CC BY
3
Conference materials UDC 535.92
DOI: https://doi.org/10.18721/JPM.153.245
Development of a fiber-optic system for monitoring the state of oxygen activity in the current flow of the coolant
S. E. Logunov 2e, R. V. Davydov 2, V. V. Davydov 2 3
1 Bonch-Bruevich Saint Petersburg State University of Telecommunications, St. Petersburg , Russia; 2 Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University, St. Petersburg , Russia; 3 All-Russian Research Institute of Phytopathology, Moscow Region, Russia H [email protected]
Abstract. The need to develop an optical system for remote monitoring of the state of the coolant in the current flow in the first circuit of the nuclear reactor of a nuclear power plant has been substantiated. A method for monitoring the state of the coolant by changing the nature of the evolution of oxygen activity is presented. A fiber-optic system has been developed to study the nature of the change in the evolution of the oxygen activity of the coolant in the current flow. The results of the study of the evolution of oxygen activity in the current flow of the coolant are presented. The nature of the change in the evolution of oxygen activity in the event of the ingress of foreign particles into the coolant (carbon steel particles from welded joints) is determined.
Keywords: fiber-optic system, oxygen activity, coolant
Citation: Logunov S. E., Davydov R. V., Davydov V. V., Development of a fiber-optic system for monitoring the state of oxygen activity in the current flow of the coolant, St. Petersburg State Polytechnical University Journal. Physics and Mathematics. 15 (3.2) (2022) 246-252. DOI: https://doi.org/10.18721/JPM.153.245
This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC 4.0 license (https://creativecommons. org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/)
Материалы конференции УДК 535.92
DOI: https://doi.org/10.18721/JPM.153.245
Разработка волоконно-оптической системы для контроля состояния кислородной активности в текущем потоке теплоносителя
С. Е. Логунов 1 2е, Р. В. Давыдов 2, В. В. Давыдов 1 2 3
1 Санкт-Петербургский государственный университет связи им. проф. М.А. Бонч-Бруевича, Санкт-Петербург, Россия; 2 Санкт-Петербургский политехнический университет Петра Великого, Санкт-Петербург, Россия; 3 Всероссийский научно-исследовательский институт фитопатологии, Московская область, Россия
Аннотация. Обоснована необходимость разработки оптической системы дистанционного контроля состояния теплоносителя в текущем потоке в первом контуре ядерного реактора атомной электрической станции. Представлен метод контроля состояния теплоносителя по изменению характера эволюции кислородной активности. Разработана волоконно-оптическая система для исследования характера изменения эволюции кислородной активности теплоносителя в текущем потоке. Представлены результаты исследования эволюции кислородной активности в текущем потоке теплоносителя. Определен характер изменения эволюции кислородной активности в случае попадания инородных частиц в теплоноситель (частицы углеродной стали со сварных соединений).
© Logunov S. E., Davydov R. V., Davydov V. V., 2022. Published by Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University.
Ключевые слова: волоконно-оптическая система, активность кислорода, теплоноситель
Ссылка при цитировании: Логунов С. Э., Давыдов Р. В., Давыдов В. В. Разработка волоконно-оптической системы для контроля состояния кислородной активности в текущем потоке теплоносителя // Научно-технические ведомости СПбГПУ. Физико-математические науки. Т. 15. № 3.2. С. 246-252. DOI: https://doi.org/10.18721/JPM.153.245
Статья открытого доступа, распространяемая по лицензии CC BY-NC 4.0 (https:// creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/)
Introduction
In the context of increasing consumption of electrical energy, improving the efficiency of various power plants is one of the tasks of applied physics [1-6]. Currently, four types of power plants (hydroelectric power plants (HPP), thermal (CHP), nuclear (NPP) and solar (SPP)) and solar (SPP) are mainly used for the production of electrical energy in the world.) [2, 3, 6-9]. The share of other types of power plants in the world and electricity production is insignificant [10, 11].
