CC BY
11
i l St. Petersburg Polytechnic University Journal. Physics and Mathematics. 2022 Vol. 15, No. 3.2 Научно-технические ведомости СПбГПУ. Физико-математические науки. 15 (3.2) 2022
Conference materials UDC 535.8
DOI: https://doi.org/10.18721/JPM.153.223
New technique for control of liquid media state by optical method in express mode
D. S. Provodin 1 e, V. V. Davydov 1 2, 3 1 Peter the Great Saint-Petersburg Polytechnic University, Saint Petersburg, Russia; 2 The Bonch-Bruevich Saint Petersburg State University of Telecommunications, Saint Petersburg, Russia; 3 All-Russian Research Institute of Phytopathology, Moscow Region, Russia H provodindanya@gmail.com Abstract. The necessity of express control of the state of liquid media in real time is substantiated. Various methods of express control of the state of liquid media are considered. The basic requirements for these methods are determined. An optical method for monitoring the state of liquid media using the phenomenon of refraction is presented. The use of a small-sized differential-type refractometer for express control of the state of liquid media is substantiated. Its design has been developed and a new principle for measuring the refractive index of the investigated liquid has been proposed. The results of experimental studies are presented.
Keywords: Refraction, express-control, laser radiation, liquid, refractive index, differential cuvette of Anderson, medium state
Citation: Provodin D. S., Davydov V. V., New technique for control of liquid media state by optical method in express mode, St. Petersburg State Polytechnical University Journal. Physics and Mathematics. 15 (3.2) (2022) 124-129. DOI: https://doi.org/10.18721/JPM.153.223
This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC 4.0 license (https://creativecommons. org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/)
Материалы конференции УДК 535.8
DOI: https://doi.org/10.18721/JPM.153.223
Новая методика контроля состояния жидкой среды оптическим методом в экспресс режиме
Д. С. Проводин 1 е, В. В. Давыдов 1 2, 3 1 Санкт-Петербургский Политехнический университет Петра Великого, Санкт-Петербург, Россия;
2 Санкт-Петербургский государственный университет телекоммуникаций им. профессора М.А. Бонч-Бруевича, Санкт-Петербург, Россия;
3 Всероссийский научно-исследовательский институт фитопатологии, Московская об., Россия
н provodindanya@gmail.com
Аннотация. Рассмотрены различные методы экспресс-контроля состояния жидких сред. Обосновано использование малогабаритного рефрактометра дифференциального типа для экспресс-контроля состояния жидких сред. Разработана его конструкция и предложен новый принцип измерения показателя преломления исследуемой жидкости. Представлены результаты экспериментальных исследований.
Ключевые слова: Рефракция, экспресс-контроль, лазерное излучение, жидкость, показатель преломления, дифференциальная кювета Андерсона, состояние среды
Ссылка при цитировании: Проводин Д. С., Давыдов В. В. Новая методика контроля состояния жидкой среды оптическим методом в экспресс режиме // Научно-технические ведомости СПбГПУ. Физико-математические науки. 2022. Т. 15. № 3.2. С. 124-129. DOI: https://doi.org/10.18721/ JPM.153.223
Статья открытого доступа, распространяемая по лицензии CC BY-NC 4.0 (https:// creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/)
© Provodin D. S., Davydov V. V., 2022. Published by Peter the Great St.Petersburg Polytechnic University.
Introduction
The development of scientific and technological progress has set a large number of tasks for scientists [1-6]. One of which is the express control of the state of liquids in real time [2, 7-11]. Its role in the modern world is very difficult to assess, since the number of negative factors that worsen the state of liquid media is constantly increasing [1, 2, 12-15]. Express control of the state of various media during experiments or in production is especially in demand. Or when conducting environmental monitoring, where there are no automated control systems [16—21] In these cases, it is impractical to use expensive high-resolution equipment that require special operating conditions. To solve such problems, compact, reliable equipment with an autonomous power source is required [8, 12, 13, 16, 21—26]. In addition, ongoing studies of the state of the medium during express control should not change its physical structure and chemical composition [16—21]. This is necessary to obtain confirmation of the detected contamination in the environmental sample on high-resolution instruments in a stationary laboratory. One of the methods that satisfies these requirements is based on the phenomenon of refraction [21-25, 27, 28]. The refractive index of the medium n and the temperature T are measured. And the value of n is compared with the value of n, which corresponds to the standard state of the medium.
