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9ECOSYSTEMS: ECOLOGY AND DYNAMICS, 2022, Vol. 6, No. 1, P. 118-133
=== DISTRIBUTION AND PROTECTION OF ECOSYSTEMS AND THEIR COMPONENTS ===
UDC 598.243.1/3:591.524
CONSERVATION OF AGRICULTURAL LANDSCAPES AS THE HABITATS OF RARE WADERS AND OTHER BIRDS SPECIES IN THE TERRITORY OF PROSPECTIVE NATURE PARK «CRANE COUNTRY»
© 2022. T.V. Sviridova*, O.S. Grinchenko**
*A.N. Sever tsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution of the Russian Academy of Sciences
Russia, 119071, Moscow, Leninskiy Avenue 33. E-mail: [email protected] **Water Problems Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences Russia, 119333, Moscow, Gubkina Str. 3. E-mail: [email protected]
Received Month 11, 2021. Revised Month 12, 2021. Accepted Month 02, 2022
Two projects on conservation of rare waders in agricultural landscapes in the north of Moscow Region (Russia, 56°41'N, 38°00'E) were carried out with the support of the Rufford Foundation (RSGF) in 2012-2014 in an area known as the Homeland of the Crane - Important Bird Area, included also in a shadow list of Ramsar Sites. This area is a mosaic of various wetlands (raised sphagnum bogs, birch and black alder forests, willow swamps and oxbow lakes) alternating with agricultural lands such as floodplain meadows, hayfields, arable lands, pastures and abandoned lands. For highly developed Moscow Region it is a unique locality with still existing habitats suitable for Common Cranes Grus grus and many other rare birds, including declining and threatened breeding waders - Black-tailed Godwit Limosa limosa, Eurasian Curlew Numenius arquata and Great Snipe Gallinago media. Plans to establish Nature Park in this area have been developed since the end of XX century. However, implementation of these plans has been suspended in the 2010 s, and conservation community has made efforts to maintain the value of the area until establishment of Natural Park there. Special attention in these efforts was paid to conservation of rare breeding meadow waders, in particular, with support of the RSGF. These efforts were successful as above-mentioned wader species along with other birds still breed in the area in relatively high numbers. In 2020 a project of Nature Park «Crane Country» with new extended boundaries was included in the recent official governmental «Scheme of development and localization of SPAs in Moscow Region». Almost half of an area of prospective Nature Park is represented by agricultural landscapes.
Keywords: rare bird, meadow waders, farmland, nature-friendly agriculture, Black-tailed Godwit, Eurasian Curlew, Great Snipe, Crane Homeland, Nature Park «Crane Country», ecological education. DOI: 10.24412/2542-2006-2022-1-118-133
The study area and the origin of work. The projects «Conservation of waders in the agricultural landscapes (rare bird species and rehabilitation of agriculture)» and «Conservation of agricultural landscapes for protection of rare meadow waders» was carried out under support of Rufford Foundation in 2012-2014 in the north of the Moscow Region (Russia, N 56° 41', E 38° 00'), in an area known as the «Crane Homeland». It is an important bird area, included in a shadow list of Ramsar Sites. This territory is a mosaic of various wetlands (raised sphagnum bogs, birch and black alder forests, willow swamps and oxbow lakes) alternating with agricultural lands such as floodplain meadows, hayfields, arable lands, pastures and fallows. Such mosaic landscape is favourable for many birds and other animals (Photo. 1). For highly developed Moscow Region it is a unique locality with still existing habitats suitable for breeding Common Cranes (Grus grus) and many other rare birds, including declining and threatened waders: Black-tailed Godwit (Limosa limosa), Eurasian Curlew (Numenius arquata) and Great Snipe (Gallinago media).
The main objectives of activities became: data collection on habitat dynamics of the rare breeding farmland wader species; research on distribution and habitat use by migrating waders; data
collection on current and planned economic use of territories by various land users and landowners; introduction of nature-friendly methods and practices in the work of local agricultural enterprises. An important task was also the development of environmental education of local people.
Birch and alder forest Bog
Abandoned agricultural lands
Active farmland
Photo. 1. View of the study area (photo by I.S. Smetanin).
