CC BY
18
УДК 911.5/.9
Hamidov A.A. doctoral candidate Ferghana state university Xalilov X.B. methodist Uzbekistan, Ferghana
DEVELOPMENT OF NATURAL GEOGRAPHIC RESEARCH IN UZBEKISTAN (GEOLOGICAL AND GEOMORPHOLOGICAL
RESEARCH)
Annotation: The article examines the geological and geomorphological study of the territory of Uzbekistan, as well as the development of concepts arising in the course of research.
Key words: Geology, geomorphology, expedition, ore mining, geological scratches, Paleozoic, Mesozoic, Cenozoic, hydrogeological processes, hydrogeology, geomorphological region, loess rock.
The geographical study of the Central Asian republics was largely mobilized by scholars from scientific organizations located in central cities of Russia, or from the "center" of the expeditions and research organizations established in the republic. For example, academics A.E.Fersman and D.Shcherbakov, who came from Moscow's scientific organizations, contributed to the discovery of mineral resources in the country. In 1926, the Central Geological Prospecting Department established the Central Asian Branch of the Geological Committee in Tashkent.
The geological and geomorphological studies of the country at that time showed that there were new directions for geological and geomorphological research in Central Asia, which included new mineral deposits, groundwater exploration, and construction engineering conditions. The most interesting of these studies is that all the geological searches conducted in the region before the opening of the geology department in Central Asia, all the results of the research, were taken to the center. On the other hand, geological surveys in the area were mainly carried out in the form of field expeditions.
In 1927, under the leadership of Academician A.E.Fersman, the Academy of Sciences of the former Soviet Union organized an expedition to South Fergana to search for ore deposits. In the course of the expedition, geological surveys were carried out in the vicinity of Khaidarkan, and samples of ore from cobalt, antimony, and feldspar were obtained. Later, as a result of geological surveys of D.I.Shcherbakov in the Mughultog area, the deposits of barite and iron shine and magnetic iron-bearing were discovered.
In 1929 under the leadership of B.N.Nasledov geological prospecting was started in North Karamazar, Mughultog, and the Kurama Mountains. As a result of research, more than 300 deposits were discovered on the geological structure of
Karamozor district. Later this area was interpreted as Karamozor metallogenic area.
B.Nasledov and A.Korolev's geological surveys, along with the study of metallogeny of Uzbekistan, have also provided much new information on petrography and tectonics. The group of Almalyk deposits along the Angren river attracted the attention of these researchers. At the same time, sandstone (Najdak) excavation in the Nurata Mountains and fire-resistant soils in the Ferghana Valley were also studied.
A 1930 search study revealed a deposit of 44,000 tons of graphite in Konimeh district. The Chatkal ridge, which is the southwestern part of the Tianshan Mountains, has not yet solved the problem of exploring the Paleozoic and Mesozoic sediments and remains relevant. The invaluable research of N.P.Vasilkovskiy on this issue and their results (in the Paleozoic period) is the study of the presence and distribution of volcanic strata in the western slopes of Tyanshan and their stratigraphic distribution. [1]
As a result of the deep study of the Jurassic deposits in the area, researchers K.I.Bogdanovich and G.S.Chikrizov discovered brown coal deposits in the Angren River valley (basin). These deposits are still in use today. The most disturbing part is that kaolin is also extracted from brown coal, but kaolin is excluded as excessive rock, although it is one of the raw materials of aluminum.
At the same time, N.V.Shabarov has identified a coal basin based on the study of the Jurassic and more ancient strata of the Ferghana Valley (Kyzylkiya, Sulyukta). V.N.Ognev investigated the tectonics of the Fergana ridge based on the deep geological survey materials of its role in the Tianshan mountain system. The research carried out by the Central Asian Division of the Geological Committee continued until the 1930s. Subsequent studies were continued by the Central Asian Regional Geological Survey of the former Soviet Union. They explored coal, oil and metal deposits in Central Asia.
Over 300 coal deposits are reported in the Central Asian region. In 1937, the Central Asian Geological Prospecting Office surveyed polymetallic deposits in the Altintopgan region and the Almalyk group of mineral deposits. Employees of the metal department of the Central Asian Regional Geological Prospecting Department investigated the lead-silver deposit set up by them in the Karamozor mountains. Besides, sulfur, graphite, asbestos, alunite, bauxite, rock and potassium salts, phosphorites, building materials, and other non-metallic minerals were discovered in Sherabad and Konimeh.