Currently, small-sized refractometers are used for express control of the state of the medium. The principle of their operation is based on the phenomenon of total internal reflection. (TIR) [28—34]. During their operation in various situations, especially in the field (environmental monitoring), a number of problems arise. One of them is related to the provision of the thermal stabilization mode for the measurement process of the refractive index of a liquid medium. It takes a certain time to ensure the required temperature during the measurement. It also requires a certain amount of electrical energy, which is limited by the capacity of the battery. In addition, the dynamic range of refractive index measurements for these devices is not large (usually no more than 0.03 -0.05). Such devices are designed for express control of a certain type of media or food products [30, 31, 34-36]. With strong pollution, the refractive index of the medium changes more significantly (more than 0.1 or 0.2). This will make it impossible to measure n. Uncertainty will arise (device does not work or unknown environment). The paper presents one of the solutions to these complex problems.
The design of a differential refractometer with Anderson cuvette of Anderson and the principle of measuring the refractive index of a liquid medium
In the designs of differential refractometers developed earlier for find the value of the refractive index nm measured angle a. [27, 28, 34, 38]. For measurements in the field, this measurement method turned out to be difficult to implement, since it is necessary to provide accurate measurements of the rotation of optical elements to determine the angle p. When transferring the device, misalignment of the structure is possible. In addition, when measuring the angle P, the temperature T of the environment will affect the operation of the optical elements. This will lead to a large measurement error. Moreover, with this principle of measurement, it is quite difficult to ensure the small size of the design of the refractometer.
Therefore, we have developed a new method for measuring the refractive index nm of the medium under study. This method is based on the derivation of an analytical equation for determining the shift L of the maximum of laser radiation on a photodiode line from the values of the refractive indices n and n , the parameters of the Anderson cuvette, and the place where
s m
laser radiation is injected into the cuvette. On figure 1 shows the layout of a laboratory model of a differential refractometer with an Anderson cuvette and a photodiode line that we developed.
The distance L, by which the radiation has shifted, the decision on the total displacement at beam refraction when entering the cuvette partition (L) when leaving it (L2), when entering the cuvette wall (L3) and when leaving it (L4) (Fig. 1).
L = L + l2 +L3 + L4 (1)
After carrying out various calculations at the boundaries of two media (reference liquid -
© Проводин Д. С., Давыдов В. В., 2022. Издатель: Санкт-Петербургский политехнический университет Петра Великого.
Fig. 1. Scheme of propagation of the laser radiation maximum in the Anderson differential cuvette and
in the space up to the photodiode array
quartz, quartz - measured liquid, measured liquid - quartz and quartz-air), the following formula was obtained to calculate L:
L = sin Œj
( (
d
v v
n cos a,
1 — * 1
4
n1 - n'sin2 ai ,
■(4
n2m - n] sin2 aj - ns cos a
- )l
n2 - sin2 a, ( n2 - n2 sin2 aj + n2 cos2 a, -
j - 2ns cosa,^n2 - n] sin2 a, )
d
- sin2 aj (n2 + n] cos2 aj - n] sin2 al - 2ns cosa^n2 - n2 sin2 al )
+
cosin2m - n2 sin2 aj + ns sin2 at y
(2)
We introduce the required parameters of the cuvette: width, length, wall thickness of the cuvette — b = 30 mm, a = 40 mm, dl = 2 mm, respectively, the thickness of the partition d = 1 mm, the distance from the cuvette to the photodiode bar — l = 30 mm, let the beam at a distance y = 3.0 mm from the top wall of the cuvette.
Let's check the formula (2) in the Matlab environment for the case when ns = nm. The laser beam is displaced by a distance L = L , exits the cuvette at a right angle. It turned out the distance Ll = 0.4365 mm. This is consistent with experimental data.
Results of the study of liquid media and discussion
The experiments performed have shown that the effect of ambient temperature T on the process of measuring nm is insignificant. This is due to the fact that the Anderson cuvette is made of quartz glass (the refractive index of quartz changes insignificantly when the temperature is measured from 276 to 313 K). The linear portion of the change in the dependence n(T) for quartz glass has been very well studied. The value of T is measured with an error of 0.1 K. During long-term measurements, the temperature of all objects, including the liquid medium, stabilizes. In some cases, a thermostat is used in refractometers to stabilize the temperature in the cuvette location area. This is effective for small cuvette sizes.
As an example, figure 2 shows the results of a study of the effect of metal scale in a pipeline on the state of drinking water at various temperatures T. The temperature change was carried out in an Anderson cuvette using a thermal stabilization scheme developed by us for a small-
sized model of a differential refractometer (Fig. 1). The results obtained showed the possibility of establishing the presence of metal scale in drinking water by changing the value of n. It should be noted that the nature of the change in n(T) for two media does not change, which means that the measurements are stable. Analysis of the obtained data shows the reliability of the differential refractometer we have developed.
