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UDC 622.276.63, 622.276.76
Development of blocking compositions with a bridging agent for oil well killing in conditions of abnormally low formation pressure
and carbonate reservoir rocks
Dmitrii V. MARDASHOV
Saint Petersburg Mining University, Saint Petersburg, Russia
How to cite this article: Mardashov D.V. Development of blocking compositions with a bridging agent for oil well killing in conditions of abnormally low formation pressure and carbonate reservoir rocks. Journal of Mining Institute. 2021. Vol. 251, p. 667-677. DOI : 10.318 97/PMI .2021.5.6
Abstract. Production well killing before workover operations in late-stage oil and gas-condensate fields can be complicated by abnormally low formation pressure, carbonate type of reservoir rocks, and high gas-oil ratio. These complications lead to the intensive absorption of technological fluids by the formation and gas ingresses, which, in its turn, increases the time of killing wells and putting them on production, reduction of productivity, and additional costs. Therefore, it is crucial to develop a high-performance well-killing composition that would allow improving the efficiency of killing wells in complicated geological, physical, and technological conditions at the expense of reliable overlapping of the perforation interval (or open wellbore) to prevent gas intakes and gas outflow from the formation. To develop blocking compounds, a set of laboratory tests has been carried out, including physical and chemical (determination of density, viscosity, thermal stability, sedimentation stability, etc.) and research of blocking and filtration properties of compositions during simulation of a fractured reservoir. In the course of laboratory tests, the choice of fractional composition and polymer filler concentration was substantiated in the blocking emulsion and polymer compositions to increase the efficiency of their application under the complicated conditions of killing oil wells. As a result of laboratory research and field tests, the emulsion and polymer blocking compositions containing bridging agent (mi-crocalcite) were developed, which increase the oil well killing efficiency by preventing the absorption of technological fluids in the formations and, as a result, preserving its productivity.
Key words: wellworkover; wellkilling; wellstimulation; well killing fluid; hydrophobic emulsion; emulsifier; bridg-
Introduction. Oil wells killing before workover operations at fields on a later stage of development, with a carbonate type of reservoir, abnormally low formation pressure (ALFP) and a high gasoil ratio, is usually accompanied by a number of complications: intensive absorption of process fluids, gas breakthroughs from the formation into well, lowering the liquid level in the well, etc. [21, 25, 36]. These complications lead to an increase in the duration of the well killing and the timing of putting it into operation, a decrease in productivity and additional costs [1, 24, 32].
This can be aggravated by additional technical and technological conditions: two or more productive intervals with different formation pressures, an open and extended horizontal wellbore, wells equipped with bottomhole packers, hydraulic fracturing (HF) and/or massive hydrochloric acid treatments (HCAT), presence of aggressive components (hydrogen sulphide and/or carbon dioxide) in the formation fluid [1, 28, 38].
Analysis of killing wells efficiency at the one of the oil, gas and condensate field (OGCF) with carbonate type of reservoir and abnormally low formation pressure (formation pressure is less than hydrostatic pressure by more than 20 %, i.e. anomalous formation pressure coefficient (Ka < 0.8) showed that the killing efficiency (the percentage of wells killed successfully the first time (for 1 cycle) from the total number of killed wells during 2015-2018) makes 70 %.The main reasons for repeated well killing were technical (no possibility to flush the sub-packer zone, significant length of tubing liner under the packer, presence of emergency equipment in the well, changes in well repair conditions, prolonged repair terms, pressing of the blocking pack into the formation, etc.),
ing agent
1 ■ 2 ■ 3 4 (hh) 5
Fig.1. Effectiveness of production wells killing (438 wells) at oil and gas condensate field
1 - killed in one cycle; killed in several cycles due to technical (2), geological (3), organizational (4) factors;
5 - number of wells
geological (presence of fault and decompaction zones, intensive absorptions due to earlier production stimulation operations, lack of information on the volume of caverns and fractures of the rock in the near-bottomhole zone, displacement of killing fluids from the well in the presence of overpressure, open and extended horizontal wellbore, incorrect formation pressure at the moment of killing, non-recovered formation pressure after HF, etc.) and organizational factors (Fig.1) [3, 9, 13, 33].