For the sustainable development of nuclear energy, it is necessary to solve a large number of problems [12-15], which are related to the improvement of methods and devices for controlling chain reactions, in the development of new devices for monitoring the operation of nuclear reactors, etc. The solution of these problems required conducting studies of the evolution of oxygen activity in the flow of various liquid media used as a coolant in nuclear reactors at nuclear power plants [15-18].
Oxygen activity 16O(n,p)16N is associated with the interaction of oxygen nuclei that are part of one of the parts of the coolant - water with neutrons with an energy of more than 9 MeV, which are present in the reactor zone due to the flow of a chain reaction Currently, in systems with nuclear reactors, monitoring of the state of oxygen activity in the current flow of the coolant is not implemented. The content of 1311 is controlled. This characterizes the poisoning of the reactor zone with xenon. In some cases, the activity of corrosion products is monitored. In new models of reactors, reference nuclides, primarily 60Co, are controlled, as this characterizes the tightness of the fuel. In some models of nuclear reactors, the activity of nuclear reactors is implemented continuous monitoring of the amount of coolant leakage from the first circuit to the second outside the central protective system of the reactor based on the registration of gamma radiation of the isotope 16N in the pair. This allows in some cases to prevent an emergency situation.
Therefore, the aim of the work is to develop a method for studying the evolution of oxygen activity arising in the current flow of the coolant, and its practical implementation.
Features and a new method for studying the evolution of oxygen activity
A feature of oxygen activity is that it occurs only when a nuclear reactor is operating at high capacities and subsides immediately after the chain reaction stops. Therefore, without the use of a working nuclear reactor, it is impossible to conduct its research.
Another feature of the studies of the evolution of the oxygen activity of the coolant in the current flow is that they need to be carried out for a long time within the central protective zone of the reactor. For this reason, special ionization chambers, which are located inside protective lead collimators, designed for research in laboratories, are almost impossible to use in the reactor compartment, since they have significant dimensions and have high requirements for protection against temperature, electromagnetic interference, etc. Several of these factors also exclude the use of devices that record у radiation in steam.
Taking into account these features, we have developed the following method to study the evolution of oxygen activity. It has been established that under the influence of у radiation, the optical fiber darkens (radiation-induced losses as increase) [19-21]:
a,=-mipjpjn, a)
where Pin is the laser power introduced into the optical fiber, Pout is the power at the output of the optical fiber, l is the length of the optical fiber.
© Логунов С. Э., Давыдов Р. В., Давыдов В. В., 2022. Издатель: Санкт-Петербургский политехнический университет Петра Великого.
The effect of increasing is based on the formation of electron-hole pairs. Knocking out oxygen, the electron takes its place in the cyclic spatial structure [19—22]. Various centers of coloration and 'electronic' connections with different lifetimes are formed [19—25].
Studies [19—27] have shown that if the exposure dose of radiation is low, then the number of formed color centers and 'electronic' compounds is not large. Destruction in the glass mesh does not occur. Transparency (one of the main properties of optical fibers) persists for a long time. The fiber darkens weakly. With an increase in the exposure dose of irradiation, the number of these formations increases, the rate of darkening of the fiber increases. Losses increase.
Fig. 1 presents the results of studies of the change in as from time t when exposed to y radiation duration of 4—6 s (exposure dose of radiation 162.3 Gy) for different composition of the core of the optical fiber.
The results obtained show that by changing the percentage of doping of the core of an optical fiber (for example, with germanium oxide GeO2), it is possible to change its sensitivity to the effects of y radiation. Establish a working point when recording y radiation at the as(t) dependence site with the maximum steepness of the slope (Fig. 1). This will make it possible in some cases to record bursts of oxygen activity from the decay of a small number of nuclei of 16N. After recording bursts of oxygen activity, it is necessary to quickly restore the optical properties of the fiber. Natural processes proceed extremely slowly [19-25, 28, 29]. Therefore, we propose to use additional laser radiation with X = 547 nm to clean the fiber. Fig. 2 shows an example of a process for controlling the relaxation processes of the color centers and 'electronic' compounds in the optical fiber after the cessation of exposure to y radiation with an exposure dose of 162.3 Gy while maintaining a radioactive background.
