9CURRENT TRENDS IN THE FORMATION OF ENGLISH WORDS
Dilshoda Boboyeva
A student at Chirchik State Pedagogical University E-mail: boboyevadilshoda40@gmail.com Scientific supervisor: Sokhila Aminova
ABSTRACT
The given article is conditioned by the great interest to explain how words are formed and their use, along with the periods of origin and development of the word. An easy study of the word formation of English language, which is important in English literature, through the creative path of many scientists work, and at the same time a clear explanation about given topic.
Keywords: affixation, prefixation, lexical, root, free morpheme, suffixation, back-formation, conversion, clipping, word-derivation.
In spite of the fact that profitable word arrangement propensities in present-day English have been adequately examined by language specialists, modern words continually show up within the dialect, so there's a require for their think about and thought of their implies of creation. This point will be important as long as the dialect exists and creates. Lexical changes in modern English are still a productive field of investigation. Examining such changes uncover numerous patterns within the lexicology of English, the sorts of processes, which are, watched there, the inner association of the vocabulary. Lexical changes to tell us almost the typological choices accessible within the dialect and how they are utilized inventively by its speakers. Even if language experts have sufficiently studied the beneficial word arrangement tendencies in modern English, modern terms continue to appear in the dialect, necessitating careful consideration and a detailed understanding of their means of formation. For as long as the dialect persists and develops, this point will be crucial. Research on lexical changes in contemporary English is still fruitful. Analysing these alterations reveals a number of patterns in the English lexicon, processes that are observed there, the internal relationships between words. Lexical variations reveal nearly all of the typological options available in the dialect and demonstrate how its speakers creatively employ them. To shed light on these various viewpoints, the current study examines a representative sample of the lexical fabric that describes on going changes in English lexicology in the later part of the year (2020-2021) impacted by the prevalent coronavirus. The material below is a sample of how English is used in
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modern society. It has been put together over the past year, mostly from lexicographical and print media sources as well as from sources in the spoken, print, and online media. Word Arrangement Handle, also known as Morphological Prepare, is a method by which new words are generated either by completely advancing the language or by changing already-existing terms. Modern words are created using a variety of word arrangement forms. All word arrangement patterns, however, essentially introduce either derivational or inflectional alterations. In this way, the two primary word arrangement techniques are induction and intonation, sometimes known as emphasis. From determination to the taking after extent, enunciation differs: Modifies a word to fit into one of the many different language categories, including case, individual, number, voice, tense, temperament, and perspective. alters the term lesson (also known as syntactic category, lexical course, frame lesson, and components of discourse). doesn't change a word's meaning. As an example: sophisticated to modernise (to produce modern). Among the principal word arrangement forms include, but are not restricted to.
Affixation. It might be a word arrangement handle in which an unused word is created by joining a join to a root (also known as a stem or base). A root could be an unbound morpheme, also known as a free morpheme, that appears by itself. On the other hand, an Join may be a bound morpheme which never happens by itself, but is continuously joined to a few free morpheme and can be either inflectional or derivational. An Inflectional fasten adjusts the form/grammatical category of a word, i.e., tense, person, number, sexual orientation, case, etc. For case: rodent ^ rats. Contrariwise, a derivational join alters the parts of discourse of the root, whereas taking off the syntactic category unaltered. In this way, there's a alter of meaning of the root. For illustration: type in ^ essayist. In English there are two sorts of affixations: Prefixation: In this morphological handle words are shaped by including an fasten to the front of a root. The sort of join utilized in this handle is alluded to as prefix. For case: un + clean ^ untidy. Suffixation: In this morphological prepare words are shaped by including an fasten to the conclusion of a root. The sort of fasten utilized in this handle is alluded to as postfix. For illustration: fear + less ^ fearless.