Since 1918, Central Asian State University has also undertaken chronic and targeted expeditions to study the natural conditions and resources of Uzbekistan. In 1926, scientists of the Central Asian State University discovered and conducted geological surveys in the southern part of the Ferghana Valley, including antimony, mercury, cinnabar, soluble feldspar, and other minerals.
Many scientists of the University have been directly involved in the study of the lithology of the Cenozoic steppe and continental sedimentary rocks. 1940) and so on. University geologists have laid the foundations for the deep study of a large
number of minerals, such as tectonics, lithology and industrial importance in the mountain regions of Central Asia.
For scientific research and development of expeditions, in 1934, some of the expeditions were established under the Science Committee in Uzbekistan. The Science Committee has become a research planning association in Central Asia, including Uzbekistan.
In 1935, the group of geology and mineral resources was mainly engaged in research, development and coordination of theoretical foundations of mineral resources in Uzbekistan. This year, the Government of Uzbekistan organized an expedition led by A.S.Uklonsky to explore the Chirchik region's mineral resources. As a result of field surveys and cameral processing of the collected materials, the deposits were discovered in Aktash, Mingbulak, Karamkul, and Chimgan. In 1937 under the leadership of V.A.Zakharovich an expedition to Baisun district was conducted to find and exploit bauxite deposits.
A special bureau has been set up to record all the mineral deposits on the territory of Uzbekistan. In 1941 at the initiative of the Science Committee, the Bureau compiled a questionnaire titled "Mineral Resources of Uzbekistan." In March 1937, the group of geology and mineral resources together with the State Planning Committee held the first conference of Uzbekistan on the study of mineral deposits and the use of mineral resources. At this conference, Central Asia, including Uzbekistan, was scientifically eliminated from the misconception that "poor in mineral resources". The conference developed and implemented further plans for exploration.
The Committee of Hydrogeologists of the Science Committee of Uzbekistan has been tasked with addressing issues related to the irrigation of lands. They had to solve simultaneously the planning, organization of work and the integration of all hydrogeological studies. The study of surface and groundwater in the context of Central Asia, including Uzbekistan, and with the development of irrigated agriculture demonstrates the importance of the national economy.
Based on the results of the study conducted by the group, the map for seasonal groundwater fluctuations, groundwater mineralization and deep-water mapping were identified and supplemented. Based on the available materials, the Engineering Geology and Hydrogeology Sector published a collection of materials from 1935 to 1936 on "Engineering Geology and Hydrogeology of Uzbekistan."
In 1938 the Institute of Geology was established under the Science Committee of the Republic of Uzbekistan within the sector of engineering geology and hydrogeology. This research institute has been dealing with the problem of the geological structure of the Republic of Uzbekistan for many years. He has also been engaged in geochemistry, mining genetics and minerals, mineralogy and geochemistry of sulfur deposits, aluminum and petrology, hydrogeological processes, chemical composition and dynamics of underground water, and limestone rocks of the northern slopes of the Chirchik-Angren region and the Kurama Mountains.
In 1938 the Karakalpak expedition was established by the Science Committee to study ore resources in Central Kyzylkum. The expedition investigated the mountains located in the Kyzylkum region, such as Bukantog, Altintog, Tomdi mountain massifs, Beltog and Kuljuktag. Rare metal blues and corundum deposits were studied in depth. When it came to the study of corundum deposits and the genesis of corundum, the staff tried to prove that corundum originated from aluminum-rich glance or bauxite.
The Geological Research Institute has been focusing on the study of the Chirchik-Angren district (near Tashkent). By 1940, oil, coal and peat fields were being explored in various parts of Uzbekistan. The geological and geographical study of Central Asia has greatly influenced the bio-geographical understanding of the region. These studies have paved the way for the biogeographical separation of Central Asia and have facilitated the transition to integrated natural geographical zoning. Research in the field of industry has addressed the problems of network and complex natural zoning of the Central Asian region.
