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4. Telegram-каналы объявили войну традиционным СМИ [Электронный ресурс] URL: http://vesti48.ru/news/6248.html /03.02.2017 (дата обращения 07.03.2017).
5. Fidalgo A. Pushed News: When the News comes to the Cell phone / A. Fidalgo // Brazilian Journalism Research. -2009. - № 5(2). - P. 113-124.
6. Westlund O. New(s) functions for the mobile: a cross-cultural study / O. Westlund // New media & society. - 2010. -№12(1). - P. 91-108. doi: 10.1177/1461444809355116
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Список литературы на английском языке / References in English
1. Arutyunova N. D. Yazyk i mir cheloveka. [Language and the world of man] / N. D. Arutyunova. - M. : Yazyki russkoj kul'tury, 1999. - 896 p. [in Russian]
2. Kon'kov V. I. Bul'varnyj tip rechevogo povedeniya v SMI [Boulevard type of speech behavior in media] / V. I. Kon'kov // Mir russkogo slova. [Peace of Russian word] - 2010. - № 2. - P. 14-20. [in Russian]
3. Ser'gina E. Baza aktivnyh pol'zovateley Telegram v Rossii za god vyrosla v 3 raza i dostigla 6 mln. [Telegrams base of active users in Russia for the past year increased 3 times and reached 6 million] [Electronic resource] / Ser'gina E. // Vedomosti - № 4258. - URL: https://www.vedomosti.ru/technology/articles/2017/02/08/676588-telegram-rossii (accessed: 13.04.2017). [in Russian]
4. Telegram-kanaly ob'yjavili voynu tradicionnym SMI. [Telegram-channels declared war on traditional media] [Electronic resource] URL: http://vesti48.ru/news/6248.html /03.02.2017 (accessed: 07.03.2017). [in Russian]
5. Fidalgo A. Pushed News : When the News comes to the Cell phone / A. Fidalgo // Brazilian Journalism Research. -2009. - № 5(2). - P. 113-124.
6. Westlund O. New(s) functions for the mobile: a cross-cultural study / O. Westlund // New media & society. - 2010. -№12(1). - P. 91-108. doi: 10.1177/1461444809355116
7. Tsear.ch [Electronic resource] URL: http://tsear.ch/list/all (дата обращения 10.03.2017).
DOI: https://doi.org/10.23670/IRJ.2017.59.047 Минасян Е.Т.1, Мидова В.О.2
1ORCID: 0000-0001-5477-2960, Кандидат филологических наук, Доцент, 2ORCID: 0000-0002-2257-1395, Кандидат педогогических наук, Доцент, Российский экономический университет им. Г. В. Плеханова ВЗАИМОСВЯЗЬ БИЗНЕСА И СПОРТА ВЫРАЖЕННАЯ МЕТАФОРИЧЕСКИ В ЯЗЫКЕ ДЕЛОВОГО
ОБЩЕНИЯ
Аннотция
Спорт как метафора и аналог для бизнеса доминирует в большинстве экономических статей и играет исключительную роль в деловом общении для выявления подразумеваемых смыслов жесткой конкуренции. Целью данной статьи было изучить основные аргументы, которые проводят параллели между спортом и бизнесом, так как большинство людей относятся к спорту как аналогу экономического конкурирования. В результате исследования определены основные спортивные метафоры, которые традиционно используются в бизнесе, а также проанализированы виды спорта где они получили наибольшее распространение, являясь интерпретацией их метафорических значений. босновываясь на когнитивном подходе спортивные метафоры представлены как лингвистические образные средства для восприятия абстрактных понятий бизнеса посредством более конкретных.
Ключевые слова: спортивная метафора, когнитивный подход, образные представления, абстрактные понятия.
Minasyan E.T.1, Midova V.O.2
1ORCID: 0000-0001-5477-2960, PhD, Associate Professor,
2ORCID: 0000-0002-2257-1395, PhD, Associate Professor, Plekhanov Russian University of Economics, Moscow, Russia CORRELATION OF BUSINESS AND SPORT EXPRESSED METAPHORICALLY IN THE LANGUAGE
OF BUSINESS COMMUNICATION
Abstract
Sport as a metaphor and analogy for business is dominating in most economic articles and plays an utmost role in business communication revealing implied meanings of tough competitiveness. The aim of our study was to review the main arguments of drawing parallels between sports and business, as most people regard the former as an equivalent of business rivalry. The results of the article disclosed the major sport metaphors that are commonly used in business by analyzing which sport they originate from and interpreted their metaphorical implications. Grounded on cognitive approach sport metaphors are identified as powerful figurative devices to perceive abstract business concepts by way of more concrete ones.
