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THE RUSSIAN "ADAPTOGEN" CONCEPT AND THE JAPANESE "HOZAI" CONCEPT - A COMPARISON
© Kuchta K.1, Cameron S.1, Rausch H.2
1 Clinic for Gastroenterology and Gastrointestinal Oncology, Göttingen University, Germany;
2 Phytochem Referenzsubstanzen, Neu-Ulm, Germany
The terms "support preparation" (Hozai / Ml'J) or "support medicine" (Hoyaku / M^) in traditional Japanese Kampo medicine are used to describe preparations that are applied to stop or partially reverse symptoms of physical weakness and degenerative diseases. The two major single prescriptions of this category are Juzentaihoto [1] and
Hochuekkito [2, 3]. The Japanese national
health insurance mentions for Juzentaihoto the Western indications anaemia, decubitus ulcer, radiation sickness, and rheumatoid arthritis as well as supportive in tumour patients after operations and chemotherapy. The indications given by the Japanese national health insurance for Hochuekkito are restoring and improving general vigour, chronic gastritis, anorexia, myasthenia gravis, and atopic dermatitis. Additionally, as with Juzentaihoto, its supportive use before and after operations as well as radiation therapy is officially recommended. "Hozai" can be used in cases of typically geriatric ailments but also in any other case of physical decay. The basic concept of "Hozai" is therefore very similar to the concept of "Adaptogen" in European Phytotherapy of the Russian tradition. There is however
one essential difference: The term "Adaptogen" always refers to individual drugs and their extracts, whereas the term "Hozai" invariably denotes traditional prescriptions that are typically composed of 10 individual raw drugs each. Nevertheless, the relations of the two concepts becomes easily apparent on closer inspection, e.g. by the fact that Panax-ginseng- and Astragalus-membranaceus-root - two of the classical Russian "Adaptogens" - appear as essential component drugs of both of the Japanese "Hozai" preparations [4]. Future applications for "Adaptogens" and "Hozai" may lie in the prevention of muscle degradation under extreme conditions, e.g. for athletes in the regeneration phase or for cosmonauts suffering from the effects of weightlessness.
References:
1. JP XVI (2011): http://kconsort.umin.jp/JP/JP16E046.pdf.
2. JP XVI (2011): http://kconsort.umin.jp/JP/JP16E035.pdf.
3. Suppl II JP XVI (2014): http://kconsort.umin.jp/JP/ JP16s2E035.pdf.
4. Kuchta K: 3 Fachleute - 3 Behandlungsstrategien. Lebensverlängerndes Phytotherapeutikum weiterhin gesucht! Zkm, 2015, 6:40-41.
DEVELOPMENT AND OPTIMIZATION OF A NOVEL PHYTOTHERAPEUTIC PREPARATION FOR THE TREATMENT OF GASTROINTESTINAL DISORDERS ON THE BASIS OF TRADITIONAL JAPANESE KAMPO MEDICINE
© Frank L.1, Weimer K.1, Cameron S.2, Kuchta K.2, Rausch H.1
1 Phytochem Referenzsubstanzen, Neu-Ulm, Germany;
2 Clinic for Gastroenterology and Gastrointestinal Oncology, Göttingen University, Germany
Japanese traditional medicine (Kampo) is an elemental part of the Japanese public health system. Kampo was developed in Japan based on works of ancient Chinese medicine and generated enough innovations to be regarded as an independent tradition by 1600 AD. Since the 1960s, traditional Kampo prescriptions - in contrast to TCM prescriptions standardized and invariable -were scientifically re-evaluated and approved as medicines. As of today, freeze-dried granules of up to 30% EtOH hot aqueous extracts of 148 Kampo prescriptions are covered by the Japanese public health insurance. One of these is Shikunshito (Panax ginseng, Atractylodes lancea, Poria cocos, Glycyrrhiza uralensis,
Ziziphus jujuba, Zingiber officinale). It is commonly used against cachexia, stomach complaints, and nausea; traditionally as an aqueous decoction similar to TCM. Here, a novel galenical for Shikunshito was developed in accordance with the EU directives for Traditional Herbal Medicinal Products (tHMPs). A variety of extracts were prepared and phytochemically compared to the traditional decoction, industrial-type 30% EtOH hot aqueous extracts, and a MeOH full extract using TLC and HPLC. Moreover, a procedure was developed for reducing the content of simple oligosaccharides in the extract, thus lowering the required daily dose for the patient. In contrast to the Japanese daily dose of
Obzory po kliniceskoj farmacologii i lekarstvennoj terapii [Reviews of clinical pharmacology and drug therapy] vol. 15/2017/suppLement 1
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2.5 g extract granules 3 times daily (inacceptable for European patients), we were able to develop a novel dry extract for pelletizing, thus concentrating the common Japanese daily dose of secondary metabolites from Shikunshito in just 3 tablets per day (Convenience!). Due to the fact that Shikunshito is used in the EU in
single prescription by Kampo doctors since more than 15 years and since centuries in Japan without negative effects, the presented work opens the possibility to apply for its official registration as a phytopharmacon in Europe.