Fig. 1. Dependence of change in as on time t at wavelength X =1310 nm for single-mode fiber at T = 296.4 K Graphs 1, 2, 3, and 4 correspond to different types of optical fiber core: pure quartz SiO2; SiO2-GeO2 (doping 3.5 %); SiO2 - GeO2 (doping 15 %); SiO2 - GeO2 (doping 25%)
Fig. 2. Dependence of change in losses as on time t at wavelength X = 1310 nm for single-mode fiber with a core SiO2-GeO2 (doping 15.0 %) at T = 296.4 K Graphs 1, 2 and 3 correspond to the power of pulsed laser radiation at wavelength X = 547 nm in mW: 0; 120; 500
The results obtained show that optical fiber restores its optical properties. The transparency of the optical fiber is restored. The number of color centers decreases - the fiber brightens. The absorption of laser radiation at the color center becomes smaller. The output power is increased. This is one feature. The Rayleigh scattering of laser radiation by color centers, which makes the main contribution to the power loss of laser radiation at a wavelength of 1550 nm, is also significantly reduced. Second characteristic.
Since we use low-power laser radiation at 1550 nm, absorption losses are not considered, since they are small compared to scattering losses in this wavelength range.
Let us assume that during the decay of the nucleus 16Ny-quanta are emitted in all directions in the same way. In addition, in the first approximation, in accordance with quantum theory [30, 31], when one y-quantum interacts with an optical fiber, one center of color or one 'electronic' compound is formed. In this case, the value of E is spent on the formation of N. The centers of color can be calculated using the following ratio:
E = SNhv/o = SWhc/frc) (2)
where o is the cross-section of the interaction (scattering) of the y-quantum on oxygen atoms O2 in the optical fiber, S is the area of interaction of the optical fiber with the y-quanta, N is the number of emitted y-quanta, 1 is the wavelength of radiation y — quantum from decay of 16N.
In the decay of a nucleus of 16N, the emission of y-quanta corresponds to 7F of the spectrum line (1 = 0.254 nm). Then the value of N can be determined using the following relation:
N = o^t-(P. - P )/(Shc)
Y v in nilt'' v S
(3)
The values of laser radiation power P.n and Pout are measured. The value of the o is set experimentally, since it depends on the percentage of doping of the core of the optical fiber with germanium oxide GeO2, as well as on the temperature of the optical fiber Tc. The value of the exposure time y-quanta the optical fiber is defined by the following formula: t = nLsdp2/4q, where dp is the inner diameter of the pipeline, coolant flow rate is q, Ls is the distance between the protective screens. Therefore, the measurement function q it is also necessary to implement in the fiber-optic system we are developing. To do this, we have previously developed a method for measuring q [32, 33].
Fig. 3. Structural diagram of the fiber-optic system: pipeline with coolant 1; coils 2, 3 and 25 with optical fiber (sensors); protective radiation shields 4; multifunctional power supply driver 5; transmitting optical module 6 and 26; multifunctional power supply driver 7 and 29; semiconductor laser 8 and 28; optical dividers 9 and 10; multiplexers 1:2; 11, 12, 13, 14 and 27; photodetectors 15, 16 and 30; optical power meters 17 and 18; comparators 19 and 20; logical device 21; processing and control device 22; display device 23; central computer 24
Fiber-optic system and the results of experimental studies of the evolution of oxygen activity
Fig. 3 presents a structural diagram of the developed fiber-optic system, which takes into account the features of the study of the evolution of oxygen activity established by us.
To do this, in the developed system (Fig. 3) three coils 2, 3 and 25 with optical single-mode fiber are used, placed at a distance of 3 and 1.5 m from each other (Fig. 1). It should be noted that in the operating conditions of nuclear power plants, the distances of L and L1 are extremely difficult and not always expedient to change. The function of changing L and L1 is necessary in the case of various studies on the experimental model of the reactor, since the value of the flow rate of the coolant q during the conduct and a number of experiments must be changed over a large range (at least two orders of magnitude).