Keywords: sport metaphor, cognitive approach, figurative device, abstract notions.
Introduction
Metaphor as a means of figurative language has been treated purely as an inherent part of rhetorics or literature embellishing the speech and enriching the hidden shades of discourse. Hence, it is noteworthy to start the discussion of using metaphors both in speeches of celebrities and ordinary humans' everyday conversations. As a way of illustrating our point, here are some lines form Mother Teresa's poem, when in her seventies she wrote her own resume of her p hilosophy of life (A Complete Authorized Biography (1997) from The Preface book by Kathryn Spink):
Life is an opportunity, avail it.
Life is a beauty, admire it.
Life is bliss, taste it.
Life is a dream, realize it.
Life is a challenge, meet it.
Life is a duty, complete it.
Life is a game, play it.
The whole poem by Mother Teresa is fully metaphorical and built on metaphors about life with all its difficulties, joys and sorrows which make it unpredictable and full of surprises, i.e. life is a journey full of adventure. These examples serve as evidence that such abstract notions as difficulty, hope, happiness and chance are mapped figuratively in her poem with immaterial ideas of opportunity, dream, bliss, game, etc. Since we use these phrases ubiquitously in our daily speech, more than half of it is considered awash with trite metaphors. The last statement 'Life is a game, play it' is currently a kind of catchphrase (an idiom) on our lips used in daily discourse emphasizing the rough and competitive nature of relations and affairs, as we mostly see in sports.
The aim of this study was to reveal the widespread use of metaphors, mainly sport ones in business communication aligning sport activities with business competition.
Materials and methods
This study is an attempt to bring together all the sport metaphors implemented in the business coursebook Business Advantage (Upper-intermediate & Advanced) applied both for pre-experienced and post-experienced Business English learners in the system of tertiary education, in the frames of in-company or specialized language training courses. The analysis is based on cognitive theory of perceiving metaphors, which helps people to comprehend intangible notions and areas of experience by deciphering more tangible concepts. 'Metaphor is primarily conceptual in nature, allowing mankind to understand relatively abstract or inherently unstructured subject matter in terms of a more concrete or more highly structured subject matter [1, P.133]. For the examination of interrelation between sports and business discourse the metaphorical mapping of source and target domains is used.
Discussion: Competitive environment and sport metaphors
In current globalized economic interactions metaphors in business English facilitate communication and convey the desired effect. As Zheng Jing states, "business English takes advantage of metaphors constantly to make abstract and complex economic and business concepts as well as phenomena vivid and easy to understand" [1, P. 132]. Frendo Evan in his bo ok "How to teach Business English" proves this point by referring business English as an umbrella term covering phrases and words from every type of English, general or specific, and 'a quick glance at the language of advertising shows a wonderful variety of metaphorical language' [3, P. 7].
When we take a move towards the business environment and sport competition the most palpable and widely used metaphor is the 'rat race' where humans are equalized to rats and tough competition amongst rival companies or co-workers is a race. Below in the table are provided more examples mainly taken from the business English textbooks Business Advantage (Upper-intermediate & Advanced) [4, 5] identifying the origin and business interpretation of these metaphorical phrases. The examples and definitions are verified and supplemented from Business English Dictionary, Pearson Longman [2].
Table 1 - Sport metaphors implemented in Business English
Sport Metaphor Origin Example Business definition
Touch base baseball It is a good idea. Let's touch base on that tomorrow. speak, clarify something
Kick off rugby/football The conference was scheduled to kick off at noon. start, to produce payments
Take it on the chin boxing It's hard to accept, but sometimes we just have to take it on the chin. be strong and accept a difficult situation
The ball's in their court tennis We've sent them our final offer, so now the ball's in their court. they have to do sth before any progress can be made
Score an own goal hockey/football If we're not careful here, we'll score an own goal. make a decision with an opposite effect
Level playing field football In football in Europe, the playing field's not very level. perfect competition
Compete in the same field football It wouldn't make sense to have a couple of companies compete in the same field. a market with many companies producing the same product
Stretch goals/targets hockey Financial objectives are established which are based on a number of factors and are intended to be stretch targets. strategic objectives that are extremely difficult to achieve
Barred holds tennis No barred holds! no limitations or restrictions
Bandied around hockey Reverse innovation bandied around in boardrooms. discuss, brainstorm
Wrestle with sth wrestling Environmentalists wrestled with measures of, and frameworks for, sustainability. struggle against difficulties, problems
Results
Nowadays, the relationship between business and sport is so deeply interweaved, that sport activities are widely implemented in companies for training team-playing skills, for reaching success in negotiations just by learning the rules of football, etc. Hence, after having a deeper look at the whole business environment and competitive sports, it becomes obvious that they are regarded as identical procedures, where business situation is imagined as 'a playing field', restrictions on procedures and activities are conveyed through 'barred holds', and fighting against difficulties is comparable with 'wrestling with measures'. From the perspective of cognitive stylistics these metaphorical expressions are drawn from the source domain of various sport activities and rules, and are deciphered in humans' understanding by mapping these abstract notions in the target domain through concrete concepts. Though the process of application of two domains occurs simultaneously, nonetheless the emphasis is on metaphorical aspects of words and phrases, their figurative meanings and hidden ideas.