Thus, it is important to develop a blocking composition to increase the efficiency of wells killing under complex geological, physical and technological conditions by reliably blocking the perforation interval (or open wellbore) in order to prevent absorption and gas breakthrough from the formation.
Two main physical principles of decreasing absorption of killing fluid are widely used: increasing the viscosity of the blocking killing fluid (BKF) and bridging the pores and filtration channels with solid particles. These principles are realized in BKF, which are gelled aqueous solutions, emulsions and disperse systems with solid (suspensions) or gas (aphrons) phases (Fig.2) [14, 15, 30, 34]. Ways to increase blocking properties of well killing fluid: increasing the viscosity of BKF, bridging pores (fractures) and filtration channels with solid particles.
The most common types of bridging agents used in the oil and gas industry in various process fluids during well workovers are [6, 11, 29]:
• acid-soluble - dolomite, chalk, siderite, aluminosilicates, iron or calcium hydroxides, magnesium oxide;
• oil-soluble - resins, rubbers, products and wastes of oil refinery;
• water-soluble - salts (calcium, magnesium, potassium, sodium chlorides) and polymers (car-boxymethyl cellulose, hydroxyethyl cellulose, polyacrylamide, guar, xanthan, lignin, starch);
• insoluble - paper, soot, clay, bentonite, sawdust, barite, rice and walnut husks, artificial fibres, silica.
Hydrocarbon emulsion systems and viscoelastic water-polymer solutions are among the most frequently used well killing agents [18, 22, 23], their blocking properties can be increased by adding different bridging agents [4, 8, 35]. The most technologically advanced type of bridging agent is calcium carbonate (CaCO3) [5, 10, 27]. It relates to the category of acid-soluble bridging agents and may be removed from the well by hydrochloric acid treatment [7, 8, 26]. However, it should be taken into account that it leads to complication and, consequently, increase in cost for the technological operation of well preparation for the workover [12, 19].
Methodology. Program of laboratory research to develop blocking compositions with improved properties compared to traditionally used invert-emulsion solution (IES) and biopolymer composition (BC) of LLC "Veteran" (Buzuluk) consisted of the following stages:
Fig.2. Main types of blocking compositions for well killing
• determination of the main physical and chemical parameters of the emulsion (or biopolymer) composition with the filler (microcalcite) in comparison with the used IES (or BC): density (GOST 3900-85 "Oil and oil products. Methods for determination of density"); thermal stability; sedimentation stability; dynamic viscosity (GOST 1929-87 "Oil products. Methods for determination of dynamic viscosity in rotational viscometer"); corrosion rate (GOST 9.502-82 "Unified system of corrosion and aging protection. Metal corrosion inhibitors for water systems. Corrosion test methods"); pour point (GOST 20287-91 "Petroleum products. Methods for determination of flow and pour point temperatures"), etc.;
• study of the blocking and filtration properties of blocking compositions in fractured reservoir modelling;
• formulation of recommendations based on a comprehensive analysis of the results for physical, chemical and filtration investigations of blocking compositions to improve the efficiency of production wells killing under the conditions of OGCF with fractured reservoirs, abnormally low formation pressure, intensive absorptions and high gas content (gas-oil ratio more than 200 m3/m3).
The thermal stability of the tested blocking compositions was determined by the following procedure. Prepared composition was placed in a thermostat at 90 °C and incubated for three days. Every 24 hours the condition of the blocking composition and the change in its appearance were visually assessed. Blocking composition was considered unstable if aqueous phase separation, stratification and sedimentation occurred.
The essence of the method for evaluating the sedimentation stability of blocking compositions was to determine the density change by volume (the upper half of the composition compared to the lower half) after thermostatic conditioning
P9
Css= 100,
Pi
where Css - sedimentation stability coefficient, %; pi - density of the composition in the upper half of the tube, kg/m3; p2 - density of the composition in the lower half of the tube, kg/m3.
After incubation of the test composition at 90 °C for three days, the densities of the top and bottom volumes in the test tube were measured. The composition was considered sediment stable if the sediment stability coefficient was more than 98 %.