We note the main points of the work of the fiber-optic system developed by us. From the transmitting optical module 6, radiation with X = 1550 nm (radiation power Pm is regulated from 0.1 to 20 mW) through the optical divider 9 (N = 2) enters the inputs of multiplexers 12 and 13. Wavelength X = 1550 nm for measuring loss as(t) Laser radiation is selected for the following reasons. In addition, the 'tails' of phonon and electron absorption in the wavelength region of 1.0—1.6 ^m do not make a significant contribution to optical losses, the data on which are used to study changes in the nature of the oxygen activity of the coolant.
The other inputs of these multiplexers are supplied with laser radiation with X = 457 nm from the diode-pumped semiconductor laser 8 (SSP-ST-457-F). Theradiation content of PL is adjustable from 1 to 1000 mW. The multifunctional power supply driver 7 allows the laser 8 to operate in both continuous and pulsed modes. The wavelength from the range of laser radiation 440-485 nm (blue part of the spectrum) to control the relaxation rate of the color centers and «electronic» connections is chosen for the following reasons. On the one hand, with longer optical fiber lengths, it is necessary to ensure the lowest value of the Rayleigh scattering coefficient (CRC) so that the additional laser radiation carries out the maximum cleaning of the glass. On the other hand, the lower limit of laser radiation at a temperature of T = 307 K for effective purification of E centers is X = 217 nm [22]. All other color centers that change the optical properties of laser radiation passing through the fiber have loss regions in the longer wavelength part of the spectrum [19, 34, 35]. When cleaning the fiber, it is desirable to reduce losses of all kinds. Given the fact that our temperature is much higher than in [22], laser radiation with X = 457 nm was chosen, since it is likely that it can touch the 'tail' of the spectrum of E> centers, since at high temperatures it shifts and expands.
In Fig. 4, as an example, the dependence of the change N in the coil location zone 25 on time t for various values q. A solution (H20 + H3VO3) with plutonium nitride filling at a temperature T„ = 960 K was used as a coolant.
G
The analysis of the results obtained in Fig. 4 shows that the oxygen activity in the coolant is distributed in time randomly. By adjusting the flow rate of the coolant q, it is possible to partially control the N distribution function in the registration zone of Y-quanta coils with optical fiber.
Fig. 4. Dependence of change N on time t
Curves in (a), (b) and (c) correspond to q in m3/s: 0.169; 0.339; 0.678
Conclusion
The results obtained showed the reliable operation of the developed design of the fiber-optic system to control the evolution of oxygen activity in the current flow of the coolant.
It is established that increasing the sensitivity of the new method of studying the evolution of oxygen activity, it is necessary to use laser radiation of wavelengths of the UV range.
In the case of additional calibration, it is possible to use the developed fiber-optic system to control the radiation level in the central zone of the reactor. This is necessary to ensure the independence of measurements when using devices with photoelectronic multipliers (PMFs) to solve these problems.
REFERENCES
1. Myazin N.S., Makeev S.S., Dudkin V.I., Method for Monitoring the Longitudinal Relaxation Time of Flowing Liquids Over the Entire Range of Flow Rate Measurements Measurement Techniques, 2020, 63(5) 368-374.
2. Treshcheva M., Anikina I., Sergeev V., Skulkin S., Treshchev D., Selection of Heat Pump Capacity Used at Thermal Power Plants under Electricity Market Operating Conditions. Energies 2021, 14, 226. https://doi.org/10.3390/en14010226.
3. Sergeev V., Anikina I., Kalmykov K., Using Heat Pumps to Improve the Efficiency of Combined-Cycle Gas Turbines. Energies 2021, 14, 2685. https://doi.org/10.3390/en14092685.
4. Davydov V.V., Dudkin V.I., Karseev A.Y., Formation of the nutation line in NMR measuring systems with flowing samples Technical Physics Letters, 2015, 41(4) 355-358.