Conclusion
Metaphors are prevalent in business English not only as a style of thinking, but as a way of explaining professional jargons and reproducing the richness of the language. By using a range of metaphors based on people's experience and common sense it helps the communicators understand abstract economic notions and unfamiliar business activities better.
Largely, the relevance of sports in business education is becoming utmost not only in business discourse, but in entire business teaching. As many researchers prove, the connections between the worlds of competitive sport and competitive business are rather intense and obvious. Certainly, there are lessons to be learnt from professional competitive sports, like motor racing, in this case it involves people and teamwork. The boat race is a perfect example of developing leadership and team management skills.
Список литературы / References
1. Jing Zheng, Translation of metaphors in Business English from a cognitive perspective // International Journal of English linguistics. - 2015. - Vol. 5. - No.2. - P. 132-138.
2. Longman Business English Dictionary. (ed.) // Pearson Educated Limited. - 2007. - 594p.
3. Frendo, E., How to teach business English // Pearson Longman. - 2005. - 160 p.
4. Lisboa, M., Handford, M., Business Advantage (Advanced) (2012) // CUP. - 192p.
5. Handford, M., Lisboa, M., Koester, A., Pitt, A., Business Advantage (Upper-intermediate) (2011) // CUP. - 192p.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.23670/IRJ.2017.59.138 Морозова Т.Ф.
Кандидат филологических наук, профессор, Анапский филиал МГГУ им. М.А.Шолохова МЕДИЙНЫЕ ИНТЕРФЕЙСЫ ГОРОДА
Аннотация
Использование таких понятий как «медийный интерфейс» и «интерфейс-имидж» могут помочь нам преодолеть фрагментарные знания о городе, связать и организовать его медиа пространство, используя новые информационные технологии. Интерфейс-имидж является важным инструментом для создания привлекательного с точки зрения инвестиций и финансирования объекта. При этом интерфейс стоит рассматривать как систему, состоящую как из внешней части, так и из скрытой части. В данном исследовании медийный интерфейс рассматривается как коммуникативная «упаковка», своего рода семантическая оболочка города.
Ключевые слова: коммуникации, городская медиа-среда, медийный имидж, информационная область, знаки, коды, контекст.
Morozova T.A.
PhD in Philology, Professor The branch of the Moscow state pedagogical university in the city of Anapa MEDIA INTERFACES OF CITY
Abstract
The insertion of the concepts of "media interfaces" and "interface-image" of the city can overcome fragmentary knowledge about the city, connect and organize media space of city, using new information technologies. , interface-image is an instrument to create an investment-attractive and financially effective object, the interface more properly to consider as a system consisting both of the external part and of the hidden part. Media interface is regarded as communicative "packaging", semantic shell of the city.
Keywords: communications, media environment of the city, media image, information area, signs, codes, context.
It is obvious that urban information space nowadays is systemic and complex phenomenon, which includes politics, c ontemporary art, communication design and industrial design as well as music and cinema. All mentioned is connected with people. That is the reason why city is a so called interface for individual. It responds to one's needs and emotions, likewise it provides additional functionalities.
City interface breaks up into keys and symbols. Thus, the initial matrix of city environment is no longer the implementation of some force (labor force), but the implementation of some distinction (manipulation of a symbol). The symbols of urban space, in their turn, necessarily require holistic visual expression. Information inhomogeneity of resources consists in the diversity of application contexts [1, P. 346]. Existential interface is endless work. There is an objectivization of subjective experiences in the cultural context and attempt of forced immanentization of message. Logo image of famous brands become iconic (and iconological) simulacra, so noticeable in the modern landscape. Signs are necessarily demanding