Geomorphological research of the 20-30s of the XX century was devoted to the study of some separate regions and large geographical objects of Uzbekistan. In this regard. "Some Geomorphological Data Describing Dalvarzin Steppes" (1927), K.I.Postoev "Geomorphology of Uzbekistan" (1933), P.Gerasimov and P.K.Chihachev's Geomorphological Essays of Kyzylkum. (1933), N.E.Minakova's "Basic Geomorphological Views of the Fergana Valley" (1937), V.A.Vakhramayev's Essays on the Geomorphology of the Southwest End of Hisor Mountains (1937). "The Geomorphological Materials in the Fergana Valley of the Syrdarya" (1937) and others. can be. [2]
The basic information on the orthographic structure of the surface of Central Asia was collected during the Soviet period during the study of the Pamir Mountains and the surrounding mountain ranges. Recent studies have examined the structure of mountains, the location of sediments between them, river valleys, mountain peaks, and individual peaks. The study of the origin and evolution of mountain surface forms was made clear. K.I.Postoev divides the territory of Uzbekistan into 3 distinct parts: plain, mountainous and mountainous parts, and identifies 7 major geomorphological regions; Syrdarya, Mirzachul, Fergana sediments, Samarkand sediment, and Zarafshan valley, the western steppe of Uzbekistan, Karshi and Karnob steppes, southwest part of Hissar mountains.
This research work by K.I.Postoev does not allow for in-depth analysis of terrestrial forms, but the general information about this geomorphological zoning system and large geomorphological regions of Uzbekistan is of great scientific importance. During these years, great attention was paid to the study of the surface of the Kyzyl Kum Desert, including the fact that P.Makeev clarified the diversity of desert relief from the Amudarya to the Syr Darya and from the Aral Sea to the Zarafshan Valley and the Nurata Mountains.
In the relief of Kyzylkum I.P.Gerasimov, P.K.Chihachev at each mountain site have mountain ranges, peaks and rocky cliffs, mountain ranges, hill zones, steep and mountain valleys with low river valleys; in the plain - highland plateau and remnant rocks of the tertiary-Cretaceous rocks, dome-shaped remnants of
Paleozoic sediments, terraced sediments on slopes, sloping sands, sandy sands and wavy sands, barren sands, The areas and planes are separated by ancient alluvial deposits. On the genesis of the sands in the Kyzyl Kum Desert V.A.Abruchev, S.S.Nesutruev (1912), A.D.Arkhangelsky (1915), M.D.Speridonov (1918), I.P.Gerasimov (1931), V.V.Nikitin (1936) and others.
Sand masses occupying the western and central parts of the Ferghana Valley have been studied at the same time as the study of the Kyzyl Kum Desert.
1. Right coastal sand gradients (rows) covered by vegetation;
2. The coastline is the area where the sand is mostly unstable, with moving
sand.
From the slopes of the surrounding mountain ranges, the Syrdarya coastline is brought to the central parts of the Fergana sediment. The study of the Ferghana Valley landscape S.S.Nesutruev, V.N.Weber. Continued by D.I.Sccherbakov, N.L.Korjinevsky, N.V.Vasilkovsky, and others.
V.A.Vakhromeev made a significant contribution to the study of the geology of the southwestern end of the Gissar Mountains. In determining the geomorphological features of the region, the researcher distinguishes the region from the Paleozoic rocks in the mountains. These rocks are highly eroded and form a series of gradient reliefs from the Cretaceous and Paleogenic rocks. Apart from these, the accumulative region is also isolated (dry deltas, foothills, and deserts). The importance of the row and sand sands in the national economy was revealed by the researcher in the process of research.
The ideas of a brief geomorphological structure of the Ferghana Valley can be found in the work of P.E.Minakova "Basic geomorphological appearance of Ferghana" (1937). He distinguishes 4 geomorphological zones in the Ferghana Valley: 1.Mountain ridges 2. Mountain ranges. 3.Adirlar. 4 Central Fergana (Fergana sediment).