2
1.33219
V
1.33219 X
x
x
1 331« \
3SÎ les î*7 2Î9 291 293 2» 297 2« ÎW ÏOÏ Mi
T, K
Fig. 2. Dependence of the change in the refractive index nm of drinking water on temperature T. The graphs correspond to the state of drinking water: 1 - there are no oxides in the water, 2- there are oxides in the water.
It should be noted that the nm measurement method developed by us makes it possible to set the measurement error depending on the range of nm variation. For example, in the range of nm variation from 1.4 to 1.5, using relation (2), by selecting the cuvette parameters, the refractive index of the reference liquid ns and e, one can provide the following measurement mode (a change in the value of nm by 0.0001 corresponds to a shift of the laser radiation maximum by one photosensitive sensor). For measurements is used a photodiode array with 1024 photosensitive sensors (1000 sensors are used to determine L). In this case, the measurement error will be 10-4. Previously, this result was not possible.
Conclusion
The results obtained allow us to consider that the design of the differential type refractometer proposed by us can be used to solve problems of express control of the state of liquid media in various situations. The results obtained by us allow us to consider that the design of the differential type refractometer proposed by us can be used to solve problems of express control of the state of liquid media in various situations. Our measurement accuracy of 0.0001 fully satisfies the strict requirements of express control, including medicines and biological solutions.
It should be noted that the results obtained by us make it possible, on the basis of a differential refractometer with an Anderson cuvette, to develop a first-class verification scheme for measuring the refractive index of liquid media. To do this, under laboratory conditions, for example, for the range of nm in the range from 1.43 to 1.44, it is necessary to provide a change in the value of nm by 0.00001 to shift the maximum of laser radiation by one photosensitive sensor. In this case, the measurement error will be 10-5, which is very close to the accuracy of the state standard.
REFERENCES
1. Grebenikova N. M., Davydov R. V., Rud V. Yu., Features of the signal registration and processing in the study of liquid flow medium by the refraction method, Journal of Physics: Conference Series. 1326 (1) (2019) 012012.
2. Davydov V. V., Determination of the Composition and Concentrations of the Components of Mixtures of Hydrocarbon Media in the Course of its Express Analysis, Measurement Techniques. 62 (2)(2020) 1090-1098.
3. Davydov R., Antonov V., Moroz A., Parameter Control System for a Nuclear Power Plant Based on Fiber-Optic Sensors and Communication Lines, IEEE International Conference on Electrical Engineering and Photonics (EExPolytech), Saint-Petersburg. Vol. 8906791 (2019) 295-297.
4. Zubov F., Maximov M., Moiseev E., Kryzhanovskaya N., Zhukov A., Improved performance of InGaAs/GaAs microdisk lasers epi-side down bonded onto a silicon board Optics Letters. 46 (16) (2021) 3853-3856.
5. Zhukov A. E., Moiseev E. I., Nadtochii A. M., Zubov F. I., Maximov M. V., The Effect of Self-Heating on the Modulation Characteristics of a Microdisk Laser Technical Physics Letters. 46 (6) (2020) 515-519.
6. Kuzmin M. S., Rogov S. A., On the use of a multi-raster input of one-dimensional signals in two-dimensional optical correlators, Computer Optics. 43 (3) (2019) 391-396.
7. Davydov V. V., Kruzhalov S. V., Grebenikova N. M., Smirnov K. J., Method for Determining Defects on the Inner Walls of Tubing from the Velocity Distribution of the Flowing Fluid, Measurement Techniques. 61 (4) (2018) 365-372.
8. Myazin N. S., Smirnov K. J., Logunov S. J., Spectral characteristics of InP photocathode with a surface grid electrode, Journal of Physics: Conference Series. 929 (1) (2017) 012080.
9. Davydov V. V., Kruzhalov S. V., Vologdin V. A., Concerning some features of studying the flow of liquid media by a Doppler method, Journal of Optical Technology (A Translation of Opticheskii Zhurnal). 84 (8) (2017) 568-573.
10. Marusina M. Y., Karaseva E. A., Automatic segmentation of MRI images in dynamic programming mode Asian Pacific, Journal of Cancer Prevention. 19(10) (2018) 2771-2775.
11. Marusina M. Y., Fedorov A. V., Prokhorovich V. E., Tkacheva N. V., Mayorov A. L., Development of Acoustic Methods of Control of the Stress-Strain State of Threaded Connections, Measurement Techniques. 61 (3) (2018) 297-302.
12. Mazing M. S., Zaitceva A. V., Davydov R. V., Application of the Kohonen neural network for monitoring tissue oxygen supply under hypoxic conditions, Journal of Physics: Conference Series. 2086 (1) (2021) 012116.
13. Davydov V. V., Dudkin V. I., On the Possibility of Express Recording of Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectra of Liquid Media in Weak Fields, Technical Physics. 63 (12) (2018) 1845-1850.