DEVELOPMENT OF A NOVEL PROANTHOCYANIDIN ENRICHED GINKGO BILOBA L. LEAVE EXTRACT WITH IN VITRO AND IN VIVO NEUROPROTECTIVE EFFECTS
© KuchtaK.1, Qiao H.X.2, Huang H.B.2, Fang L.2, Chen Y.3, Wang R.W.24
1 National Institute of Health Sciences, Division of Pharmacognosy, Phytochemistry & Narcotics, Tokyo, Japan;
2 Zhejiang CONBA Pharmaceutical, Hangzhou, China;
3 Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China;
4 Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of TCM Pharmaceutical Technology, Hangzhou, China
A commercial refined extract of Ginkgo biloba L. leaves has been reported to protect brain tissue against cerebral ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury [1]. This activity is generally attributed to the antioxidant activity of its flavonoids and proanthocyanidins. However, the latter have not been adequately studied up to now. Therefore, the present study aims to assess the neuroprotective properties of a newly developed proanthocyanidin enriched G. biloba leave extract (GPE) - with >90% proanthocyanidins after resin adsorption - on cerebral I/R injury compared to commercial proanthocyanidins from grape seeds (Vitis vinifera L.) (GSP) and nimodipine as a positive control. In vitro, the tissue protective effect of GPE was measured using PC12 cells, cultured in 96-well plates. After the addition of GPE or GSP (0.625, 1.25, 2.50 ^g/ml) and 12 h of cultivation, cells were incubated with H2O2 (40 mM) for another 24 h. Cell damage was measured using a commercial LDH assay kit. GPE noticeably ameliorated the increase in LDH release and thus the respective decrease in cell viability. For the in vivo assay, male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into 6 groups
(sham: 8, placebo: 25, GPE 80 mg/kg: 13, GPE 40 mg/kg: 13, GPE 20 mg/kg: 16, GSE 40 mg/kg: 18, nimodipine: 8). All non-sham animals were subjected to cerebral I/R injury by occluding the middle cerebral artery with a nylon suture that was removed after 2 h of ischemia to establish reperfusion. After recovery from anaesthesia, the rats were returned to their cages with free access to water and food. All animals were sacrificed 24 h after reperfusion. Coronal brain sections were stained in order to calculate infarct ratio. Malondialdehyde (MDA) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) levels in the brain tissue were measured using commercial assay kits. Under treatment of cerebral I/R injury in test animals with GPE, the death rate decreased, neurological dysfunctions were reduced, and both average infarct size and concentrations of MDA and SOD were significantly ameliorated as compared to the placebo group.
References:
1. Hu B, Sun S, Mei G, Chen L, Tong E, 2002. Chin Med J (Engl), 115(9):1316-1320.
CURRENT PROGRESS AND FUTURE PROSPECTS OF ANTRODIA CINNAMOMEA RESEARCH IN TAIWAN
© K.J. Senthil Kumar1, Sheng-Yang Wang12
1 Department of Forestry, National Chung Hsing University, Taiwan;
2 Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taiwan
Antrodia cinnamomea (Syn. Antrodia camphorate or Taiwanofungus camphorates) is a unique medicinal mushroom endemic to Taiwan. In traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), A. cinnamomea is used for treating various human illness including, food poisoning, drug intoxication, diarrhea, abdominal pain, hypertention, skin irritation, inflammation and cancer. In natural habitat, this mushroom grows the inner sap of age old camphor tree
Cinnamomum kanehira Hay (Lauraceae). Accumulating scientific evidences (nearly 400 research articles) revealed that A. cinnamomea possess various therapeutic effects including, immunomodulation, hepatoprotectiion, neuroprotection, anti-oxidant, anti-inflammation, antihypertensive, anti-hyperlipedemic, anti-diabetic, anti-metastatic and anti-cancer activities. In recent years, this mushroom is starting to attract by pharmaceutical
Obzory po kliniceskoj farmacologii i lekarstvennoj terapii [Reviews of clinical pharmacology and drug therapy]
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