5. Davydov V.V., Dudkin V.I., Karseev A.U., Nuclear magnetic flowmeter - Spectrometer with fiber -optical communication line in cooling systems of atomic energy plants Optical Memory and Neural Networks (Information Optics), 2013, 22(2) 112-117.
6. Moroz A.V., Davydov R.V., Davydov V.V., A New Scheme for Transmitting Heterodyne Signals Based on a Fiber-Optical Transmission System for Receiving Antenna Devices of Radar Stations and Communication Systems Lecture Notes in Computer Science (including subseries Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence and Lecture Notes in Bioinformatics), 2019, 11660 LNCS 710-718.
7. Boudjemila L., Malyshkin V.G., Rud V.Y., Features of Degradation of Silicon-based Solar Photovoltavic Cells Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 2021, 2086(1), 012079.
8. Bobyl A., Malyshkin V., Dolzhenko V., Grabovets A., Chernoivanov V., Scientific activity in the problems of technical and economic modeling of solar stations. An example of unstable climatic conditions. IOP Conf. Ser. Mater. Sci. Eng. 2019, 390, 012047. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/390/V012047.
9. Boudjemila L., Mahmoudi B., Khenfer K., Valiullin L.R., Electrical characterization of nitride silicon layers SiN:x enriched in silicon at different stoichiometry - Photovoltaic application. Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 2020, 1695(1), 012204.
10. Elistratov V.V., Diuldin M.V., Denisov R.S., Justification of project and operation modes of hybrid energy complexes for arctic conditions. IOP Conf. Ser. Mater. Sci. Eng. 2018, 180, 012006. https://doi. org/10.1088/1755-1315/180/1/012006.
11. Myazin N.S., Yushkova V.V., Rud' V.Y., A new method of determining the state of water and agricultural areas in real time Environmental Research, Engineering and Management, 2019, 75(2) 28-35.
12. Davydov V.V., Myazin N.S., Kiryukhin A.V., Nuclear-Magnetic Flowmeter-Relaxometers for Monitoring Coolant and Feedwater Flow and Status in Npp Atomic Energy, 2020, 127(5) 274-279.
13. Alekseev P.N., Gagarinskii A.Y., Kalugin M.A., Fomichenko P.A., Asmolov V.G., On a Strategy for the Development of Nuclear Power in Russia. At. Energy 2019, 126, 207-212. https://doi.org/10.1007/ s10512-019-00538-w.
14. Davydov V.V., Dudkin V.I., Velichko E.N., Karseev A.Yu., Fiber-optic system for simulating accidents in the cooling circuits of a nuclear power plant Journal of Optical Technology (A Translation of Opticheskii Zhurnal), 2015, 82(3) 132-135.
15. Semenikhin A.V. Saunin Y.V., Ryasnyi S.I., Method of Determining the Reliability of Real-Time In-reactor Monitoring of VVER. At. Energy 2018, 124, 8-13. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10512-018-0367-8.
16. Lee K.H. Kim M.G. Lee J.I. Lee P.S., Recent Advances in Ocean Nuclear Power Plants. Energies 2015, 8, 11470-11492. https://doi.org/10.3390/en81011470.
17. Davydov V.V., Dudkin V.I., Karseev A.Y., A Compact Nuclear Magnetic Relaxometer for the Express Monitoring of the State of Liquid and Viscous Media Measurement Techniques, 2014, 57(8) 912-918.
18. Abramov L.V., Baklanov A.V., Bakmetiev A.M., Kiselev V.V., OKBM Afrikantov Experience in Developing Methods and Computer Codes for Reliability Analysis and Probabilistic Safety Analysis of Nuclear Installations. At. Energy 2020, 129, 98-102. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10512-021-00713-y.
19. Girard S., Kuhnhenn J., Gusarov A., Brichard B., Van Uffelen M., OuerdaneY., Boukenter A., Marcandella C., IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science. 60(3). 2015(2013). DOI: 10.1109/ TNS.2012.2235464.