A system of Specially Protected Areas (SPAs) has covered there approximately 360 km2, however, a single reserve (Apsaryovski Site) includes protected farmlands (50 km2) in the «Crane Homeland». Over 1,500 cranes form pre-migration assemblages there in August-September (Smirnova et al., 1999; Grinchenko et al., 2015). By the end of 2020, 247 bird species have been recorded in the «Crane Homeland», of which 63 are enlisted in the Red Data Book of the Moscow Region (2018) and 19 were included in the Red Data Book of the Russian Federation (2001; Grinchenko et al., 2020). This level of species diversity is rarely observed in highly economically developed and densely populated Moscow Region (centre of the European Russia). According to official governmental «Scheme of development and localization of SPAs in Moscow Region» (approved by the Moscow Regional Government on February 11, 2009) existing SPAs and all adjacent farmlands (~300-350 km2) are proposed for inclusion into regional Nature Park «Crane Country» with view of protecting rare birds, in particular waders. However, implementation of these plans has been suspended since 2011.
At the same time, many rare species have survived until now at the «Crane Homeland» also in habitats other than undisturbed and difficult to access forests and bogs. In particular breeding meadow (grassland) birds can be found on agricultural lands. All birds of present-day agricultural landscapes are strongly affected by type and intensity of agricultural exploitation (Butler et al., 2010; Mischenko et al., 2019; Sviridova et al., 2020a, b). During the last two decades an abandonment of farmlands in Central Russia was unfavourable for breeding waders of haylands and pastures, because these habitats have over-grown with high dense grass and shrubs (Mischenko et al., 2019; Grinchenko et al., 2020; Photo. 2).
However, since 2011 the process of agricultural rehabilitation in the "Crane Homeland" area led to simultaneous ploughing across vast areas of meadows and to initiation of new drainage activities, which led also to polarization of the agricultiral lands (Photo. 3). New threats to meadow waders, other than land abandonment, emerged with an appearance of new landowners, who had no appropriate information about biodiversity value of their lands. Thus, urgent measures were
undertaken by us during the last decade to prevent crash of wader population caused by negative effects of agricultural rehabilitation with main aim to conserve these populations regardless of the progress in the Nature Park establishment. This work was started in 2012-2014 with the support of RSFG, and continued in the following years using our own funds.
Photo. 2. Afforestation of abandoned agricultural lands in late 1990s (left) and in the 2010s (right; photos by T.V. Sviridova).
Photo. 3. Current polarization of agricultural lands (left; photo by I.S. Smetanin) and new drainage in the "Crane Homeland" (right; photo by T.V. Sviridova).
Materials and Methods
Our studies were carried out in the Taldom and Sergiyevo-Posadsky Urban Districts, in Moscow Region. This territory, including the Dubna Lowland and the adjoining Taldom Upland, is part of the southern Upper Volga Lowland (N 56°40', E 37°40'). The study area was thoroughly described earlier (Kontorshchikov et al., 2014; Sviridova et al., 2016b).
The numbers of lapwing (Vanellus vanellus), black-tailed godwit, Eurasian curlew, common redshank (Tringa totanus) and marsh sandpiper (T stagnatilis) were estimated every year, at two model sites: in the Apsarevsky Site of the "Crane Homeland" nature reserve (~48 km2), and in the floodplain of the Dubna River near Nushpoly village (~5 km2; Sviridova, 2014; Sviridova et al.,
2016b). In 2020 during the field works, aimed to design the territory of the future park, nesting waders were monitored in the agricultural area (about 350 km2), the same one that was studied in 2012, during the projects, supported by the Rufford Foundation. Census of the nesting waders was implemented by mapping of their territorial pairs (Bibby et al., 1993). Most of the work was carried out in different years, within the same period (2nd half of April-May), however, we did not look for the nests of any of the pairs.
Great snipes were studied in May-June, in an area of about 180 km2, where lekking was found. To assess their population dynamics during lekking, we carried out the absolute censuses, when the researchers would quickly walk through the lek, making the birds take off and counting them in the air (Sviridova et al., 2018; Bazhanova et al., 2019).
Along with the censuses, we mapped the location and current state of different habitats (Sviridova, 2014). We used GPS and maps of regional land management (scale 1:20000), as well as the Lansat satellite imagery, available for free. The spatial distribution of waders and the dynamics of agricultural habitats were analyzed with the help of GIS MapInfo 8.5.