Conversion. This alludes to the alter of work or parts of discourse of a word without including an attach. Change is additionally called zero induction or invalid induction since the utilitarian alter is brought around by supplementing an invisible affix. Now and then it is additionally called utilitarian move. Regularly change is made from "noun to verb" and from "verb to noun". Less habitually, transformation is additionally done from "adjective to verb" and "adjective to noun". For instance: Thing to Verb: access email film name shape Verb to Noun: attack alert hope. Back-
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formation may be a morphological prepare in which unused word is made by extricating attaches from another word. In this way, it is the invert of affixation, in which joins are included. Back-formation is additionally distinctive from clipping since it brings a alter within the parts of discourse or the word's meaning. For case: the thing addition has been back-formed into verb embed by expelling the addition ion. Clipping. As the title proposes, clipping is the word arrangement prepare in which a word is diminished to a shorter shape. With a sharp differentiate to back-formation, clipping keeps the initial word meaning intaglio. These words are exceptionally common in regular discourse. For occasion: lab is the clipped shape of research facility. Backformation is a morphological process where a word is created by removing an attachment from another word, creating an unused term. In this sense, joins are included, making it the opposite of affixation. Back-formation differs from clipping in that it modifies the meaning of the word or the discourse segments. For example, by removing the addition ion, the item addition has been back-formed into a verb embed. As suggested by the term, clipping is a word arrangement technique where a word is truncated to a shorter form. The original word meaning is retained while clipping, with a clear distinction from back-formation. These are incredibly common words in everyday speech. For example, a lab is a research facility in the clipped shape.
MAJOR SORTS OF WORD-FORMATION. It is obvious that word-formation legitimate can bargain as it were with words which can be analyzed both basically and semantically. Basic words are closely associated with word-formation since they serve as the establishment of determined and compound words. Subsequently, words like customer, misjudge, sugar free, etc. make the subject matter of ponder in wordformation, whereas words like to devour, to get it, free are unessential to it.
Word-derivation. Speaking approximately word-derivation there can be recognized two ways of shaping modern words: affixation and conversion. Affixation is the arrangement of a modern word with the assistance of joins (joy, misprint). In spite of the fact that profitable word arrangement propensities in present-day English have been adequately examined by language specialists, modern words continually show up within the dialect, so there's a require for their think about and gritty thought of their implies of creation. This point will be important as long as the dialect exists and creates. Lexical changes in modern English are still a productive field of investigation. Examining such changes uncover numerous patterns within the lexicology of English, the sorts of processes, which are, watched there, the inner association of the vocabulary. Lexical changes to tell us almost the typological choices accessible within the dialect and how they are utilized inventively by its speakers. Even if language experts have sufficiently studied the beneficial word arrangement tendencies in
April 23-24, 2024
180
modern English, modern terms continue to appear in the dialect, necessitating careful consideration and a detailed understanding of their means of formation. For as long as the dialect persists and develops, this point will be crucial. Research on lexical changes in contemporary English is still fruitful. Analysing these alterations reveals a number of patterns in the English lexicon, processes that are observed there, the internal relationships between words. Lexical variations reveal nearly all of the typological options available in the dialect and demonstrate how its speakers creatively employ them.
To shed light on these various viewpoints, the current study examines a representative sample of the lexical fabric that describes ongoing changes in English lexicology in the later part of the year (2020-2021) impacted by the prevalent coronavirus. The material below is a sample of how English is used in modern society. It has been put together over the past year, mostly from lexicographical and print media sources as well as from sources in the spoken, print, and online media. Word Arrangement, also known as Morphological Prepare, is a method by which new words are generated either by completely advancing the language or by changing already-existing terms. Modern words are created using a variety of word arrangement forms. All word arrangement patterns, however, essentially introduce either derivational or inflectional alterations. In this way, the two primary word arrangement techniques are induction and intonation, sometimes known as emphasis. From determination to the taking after extent, enunciation differs: Deflection Origin generates different phrasal forms for the same word.