To prepare IES, which are homogenous opaque liquids of light brown colour, emulsifier "YALAN-E2" (volume fraction (concentration) 2 %), commercial oil from OGCF (20 %), calcium chloride aqueous solution with density 1.318 g/cm3 (78 %) were used.
The following reagents were used in the preparation of the BC, which are homogenous opaque yellowish liquids: BC1 (water-soluble organic polymer in dry form), BC2 (inorganic binding agent in dry form), BC3 (binding regulator in liquid form).
Microcalcite mixtures of four types (ground or milled marble) with different particle sizes, manufactured in accordance with TU 5716-001-563902432015 ("Shishimsky Mramori K°" LLC, Chelyabinsk Region) were used as a filler in the IES and BC: MK-500 (up to 0.5 mm); MK-200/500 (0.2-0.5 mm); MK-500/1000 (0.5-1 mm); MK-1000/1500 (1-1.5 mm). According to the experience of using calcium carbonate as a bridging agent during drilling and well workover the most popular range of its mass fraction (concentration) in the composition of blocking fluid is 5-30 % [2, 16, 20]. This concentration was used to compare the efficiency of various grades of bridging agents. After choosing the most effective filler brand, its concentration in the blocking fluid was reduced to the minimum effective value (with allowance for reserve).
In order to assess the blocking properties of process fluids in relation to fractures with different degrees of opening, an experimental bench was made (Fig.3) [14] using a high-temperature high-pressure filter press (FANN). This test bench allows the simulation of fractures with different width (0.1; 0.5; 1; 1.5 mm).
It has been established that in carbonate reservoirs of the Volga-Ural oil and gas province (where OGCF is located) the fracture width does not exceed 1.5 mm on average. At the same time, the minimum possible (from the technical point of view) fracture opening, equal to 0.1 mm, is taken as the lower value.
The efficiency of well killing fluids was estimated based on the results of laboratory filtration experiments on their effect on changes in permeability of reservoir models (rock samples) with fractures of different degrees of opening (0.1-1.0 mm). Filtration tests were conducted with the FDES-645 formation damage evaluation unit (Coretest Systems Corporation) under conditions close to the formation conditions of the studied OGCF (at temperature 37 °C and pressure 9 MPa). Samples of the natural rock sample material of the OGCF with the simulation of the fractures with the opening of 0.1, 0.5 and 1 mm were used [11, 37].
Figure 4 shows the design of a rock sample holder used in filtration investigations with emulsion and polymer blocking killing fluids, which contain bridging agent [11].
Fig.3. Schematic diagram of a filter press with fracture simulation
1 - nitrogen cylinder; 2 - pressure regulator (reducer); 3 - pressure gauge (cylinder pressure); 4 - pressure gauge (inlet pressure to the filter press); 5 - gas supply line to the filter press; 6 - isolation valve; 7 - cap; 8 - gas space; 9 - investigated blocking pack; 10 - thermocup; 11 - fracture; 12 - metal disc with a crack; 13 - measuring vessel
Injection of oil model (kerosene)
Injection of oil in the rock pressure system
Injection of investigated process fluid
a
b
Fig.4. Operation diagram (a) and external view (b) of the rock sample holder for filtration investigations with fractured
reservoir rock
1 - oil model (kerosene); 2 - flushing rings; 3 - artificially created fracture; 4 - carbonate rock;
5 - rock pressure system; 6 - investigated composition
The main objective of the research was to assess the effect of blocking compositions IES and BC used at the OGCF on the filtration characteristics of rock samples (with fractures) in comparison with the developed ones (IES + bridging agent) when simulating the oil well killing-development process.
When simulating well killing (injection of blocking solution into the rock sample), the pressure drop (repression) was 1 MPa, which corresponded to the standard process. While simulating well killing under conditions of excess bottomhole pressure (in case of ALFP) the value of repression was increased up to 4 MPa. The direction of injecting process fluids into the rock sample corresponded to the directions of oil and killing fluids movement in the producing wells. Filtration direction corresponding to the flow of oil from the formation into the well (simulation of well development) was opposite to the direction of blocking pack injection into the rock sample (simulation of well killing).