Aside from collecting and processing data, we did an environmental management of agricultural lands and educational ecological activities for the local people.
The names of bird species are given according to the "List of Birds of the Russian Federation" (Koblik et al., 2006).
Monitoring of numbers and state of habitats of focal wader species. There are several rare wader species in the «Crane Homeland» area which preferred to settle in 1990s mostly on meadows and fields with perennial grasses (Photo. 4; Sviridova et al., 2016a). Three of them (Black-tailed Godwit, Eurasian Curlew and Great Snipe) are globally decreasing and threatened (IUCN, 2021). Common Redshank and Marsh Sandpiper are included in the Red Data Book of the Moscow Region (2018).
Photo. 4. Meadow waders of the «Crane Homeland» area. Black-tailed Godwit Limosa limosa (1), Eurasian Curlew Numenius arquata (2), Great Snipe Gallinago media (3), Common Redshank Tringa totanus (4), Marsh Sandpiper Tringa stagnatilis (5), Lapwing Vanellus vanellus (6; Photo 12, 4-6 by I. Bartashov, 3 by V. Zabugin, background photo by M. Ivanov).
In addition, in 2012-2014 on two model plots within surveyed area we analysed dynamics of numbers of the Lapwing, a common farmland wader (more details on this species see in Sviridova et al., 2016a).
During fieldwork on design of territory of prospective Nature Park in 2020, we carried out monitoring of breeding waders in the same area of farmlands as in 2012 (~350 km2). According to the data gathered in 2012 and 2020, the breeding population of Common Redshank and Marsh Sandpiper has been very low but stable during the last decade - 8-10 and 4-5 pairs, respectively. Certain decrease occurred in numbers of Eurasian Curlews - from 51 in 2012 to 31-38 pairs in 2020 and Black-tailed Godwits - from 46-51 in 2012 to 27-28 pairs in 2020. However, this tendency was, probably, caused by abnormal weather in season 2020 and needs further monitoring for confirmation. Also abandonment of vast farmland areas and decline of these two species across European breeding range could contribute to the decline observed in 2020.
As in 2012, waders showed strong preference for cultivated versus abandoned lands (Fig. 1), and 85-100% of pairs of the Eurasian Curlew, Black-tailed Godwit, Common Redshank and Marsh Sandpiper inhabited arable lands and hayfields. However, a degree of agricultural polarization increased in 2020 in comparison with 2012. On the one hand we now observe vast abandoned lands of low suitability for breeding of typical meadow species; on the other hand, we increasingly observe intensively cultivated fields (Photo 5). In such conditions, breeding waders continued to show strong preference for cultivated against abandoned lands and the proportion of pairs settled in arable lands increased compared to 2012 in the three species - Eurasian Curlew, Black-tailed Godwit and Marsh Sandpiper (Fig. 1).
Fig. 1. Proportion of waders inhabiting different kinds of agricultural lands in the north of Moscow Region: 1 - cultivated arable land (ARBL), 2 - hay land, 3 - abandoned grassland (ABND).
Although rare waders can nest on arable fields nest survival is extremely low there because of ploughing or depredation. Thus, in 2011-2013 the Black-tailed Godwits and Eurasian Curlews bred in newly ploughed 500 ha as well as Lapwings; however, for all species the nesting success in that period was mostly low. In 2012 the first nests of all species were destroyed during ploughing and sowing of potatoes or rape on this 500 ha area of farmland. Only half of Lapwings made re-nesting attempts after loss of clutches due to agricultural operations, while rare waders usually did not make re-nesting attempts in either year (Sviridova et al., 2016a). We did not analyze nest survival in 2014-2020, but it is a priori clear that situation on arable lands is the same in most years.
Photo. 5. Grasslands moderately used for agriculture in 1990s (hayland, pastures) were then significantly overgrown by forest (left) or converted to vast arble lands (right) by 2020s (photos by T.V. Sviridova).
In 2014 a support by Rufford Foundation allowed to start more regular monitoring of Great Snipe population in the north of Moscow Region. In total, 100-130 individuals of Great Snipe on several leks were counted in the study area in 2012 and 2014 (Fig. 2; Sviridova et al., 2016b). In 2012 assessment showed that 80% of Great Snipes gathered on floodplain meadows, while in 2020 about 40% of Great Snipes were counted in floodplain meadows and 60% in watershed. Reasons for this redistribution still need to be studied. The study of Great Snipes was continued in 2015-2020 using our own funds and its results were reported in several recent publications (Sviridova et al., 2018; Bazhanova et al., 2021). However, we still have to undertake more focused research of this species which ecology, distribution and numbers of breeding population in the area remain in many parts unclear.