An Inflectional fasten adjusts the form grammatical category of a word, i.e., tense, person, number, sexual orientation, case, etc. For case: rodent ^ rats. Contrariwise, a derivational join alters the parts of discourse of the root, whereas taking off the syntactic category unaltered. In this way, there's a alter of meaning of the root. For illustration: type in ^ essayist. In English there are two sorts of affixations:
Prefixation: In this morphological handle words are shaped by including an fasten to the front of a root. The sort of join utilized in this handle is alluded to as prefix. For case: un + clean ^ untidy Suffixation: In this morphological prepare words are shaped by including an fasten to the conclusion of a root. The sort of fasten utilized in this handle is alluded to as postfix. For illustration: fear + less ^ fearless Conversion. This alludes to the alter of work or parts of discourse of a word without including an attach. Change is additionally called zero induction or invalid induction since the utilitarian alter is brought around by supplementing an invisible affix. Now and then it is additionally called utilitarian move. Regularly change is made from
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"noun to verb" and from "verb to noun". Less habitually, transformation is additionally done from "adjective to verb" and "adjective to noun". For instance: Thing to Verb: access email film name shape Verb to Noun: attack alert hope. Back-formation. It may be a morphological prepare in which unused word is made by extricating attaches from another word. In this way, it is the invert of affixation, in which joins are included. Back-formation is additionally distinctive from clipping since it brings a alter within the parts of discourse or the word's meaning. For case: the thing addition has been back-formed into verb embed by expelling the addition ion. As the title proposes, clipping is the word arrangement prepare in which a word is diminished to a shorter shape. With a sharp differentiate to back-formation, clipping keeps the initial word meaning intaglio. These words are exceptionally common in regular discourse. For occasion: lab is the clipped shape of research facility. Backformation is a morphological process where a word is created by removing an attachment from another word, creating an unused term. In this sense, joins are included, making it the opposite of affixation. Back-formation differs from clipping in that it modifies the meaning of the word or the discourse segments. For example, by removing the addition ion, the item addition has been back-formed into a verb embed. As suggested by the term, clipping is a word arrangement technique where a word is truncated to a shorter form. The original word meaning is retained while clipping, with a clear distinction from back-formation. These are incredibly common words in everyday speech. For example, a lab is a research facility in the clipped shape.
Affixation can be subdivided into suffixation and prefixation. In Advanced English suffixation is for the most part characteristic of things and descriptive words coining, whereas prefixation is generally commonplace of verb arrangement. This sort of word-formation bargains with the derivational structure of words: derivational bases, derivational joins and derivational designs. A derivational base is the portion of the word which sets up association with the lexical unit that propels the subordinate and decides its person lexical meaning portraying the distinction between words in one and the same subsidiary set. For case, the person lexical meaning of the words shopper, merchant, educator which indicate dynamic practitioners of the activity is displayed by the lexical meaning of the derivational bases: expend-, bargain-, teach-.
Derivational fastens are quick constituents of determined words in all parts of discourse. Derivational fastens are included to derivational bases. Attaches can be of two sorts: prefixes and suffixes. Prefixes stand some time recently a derivational base. They adjust the lexical meaning but seldom exchange a word into a diverse portion of discourse: listen (v) ^ catch (v), reasonable (adj) ^ unjustifiable (adj), president (n) ^ ex-president (n), etc. Suffixes stand after a derivational base. They more-
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over adjust the lexical meaning but not fundamentally exchange a word into a diverse portion of discourse: ruler (n) ^ kingdom (n), book (n) ^ bookish (adj), fast (adj) ^ quickly (adv), etc.
A derivational design could be a normal significant course of action, which forces inflexible rules on the arrange and the nature of the derivational base and affixes that will be brought together to make a modern word. Designs are ordinarily spoken to in a generalized way in terms of routine images: little letters v, n, a, d which stand for parts of discourse: verbs, things, etc. Derivational designs are moreover known as auxiliary equations. Here are a few cases of derivational designs: n + -sf ^ N (companion + dispatch), v + -sf ^ N (sing + er), etc.
There's no agreement on the foremost profitable word-formation processes of the English dialect. Concurring to these considers, compounding and affixation proceed to be among the foremost profitable ones but, in later a long time, mixing conjointly clipping are getting to be increasingly critical for the arrangement of unused words.
REFERENCES
1. James W. Johnson ( the Negro poet) . The Negro in the New World, 1910.
2. Philip Littell (American actor). New Republic, July 27, 1921.
3. H. R. Jeffrey in Dialect Notes, vol. v, pt. iii (1920), p. 86. As for jazz, see English, May-June, 1919, p. 90.
4. Elisabeth Wittmann. Otto Jespersen's Growth and Structure of the English Language, 3rd ed.; Leipzig, 1919, pp. 170--2.
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