P. E. Minakova concludes in her research: The hills are the small, uprooted uplands where the mountain ranges are comprised of upper tertiary and ancient tertiary conglomerates, sandstones, and mammals. The hills have soft but sophisticated relief forms, characterized by waterless, steppe landscapes, vegetation cover is poorly developed or underdeveloped. Thus, great attention was paid to the study of the relief of Uzbekistan in 1917-1941. However, scientific studies that precisely distinguish the genetics of the genome that accurately characterize the release have not been thoroughly done. Regional geological studies and geological surveys played a key role in the development of theoretical outlook for geological structure of Central Asia, including Uzbekistan. As a result of geological surveys conducted in the territory of Uzbekistan, Turkestan Geological Committee created a geological map of Turkestan in 1925. The first scheme of the stratigraphy and tectonics of the region was developed, with the scientific outline of the geological relevance and geological history of the region.
The processes of new mountain formation in Central Asia have aroused great interest among researchers. According to S. Schultz, its basic and long-twisted dislocation has been subjected to continuous folding of ridges and sediments of the Tianshan Mountains, especially during the early fourth and late
Neogene times. Skvortsov later investigated the movement of the Chatkal Mountains in the Quaternary period, which is part of the Tianshan Mountains, and associated erosion, flattening of the upper surface and the remnants of the river valleys.[3]
V.I.Popov crosses the border between the Tianshan and Pamir mountain systems on the southern Tajik depression along the rivers of the Kyzylsuv, Sohob and Kulyab rivers from the Alai Mountains. "Continuity of tectonic movements" and "The history of sediments and uplifts of Southwest Tien Shan" (1937) and "History of the geological development of the Tianshan Mountains and sediments" by V.I.Popov. The theory of "canon" proposed by G.Scheille and the idea of substantiating the principle of dividing the Tianshan mountain system into separate zones and sub-bases was proved. One of the theoretical works on geological structure and exploration of minerals in Central Asia, including Uzbekistan, belongs to A.S.Uklonsky. His scientific work is devoted to the genesis of sulfur deposits and their oil paragenesis. [4]
At that time Central Asia, including. One of the main problems of natural geography and geology in Uzbekistan was the problem of the formation of this limestone. The study of V.A.Obruchev in Central Asia, China and Jungoria has led to the formation of a prediction of the loos ellipticity. Subsequently, proponents of the theory that loosens were formed by alluvial methods, Y.A. Skvortsov and G.A. Mavlonov, divide the loops into typical loops and loess types, linking them with diluvial, pluvial, alluvial and other processes. When it comes to the formation of the Loss rocks, Obruchev, Skvortsov, and Mavlonov all have reason to agree. In particular, the Central Asian, Chinese and Dzhongoran regions are continental and arid zones within the mainland, and many processes can be attributed to the geologic activity of winds. [5]
According to Y.Skvortsov and G.A.Mavlonov, geological work of water are not inferior to that of winds, especially in Central Asia, including Uzbekistan. А^. Fon-Middendorf also expressed his views on the problems of the Fergana Valley loess formation in 1878. In 1923-1924 hydrogeological research in Uzbekistan began systematically. During the regional study of hydrogeology of the region, the work on the formation and development of hydrogeological maps of groundwater formation and the laws of its movement, hydrogeological zoning and the problems of water supply to the central cities of the country were studied. By 1937, the state hydrogeological surveys were systematically launched in the country. However, the generalization of these surveys was made only after World War II. Thus, in the geological and geomorphological study of the territory of Uzbekistan up to 1941, the theoretical issues of geological structure and its development were studied. Exact practical results were identified in the process of exploration of minerals and mobilized to the development of the national economy.
Sources used:
1. Васильковский Н.П. Геологическое строение Западной Ферганы. //Изд. Ком, по делам геол. При СНК СССР. 1941. -С.47-50
2. Минакова Н.Е. Основные черты геоморфологии Ферганы. //Соц. наука и тех. -№3-4. Изд-во ком. наук УзССР. -Ташкент: -1937. -С.34-80.
3. Наливкин Д.В. Очерк геологии Туркестана. -Ташкент-Москва: 1926. -.48.
4. Попов В.И. Геологические условия формирования кайназойских моласс Ферганы. // Изд-во ком. наук. УзССР. -Ташкент: -1940. -С.3-126
5. Мавлянов Г.А., Нурматов А.Н. Четвертичные отложения Центральной Ферганы. // Изд-во «ФАН», УзССР, - Ташкент: 1972. -С.3-89.