Activities in a framework of the RSGF project in 2012-2014 were not limited to assessment of breeding waders' populations and monitoring of wader numbers on permanent study plots. They also included data collection on habitat dynamics (Fig. 3), agricultural rehabilitation in the area, distribution and habitat use by migrating waders and other aspects of wader conservation and environmental education in the «Crane Homeland». The data on waders and agriculture were digitized and compiled into GIS database (Fig. 3).
We have continued to implement all these activities, among which in particular should be mentioned preparation in 2020 of a map of current conditions of agricultural lands within the area of prospective Nature Park (Fig. 4).
Fig. 2. Locations of the Great Snipe leks found in 2012 and 2014 (Photos by V.V. Zabugin).
Fig. 3. Habitat mapping (left) and analysis in GIS of wader breeding sites in 2012 in relation to newly ploughed lands in 2010-2012 (right).
Fig. 4. Current state of agricultural lands on the territory of prospective Natural Park "Crane Country" (prepared by T.V. Sviridova). Legend: 1-3 - farmlands, afforested to various degree, 4 - abandoned lands without trees/shrubs, 5 - cultivated farmlands, 1a-5b - villages, agricultural buildings, etc., 6 - forests, 7 - water bodies, 8 - former peat mining areas, 9 - large areas of forested and open bogs.
Implemented Conservation Measures
Hot-spots and negotiations with land users on the problem of meadow conservation. In 20122014 we used the data on waders and current agriculture to develop the first maps of hot-spots in agricultural landscapes in the «Crane Homeland». These maps highlighted identified conflicts between agriculture and breeding waders. After that, the agreements were achieved with 4 landusers aiming to decrease total areas of ploughed meadows or to recultivate grasslands on parts of these lands. Two of these agreements allowed us to prevent drastic changes of Eurasian Curlew nesting habitats on lands of these enterprises already in 2012.
Most land-holders of farmlands were informed in the course of personal communications about needs of conservation of rare meadow waders in the «Crane Homeland» already in 2012-2014 (Photo 6). However, during two recent decades a problem of frequent change of landowners of farmlands within the prospective territory of the Nature Park have emerged. Therefore, negotiations with agricultural enterprises and farmers on solutions for identified problems have turned into continuous process which needs to be carried out almost annually.
Thus, in the end of 2020 large area of the most valuable farmland in the «Crane Homeland» reserve was acquired by new landowner. Now this is a new principal landowner, holding 70% of lands in already existing farmland reserve (Apsaryovski Site). This landowner aimed to develop animal husbandry, which is the most suitable activity for this natural site. However, most of these lands belong to abandoned grassland or young forests, so the owner initiated deforestation and plowing of vast territories. In 2021, we basically agreed with him that a gradual rather than rapid plowing of his grasslands needs to be implemented. In the nearest years it is necessary also to negotiate with this landowner on sowing of perennial late-mown grasses on fields, which are most suitable for breeding meadow waders.
Photo. 6. Negotiations with director of agricultural enterprise (left) and nest of Eurasian Curlew which was detected, marked and saved by local agronomist during spring sowing (right).
In the part of the reserve, where lands are rented by another agricultural enterprise, only arable fields are present. In 2020-2021 we started to work with this owner on protection of nests of rare waders from plowing and other destructive agricultural operations (Photo 6). This activity has already become a common practice on valuable farmland in Europe, but in Russia farmers are not familiar with it and they usually do not want to undertake necessary measures.
Education. Educational activity is one of the most important parts of any conservation activities undertaken in the "Crane Homeland", including conservation initiatives on farmland birds, not just rare waders. We use educational posters and nice colour stickers for promotion of sustainable agriculture in negotiations with farmers and workers of enterprises. In particular, educational booklet dedicated to the problem of conservation of meadow waders and to practical ways of mitigating adverse impacts of agriculture on rare waders was published with the support of Rufford Foundation in 2012 and is still helpful to us in negotiations with new landowners. We are also regularly working with schoolchildren from local communities on various aspects of «love to nature and birds», including annual campaign «Sowing of the Crane Field» and annual «Crane Festival» organised by our team in close cooperation with local authority and the community for over than 25 years in May and September (Photo 7).