14. Logunov S. E., Koshkin A. Y., Petrov A. A., Visualizer of magnetic fields, Journal of Physics: Conference Series. 741 (1) (2016) 012092.
15. Logunov S. E., Vysoczky M. G., Mazing M. S., New method of researches of the magnetic fields force lines structure, Journal of Physics: Conference Series. 1038 (1) (2018) 012093.
16. Myazin N. S., Yushkova V. V., Rud V. Y., On the possibility of recording absorption spectra in weak magnetic fields by the method of nuclear magnetic resonance, Journal of Physics: Conference Series. 1038 (1) (2018) 012088.
17. Myazin N. S., Features of formation of structure of a nuclear magnetic resonance signal in weak magnetic field, Journal of Physics: Conference Series. 1135 (1) (2018) 012061.
18. Davydov V. V., Davydova T. I., A nondestructive method for express testing of condensed media in ecological monitoring, Russian Journal of Nondestructive Testing. 53 (7) (2017) 520-529.
19. Davydov V. V., Measurement of Magnetic Susceptibility and Curie Constants of Colloidal Solutions in Ferrofluid Cells by the Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Method, Measurement Techniques. 60 (5) (2017) 491-496.
20. Smirnov K. J., Glagolev S. F., Tushavin G. V., High speed near-infrared range sensor based on InP/InGaAs heterostructures, Journal of Physics: Conference Series. 1124 (2) (2018) 022014.
21. Davydov R. V., Dudkin V. I., Nikolaev D. I., Makeev S. S., Moroz A. V., Structure of a Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Signal in a Small Relaxometer. Journal of Communications Technology and Electronics. 66 (5) (2021) 632-636.
22. Grebenikova N. M., Davydov R. V., Rud V. Yu., Features of the signal registration and processing in the study of liquid flow medium by the refraction method, Journal of Physics: Conference Series. 1326 (1) (2019) 012012.
23. Grebenikova N. M., Smirnov K. J., Rud V. Yu., Artemiev V. V., Features of monitoring the state of the liquid medium by refractometer, Journal of Physics: Conference Series. 1135 (1) (2018) 012055.
24. Grebenikova N. M., Rud V. Yu., The influence of optical density change on measurement error of refractive index in flowing liquid, Journal of Physics: Conference Series. 1410 (1) (2019) 012186.
25. Grebenikova N. M., Smirnov K. J., Features of optical signals processing for monitoring the
state of the flowing liquid medium with a refractometer, Journal of Physics: Conference Series. 1368 (2) (2019) 022057.
26. Davydov V. V., Dudkin V. I., Karseev A. Y., A Compact Marked Nuclear-Magnetic Flowmeter for Measurement of Rapidly Varying Flow Rates of Liquid, Measurement Techniques. 58 (3) (2015) 317-322.
27. Davydov V. V., Some specific features of the NMR study of fluid flows Optics and Spectroscopy (English translation of Optika i Spektroskopiya). 121 (1) (2016) 18-24.
28. Karabegov M. A., Metrological and technical characteristics of total internal reflection refractometers, Measurement Techniques. 47 (11) (2004) 1106-1112.
29. Davydov V. V., Smirnov K. J., An Optical Method of Monitoring the State of Flowing Media with Low Transparency That Contain Large Inclusions, Measurement Techniques. 62(6) (2019) 519-
30. Grebenikova N. M., The effect of optical density of the flowing liquid on the measurement error of its refractive index, Journal of Physics: Conference Series. 1400 (6) (2019) 066029.
31. Davydov V. V., Dudkin V. I., Determination of the Composition and Concentrations of the Components of Mixtures of Hydrocarbon Media in the Course of its Express Analysis, Measurement Techniques. 62 (12) (2020) 1090-1098.
32. Karabegov M. A., On certain information capabilities of analytical instruments, Measurement Techniques. 54 (10) (2012) 1203-1212.
33. Davydov V. V., Moroz A. V., Makeev S. S., Dudkin V. I., Peculiarities of Registration of the Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectrum of a Condensed Medium During Express Control of Its State, Optics and Spectroscopy. 128 (10) (2020) 1678-1685.
34. Karabegov M. A., A method of increasing the accuracy of analytical instruments by structural correction, Measurement Techniques. 52 (10) (2009) 1126-1133.
526.
THE AUTHORS
PROVODIN Daniil S.
provodindanya@gmail.com ORCID: 0000-0002-7007-9215
davydov_vadim66@mail.ru ORCID: 0000-0001- 9530- 4805
DAVYDOV Vadim V.
Received 30.08.2022. Approved after reviewing 31.08.2022. Accepted 06.09.2022.
© Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University, 2022