Stages of laboratory filtration investigations:
• determination of initial rock sample permeability by kerosene (oil model of the OGCF, with viscosity matching the viscosity of the gas-saturated formation oil);
• modeling the placement of the blocking fluid composition opposite the well perforation interval;
• simulation of a production well operation after killing and development (determining the coefficient of relative change in initial permeability of a rock sample by kerosene).
The main criteria for evaluating the effectiveness of blocking compositions: ability to withstand a pressure drop of at least 0.9 MPa (at least 10 % of formation pressure) while filtering through the fracture; ability to maintain rock sample permeability at least 70 %; minimum volume of blocking composition filtered through the fracture; minimum gradient of kerosene filtration start pressure when simulating well development.
Discussion. As a result of a series of physical, chemical and filtration investigations it was found that multi-fractional microcalcite should be added to the invert-emulsion solution and biopolymer composition traditionally used at OGCF in order to increase their blocking properties with regard to fractures of carbonate reservoirs.
Results of physical, chemical and rheological investigations of IES when microcalcite is added to it showed the following changes in its properties: density increases by 2.4-13 % depending on microcalcite concentration (5-30 %); thermal stability does not change (composition is thermostable at temperature up to 90 °C); sedimentation stability is maintained (difference in densities of the upper emulsion layer relative to the lower one does not exceed 16 kg/m3); effective viscosity decreases by 40-45 % and amounts to 500 mPa-s, and the static shear stress - by 17-28 % and amounts to 38 Pa; composition does not mix with oil, formation water and aqueous solutions of sodium chloride and calcium; corrosion rate slightly increases (up to 0.06 mm/year), but remains within the requirements of regulatory documents; pour point is stable (-15 °C).
Physical, chemical and rheological investigations of BC with addition of microcalcite showed the following [31, 38]: composition is sedimentary stable at any concentration of microcalcite because of high viscosity; addition of microcalcite does not influence thermal stability of BC at temperature up to 80 °C; addition of microcalcite in 5 % by mass leads to approximately 2 times decrease of gel-formation start time, insignificant increase of composition effective viscosity by about 3.5 % and decrease of critical shear stress approximately 2 times; BC composition with microcalcite breaks down only partially in 6 % hydrochloric acid solution within 24 hours, at the same time first of all microcalcite dissolves with gas (CO2) release; composition does not mix with oil and water solution of calcium chloride; corrosion rate of BC with microcalcite exceeds the set standard (0.10-0.12 mm/year); composition received after mixing BC-1, BC-2 and fresh water freezes at the temperature of -8 °C, i.e., when using BC in winter, it must be heated in the process of preparation.
Results of filtration investigations carried out with the use of filter-press have shown that application of blocking compositions IES and BC in pure form under conditions of fractured reservoir does not contribute to creation of a reliable blocking screen withstanding high pressure drops. In order to increase blocking properties of IES and BC compositions used at OGCF it is recommended to use multifractional filler (microcalcite) (Table 1).
Use of MK-200/500, MK-500/1000 fillers and halite in IES composition does not guarantee reliable blocking properties (even at high mass concentration of the filler) due to the absence of finely dispersed bridging agent particles, which are necessary for blocking passages between coarse particles. Moreover, use of only fine-dispersed bridging agent (chalk) particles in the composition does not produce the desired effect due to their comparable size with the size of microfractures in carbonate reservoirs, which may eventually lead to the absorption of the blocking agent into the formation and, consequently, to the worsening of filtration characteristics in the NBHZ.
Blocking compositions IES/BC + 5 % MK-500 are recommended for use in carbonate reservoirs with fracture opening of less than 0.5 mm based on filtration investigations. This grade of microcalcite ensures the formation of impermeable screen at the fracture inlet. The chosen mass fraction (concentration) of 5 % of microcalcite in the blocking composition is determined by the minimum value (with account of reserve), which prevents filtration of technological liquid through the fracture.
For carbonate reservoirs with fracture opening less than 1.5 mm blocking compositions IES/BC + 3 % MK-500 + 3 % MK-1000/1500 are recommended. This combination of microcalcite grades ensures uniform distribution of the filler fractions in the blocking composition in the range of up to 1.5 mm. The chosen overall mass fraction (concentration) of 6 % mix of different grades of microcalcite in the blocking composition is explained by the fact that at a lower concentration of the filler a bigger volume of the composition needs to be filtered through a fracture to form an impermeable screen; the increase of the microcalcite concentration is unreasonable due to inefficiency of the system.