One of the most notable events is a folklore and ecological celebration «The Sowing of the
Crane Field», based on an old Russian tradition to leave an unharvested strip of grain in the fields for the animals to feed on. Every May children from the schools of the Taldomsky District gather there to participate in sowing of a field, reserved for cranes. This field is never mowed, and Eurasian Cranes feed there, when their pre-migratory assembly starts to form in the autumn.
In the autumn, the annual "Crane Festival" takes place in the reserve, an eco-educational excursion program for children and adults. Both events are celebrated there for over 20 years, conducted by our own team, with the help of the Committee for Culture and the Department of Education of the Taldomsky Urban District (Photo 7). This work has started to bring real results. For example, a participant of the «Sowing of the Crane Field» festival in 2021 happened to be a kid of agronomist, who saved 3 nests of Eurasian Curlew on arable fields in 2021 (Photo 6).
Efforts to establish Nature Park «Crane Country». In parallel to wader studies and other above-mentioned activities, our team continued to lobby the establishment of a Nature Park in the north of Moscow Region during all the last years. Eventually, in 2019-2020 the Ministry of Ecology and Natural Resources of Moscow Region financed the work on projecting this Park. In 2019-2020 our team in close cooperation with Nature Conservation Fund «Verkhovye» (Russia, Moscow) prepared scientific background of the Nature Park «Crane Country» (Grinchenko et al., 2020; Fig. 5).
Photo 7. «Sowing of the Crane Field» campaign-2021 and Crane Festival-2020. (Photos by
O.S. Grinchenko).
Among others items, our work included new field survey in 2020 with view of current assessment of nature biodiversity at the territory of prospective Nature Park. New assessment of biodiversity of rare waders on agricultural lands was a part of this survey. This allowed us to compare the data on waders in 2020 and 2012 (Fig. 1). Data on spatial distribution of rare waders (the most vulnerable group of farmland birds) in 2012-2014 and 2020 along with the assessment of current condition of agricultural lands (Fig. 4) made it possible to develop appropriate zonation of farmlands in the area of prospective Nature Park (Fig. 5).
Our research in 2020 allowed to expand boundaries of the prospective Nature Park (Fig. 6). New boundaries were included in an updated «Scheme of development and localization of SPAs in Moscow Region», which was approved by Moscow Regional Government on August 16, 2021.
Conclusions
1. Waders are one of the most vulnerable groups of birds of the agricultural landscapes. The main threat to their existence is the destruction of their meadow habitats with moderate agricultural use.
2. Currently agricultural lands are polarized in the «Crane Homeland» reserve, which is unfavorable for the sustainable existence of nesting populations of rare wader species, who prefer to
nest in cultivated fields rather than abandoned meadows. However, due to the use of intense agricultural technologies in recent years, it reduces their successful reproduction.
3. The obtained data on the dynamics of the abundance and distribution of rare waders, nesting in agricultural lands, and the assessment of the current state of agricultural lands, made it possible for us to develop zoning of the territory of the future natural park, as well as to increase its territory by including newly identified habitats of rare species.
4. Educational work with land users on the problem of meadow conservation, protection of rare bird species and the introduction of environmentally-friendly methods of agriculture, as well as ecological education of the local residents, allows us to preserve the avifauna of the agricultural landscapes of the «Crane Homeland» reserve, until the state natural park «Crane Country» is established.
Fig. 5. Zonation of farmland in the area of prospective Nature Park «Crane Country». Legend: 1 -key zone, most valuable for conservation of biodiversity, 2 - buffer zone, which supports a significant part of rare protected, game and other species of fauna of the park, 3 - peripheral zone, primarily important for birds using it on migrations, 1a-5b - villages, agricultural buildings, lands planned for building of country houses, etc., 6 - forests, 7 - water bodies, 8 - former peat mining areas, 9 - large areas of forested and open bogs.
Fig. 6. Nature Park territories in officially approved «Scheme of development and localization of SPAs in Moscow Region» in 2009 (left) and 2021 (right). Entire area of prospective nature Park is shown with cross-hatching.