20. Dmitrieva D.S., Pilipova V.M., Rud V.Y. , Lecture Notes in Computer Science (including subseries Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence and Lecture Notes in Bioinformatics). 12526 LNCS. 348(2020).
21. Kashaykin P.F., Tomashuk A.L., Salgansky M.Y., Guryanov A.N., Dianov E.M., Journal of Applied Physics. 121(21). 213104(2017).
22. Tomashuk A.L., Zabezhailov M.O., Journal of Applied Physics. 10(8). 083103(2011).
23. Wen J., Peng G.-D., LuoW., Chen Z., Wang T., Optics Express. 19(23). 23271(2011).
24. Kim Y., Ju S., Jeong S., Lee S.H., Han W.T., Optics Express. 24(4). 3910(2016).
25. Dmitrieva D.S., Pilipova V.M., Dudkin V.I., Rud V.Yu., The possibility of controlling the relaxation rate of color centers in the optical fibers Journal of Physics: Conference Series. 1697(1). 012145(2020).
26. Antonov V., Angelina M., Parameter Control System for a Nuclear Power Plant Based on FiberOptic Sensors and Communication Lines Proceedings of the 2019 IEEE International Conference on Electrical Engineering and Photonics, EExPolytech 2019, 2019 42-45, 8906791.
27. Davydov V., Gureeva I., Davydov R., Dudkin V., Flowing Refractometer for Feed Water State Control in the Second Loop of Nuclear Reactor Energies, 2022, 15(2), 457.
28. Dmitrieva D.S., Pilipova V.M., Davydov V.V., Valiullin L.R., About compensation of radiation -Induced losses in optical fibers Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 2020, 1695(1), 012130.
29. Dmitrieva D., Pilipova V., Andreeva E., Dudkin V., Method for determination of negative influence to y - radiation on fiber optic information transmition systems Proceedings of ITNT 2020 - 6th IEEE International Conference on Information Technology and Nanotechnology, 2020, 9253348.
30. Dudkin V., Petrunkin V., Rubinov S., Uspenskiy L., Study electronic spin echo method phase relaxation e' -centers in y-irradiated quartz glass. Solid State Physics 1986 Vol. 28 No 5 P. 1296-1301.
31. Kashaykin P.F., Tomashuk A.L., SalganskyM.Y., Azanova I.S., Tsibinogina M.K., Dimakova T.V., Guryanov A.N., Dianov E.M., Journal of Technical Physics. 89(5). 752(2019).
32. Dudkin V., Logunov S., Bobyl A., Optical Method for Controlling the Flow Rate of the Coolant in Nuclear Reactors Proceedings of the 2021 International Conference on Electrical Engineering and Photonics, EExPolytech 2021, 2021 179-183.
33. Davydov V.V., Dudkin V.I., Karseev A.Y., A Compact Marked Nuclear-Magnetic Flowmeter for Measurement of Rapidly Varying Flow Rates of Liquid Measurement Techniques, 2015, 58(3) 317-322.
34. Dmitrieva D.S., Pilipova V.M., Rud V.Y., Fiber-optical communication line with a system for compensation of radiation-induced losses during the transmission of information Lecture Notes in Computer Science (including subseries Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence and Lecture Notes in Bioinformatics), 2020, 12526 LNCS 348-356.
35. Davydov V.V., Dudkin V.I., Karseev A.Y., Vologdin V.A., Special Features in Application of Nuclear Magnetic Spectroscopy to Study Flows of Liquid Media Journal of Applied Spectroscopy, 2016, 82(6) 1013-1019.
DAVYDOV Roman
[email protected] ORCID: 0000-0003-1958-4221
Received 14.08.2022. Approved after reviewing 22.08.2022. Accepted 23.08.2022.
© Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University, 2022
THE AUTHORS
LOGUNOV Semen
[email protected] ORCID: 0000-0002-6251-3333
[email protected] ORCID: 0000-0001-9530-4805
DAVYDOV Vadim