Table 1
Blocking properties of emulsion and polymer blocking compositions investigated using a FANN filter press
Width Initial pressure of Blocking pack volume,
(opening) Component composition of blocking packs blocking pack filtration filtered through the
of the fracture, mm through the fracture, MPa fracture, cm3
Bridging agent selection (fracture opening 0.1 and 0.5 mm)
0.1 IES < 1 400
IES + 30 % MK-160 (chalkanalog) < 1 450
IES + 30 % MK-500 > 8 28
IES + 30 % MK-200/500 <1 320
IES + 30 % MK-500/1000 (shell rock analogue) <1 320
IES + 30 % Halite <1 350
0.5 IES <1 450
IES + 30 % MK-200/500 <1 450
IES + 30 % MK-400 > 8 360
IES + 30 % MK-500 > 8 6
Selecting the optimum concentration of MK-500 (fracture opening 0.5 mm)
0.5 IES + 10 % MK-500 > 8 7
IES + 5 % MK-500 > 8 8
IES + 3 % MK-500 > 8 10
IES + 1 % MK-500 >5 90
0.1 0.5 1.0 1.5
Selection of bridging agent and its optimum concentration (fracture opening 1, 1.5 and 2 mm)
1 IES + 30 % MK-500 < 1 450
IES + 20 % MK (10 % MK-500 + 10 % MK-500/1000) > 8 40
IES + 10 % MK (5 % MK-500 + 5 % MK-500/1000) > 6 450
IES + 10 % MK (5 % MK-500 + 5 % MK-1000/1500) > 8 4
IES + 6 % MK (3 % MK-500 + 3 % MK-1000/1500) > 8 4
IES + 3 % MK (1.5 % MK-500 + 1.5 % MK-1000/1500) > 8 153
1.5 IES + 6 % MK (3 % MK-500 + 3 % MK-1000/1500) >7 100
2 IES + 6 % MK (3 % MK-500 + 3 % MK-1000/1500) <1 450
Study of the BC blocking properties (fracture opening 0.1-1.5 mm)
BC <1
BC + 5 % MK-500 > 8
BC + 6 % MK (3 % MK-500 + 3 % MK-1000/1500) > 8
BC + 6 % MK (3 % MK-500 + 3 % MK-1000/1500) >7
450 50 80 105
After evaluation of blocking properties for the investigated compositions at increased pressure drop (up to 8 MPa) on filter-press with metal disks simulating fractures of different opening degree, a series of filtration investigations was carried out on FDES-645 using natural rock samples during modeling of killing and development of production wells. Experiments were conducted to assess the effect of blocking compositions on filtration characteristics of fractured carbonate rock reservoirs. While filtering of blocking compositions into the rock sample, pressuredrop corresponding to the standard well killing process was simulated when bottomhole pressure exceeds formation pressure by not more than 5-10 % (Table 2).
Results of filtration investigations have shown that blocking compositions with microcalcite (IES/BC + 5 % MK-500 and IES/BC + 3 % MK-500 + 3 % MK-1000/1500) provide more effective filtration characteristics of carbonate reservoirs with fractures in comparison with blocking compositions IER and BC without fillers.