Acknowledgements. We would like to thank our colleagues, who helped us collect data on the rare species of waders of the "Crane Homeland", and those, who organized and conducted the eco-education events. Special thanks to all nature photographers, who provided excellent photos for use in educational part of our work.
Funding. Field works and eco-educational events in 2012-2014 were conducted with the financial support of The Rufford Foundation, UK.
The materials were analyzed and the text, written by T.V. Sviridova, are part of the «Fundamental Problems of Wildlife Protection and Rational use of Bioresources» of A.N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution of the Russian Academy of Sciences, State Registration No. AAAA-A18-118042490055-7, State Order No. 0089-2021-0010.
The materials were analyzed and the text, written by O.S. Grinchenko, are part of the State Order of the Ministry of Education and Science, «Fundamental Problems of Wildlife Protection and Rational Use of Bioresources» (No. 0089-2021-0010), as well as «Research of Geoecological Processes in Hydrological Systems of Land, Formation of the Quality of Surface and Ground Waters, Problems of Water Resources Management and Water Use under Conditions of Climate Change and Anthropogenic Impacts» (No. FMWZ-2022-0002) of the State Order of the Water Problems Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences.
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УДК 598.243.1/3:591.524
СОХРАНЕНИЕ СЕЛЬСКОХОЗЯЙСТВЕННЫХ ЛАНДШАФТОВ КАК МЕСТООБИТАНИЙ РЕДКИХ КУЛИКОВ И ДРУГИХ ВИДОВ ПТИЦ НА ТЕРРИТОРИИ ПРОЕКТИРУЕМОГО ПРИРОДНОГО ПАРКА «ЖУРАВЛИНЫЙ КРАЙ»
© 2022 г. Т.В. Свиридова*, О.С. Гринченко**
*Институт проблем экологии и эволюции им А.Н. Северцова РАН Россия, 119071, г. Москва, Ленинский проспект, д. 33. E-mail: [email protected]
**Институт водных проблем РАН Россия, 119333, г. Москва, ул. Губкина, д. 3. E-mail: [email protected]
Поступила в редакцию 20.02.2022. После доработки 28.02.2022. Принята к публикации 01.03.2022.
В 2012-2014 гг. на севере Московской области при поддержке Фонда Раффорда (The Rufford Foundation) реализованы два проекта по сохранению редких куликов в сельскохозяйственных ландшафтах. Этот район известен как «Журавлиная родина» - ключевая орнитологическая территория международного значения, включенная также в теневой список Рамсарских угодий. Территория представляет собой мозаичный ландшафт, состоящий из различных водно-болотных угодий (сфагновых болот, берёзовых и черноольховых лесов, заболоченных ивняков и старичных озёр), чередующихся с сельскохозяйственными землями (пойменные луга, сенокосы, пашни, пастбища и залежи). Для Подмосковья, значительно преобразованного хозяйственной деятельностью, это - уникальная местность с сохранившимися местообитаниями серых журавлей (Grus grus) и многих других редких видов птиц, в том числе исчезающих и находящихся под угрозой исчезновения куликов: большого веретенника ( Limosa limosa), большого кроншнепа (Numenius arquata) и дупеля (Gallinago media). Планы по созданию природного парка на этой территории разрабатывались с конца ХХ века. Однако их осуществление приостановилось в 2010-х гг., и до создания природного парка природоохранное сообщество прилагало усилия для сохранения ценности этой территории. Особое внимание уделялось сохранению редких куликов, гнездящихся в этих местах. Работа была успешна, редкие виды куликов и других птиц сельскохозяйственных ландшафтов продолжают гнездиться и имеют относительно высокую численность. В 2020 г. проект создания государственного природного парка «Журавлиный край» был включен в последнюю официальную редакцию «Схемы развития и размещения ООПТ в Московской области» с новыми расширенными границами. Почти половину площади запланированного природного парка «Журавлиный край» составляют сельскохозяйственные ландшафты.
Ключевые слова: редкие птицы, луговые кулики, сельскохозяйственные угодья, природосберегающее сельское хозяйство, большой веретенник, большой кроншнеп, дупель, Журавлиная родина, природный парк «Журавлиный край», экологическое образование. DOI: 10.24412/2542-2006-2022-1-118-133
