov, A.N.Rozanov,
M.A.Pankov studied the soils of the country more broadly and made important points regarding genesis, distribution, classification, and reclamation. I.G.Gerosimov isolated Turan soil-climatic province in the south of Central Asia and interpreted it as the northern part of the continental subtropics. This idea was further developed by A.N.Rozanov and E.P. Korovin in 1938 in a broad geographical plan.
Only the floristic, faunistic, geobotanical and ecological ideas of E.P.Korovin's great works "Plantations of Central Asia and South Kazakhstan",
D.N.Kashkarov and E.P.Korovins "Turkic Desert Species", "Desert Life" not only but also in the evolution of geographical ideas.
During World War II geobotanical studies were also conducted in the country. In particular, the Southern Kyzylkum expedition in 1943 (M.A.Orlov,
E.P.Korovin, M.M.Orifxonova, Z.Z.Zakirov, V.M.Jumaeva), and the 1944-1945 expedition of Ulturt complex. E.P.Korovin, I.I.Granitov, M.M.Orifxonova, A.D.Pyatayeva). The scientific results of these expeditions are summarized in two major works.
The needs of the war years require a sharp turning and intensification of the themes of geobotanical research towards practical purposes. Significant progress has been made in identifying and evaluating the country's plant richness. In the development of geobotanical ideas on plant geography in Uzbekistan in 19601990, firstly, E.P.Korovin, I.A.Raykova, V.P.Drobov, I.I.Granitov, K.Z.Zakirov, N.I.Rubtsov, I.V.Vihodtsev, A.V.Golovkova, B.A.Bikov, K.V.Stanyukovich, P.N.Ovchinshkov, and other leading botanists. [4]
On soil science I.A.Aktinov - Karataev under the direction of and A.N.Rozanov, N.V.Bogdanovich, B.V.Gorbunov, N.V.Kimberg, S.A.Kudrin, M.A.Pankov, S.A.Soil-geobotanical researches by S.A.Shuvalov, M.A.Orlov and others are unique.
In the 1980s and '90s of the last century, the geobotanical research in Uzbekistan has changed significantly. These changes are mainly due to the increased anthropogenic impact on the environment, and the main issue now is the conservation of the flora, conservation of environmental conditions, and the formation of environmental knowledge and awareness among people. employees are actively working.
Sources used:
1. Димо.Н.А.Почвенные экспедиции в басейнах Сыр-Дары и Амударьи-СПб, 1915.
2. Коровин Е.П. Исторический очерк развития растительности Средней Азии М:, 1958.
3. Аболин Р.И. Основы естественно-исторического районирования Советской Средней Азии.тр.САГУ.сер. ХП-а,География-1929-В-2
4. Хдмидов. А.А. ва бош;. Фаргона водийсининг экологик вазиятларини яхшилашда табиий географик ва геоэкологик гоялар, ;арашлардан фойдаланиш масалалари. Сб.науч.тр. КУУ.-Ош, 2003.-С.219-223.