Table 2
Filtration properties of emulsion and polymer blocking compositions, investigated using the FDES-645 filtration unit
Width (opening) of the fracture, mm Component composition of blocking packs Relative permeability change coefficient of fractured rock sample, % Maximum pressure gradient of kerosene breakthrough during simulated well development, atm/m Blocking pack volume, filtered into the fracture, cm3
0.1 IES -32 54.9 0.3
IES + 5 % MK-500 -15 50.7 < 0.2
BC -79 493 0.8
BC + 5 % MK-500 -19 75.1 < 0.1
0.5 IES -93 209 14
IES + 5 % MK-500 -43 22.2 < 0.2
BC -57 265 1.9
BC + 3 % MK-500 + 3 % MK-1000/1500 -27 96.2 0.4
1 IES 0 1.3 300
IES + 5 % MK-500 0 1.5 300
IES + 3 % MK-500 + 3 % MK-1000/1500 0 1.3 < 0.2
BC -55 340 200.2
BC + 3 % MK-500 + 3 % MK-1000/1500 -19 88.5 2.5
1.5 IES 0 0.5 300
BC -42 165 300
IES + 3 % MK-500 + 3 % MK-1000/1500 -5 24.5 40
BC + 3 % MK-500 + 3 % MK-1000/1500 -14 57.8 26
Mechanism for increasing blocking properties of studied technological fluids lies in creation of vault-type frame at the entrance of reservoir fractures, resulting in sealing of fracture mouth and formation of impermeable barrier that prevents further absorption of blocking agent by formation (Fig.5) [11]. At the same time, the barrier, based on the principle of a check valve, can be easily destroyed when the flow direction changes (from formation to well) in the process of well development and putting it into operation, which helps to restore the potential of the well.
Technology for application of blocking compositions IES and BC with microcalcite consists of their placement in front of perforation interval with partial penetration into near-bottomhole zone. Above the blocking compositions there is an aqueous salt solution of a required density in order to create necessary pressure at borehole bottom (Fig.6). As a result of mathematical modeling algorithms
Coarsefractionfiller
Fracture
Production casing
ell
Finefractionfiller
■11l
Fracture
Production casing
Multifractionalfiller
Fracture
Production casing
Well
>cnn
□ 1
2
Fig.5. Screen formation in the near-bottomhole zone when using filler of different fractions in the blocking composition
1 - IES/BC; 2 - for mationfluid
were developed, which formed the basis of specialized software systems for design of well killing under complicated operating conditions [17].
Pilot testing of the IES technology with microcalcite was carried out at a production well of the OGCF. Blocking composition consisted of the components in the following concentration: calcium chloride aqueous solution - 78 % by volume; oil -20 % by volume; emulsifying reagent Neftenol NZb - 2 % by volume; microcalcite: MK-500 - 3 % by mass; MK-1000/1500 - 3 % by mass. Total volume of IES preparation with microcalcite was 32 m3.
Analysis of the results for field tests of the IES technology with microcalcite at one of the OGCF with carbonate reservoirs showed that during well killing a higher pressure is observed when injecting the blocking composition of IES with microcalcite into the near-bottomhole zone of the formation in comparison with the same well treatment with traditional IES composition without bridging agent, which means the formation of blocking screen in fractures that prevents an absorption of process fluid (Fig.7). At the end of killing stage, the pressure on pumping unit (CA-320) was 120 atm, which is 20 atm more than during the previous killing operation at the same well with the use of IES without filler.
Fig.6. Scheme for killing an oil production well with IES/BC blocking composition with microcalcite 1 - tubing; 2 - production casing; 3 - perforation interval
1S00
Ъ
ISO
E
23:00:00 0:00:00 1:00:00 2:00:00 3:00:00 4:00:00 5:00:00 6:00:00 7:00:00 8:00:00 ; : • Pumping of IES + MK into the well — Injection of IES + MK into the — -> Injection of IES + MK into NBHZ
open wellbore and NBHZ
Fig.7. Dynamics of technological indicators for oil production well killing with IES blocking composition with microcalcite
Conclusion. As a result of laboratory research and field tests for the use at OGCF with the carbonate type of reservoir under complicated conditions (carbonate reservoir rocks and ALFP) it is recommended to use blocking compositions IES and BC with bridging agent (microcalcite) of different fractions during production wells killing before the workover. Implementation of the indicated technology can help prevent absorptions and gas influxes during wells killing, decrease the volume of well killing fluids used, shorten killing operations, preserve well productivity, decrease water cut of produced fluid and reduce the well development period and putting it into operation.
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Author Dmitrii V. Mardashov, Candidate of Engineering Sciences, Head of the Department, mardashov_dv@pers.spmi.ru, https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6193-9490 (Saint Petersburg Mining University, Saint Petersburg, Russia).
The paper was accepted for publication on 18 October, 2021. Issue release 16 December, 2021.
