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26===== DYNAMICS OF ECOSYSTEMS AND THEIR COMPONENTS =
UDC 556.14/.16; 574.42
EFFICIENCY OF ECOSYSTEMS REHABILITATION IN THE FLOODED PEAT BOGS IN THE DUBNA FLOODPLAIN, ACCORDING TO THE ANALYSIS OF THE DYNAMICS OF THE NESTING POPULATION OF THE COMMON CRANE (TALDOM URBAN DISTRICT, MOSCOW REGION)1
© 2021. O.S. Grinchenko*, A.V. Dulin**, C. Zockler***, T. Tennhardt****, N.V. Mokiyevskiy*****
*Water Problems Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences Russia, 119333, Moscow, Gubkina Str. 3. E-mail: [email protected] **Branch of the Interregional Public Organization for Sports "Moscow Society of Hunters and
Fishermen", "Taldomsky Hunting Entity" Russia, 141900, Moscow Region, Taldom, Sovetskaya Str. 23 ***Manfred-Hermsen-Stiftung for Nature Conservation and Environmental Protection Germany, D-28209, Bremen, Goebenstrafie 1 **** NABU - Naturschutzbund Deutschland Germany, 10117, Berlin, Charitestrafie 3 *****M.V. LomonosovMoscow State University Russia, 119991, Moscow, Leninskiye Gory 1, Bld. 12
Received May 01, 2021. After revision May 15, 2021. Accepted June 01, 2021.
Most of the bogs and bogged lands of the Moscow Region have been fully transformed with agricultural activities that reached their highest point the 1920-1980s. It heavily impacted the river valleys, where the river beds were regulated to ensure an effective discharge of the excess water from the drainage systems. Due to the problems of ecosystems degradation in the drained peat bogs and the adjacent territories that are affected by this drainage, the flooding and further ecological rehabilitation shall be performed in this territory. This task is important for fire control in the reeds and peat bogs and for the preservation of biodiversity in the specially protected nature territories and the surrounding drained peat bogs that are subjects to these fires.
Our studies were carried out in the Taldom Urban District of the Moscow Region in 2001-2020 in the Dubna bog massif. During this period the projects to keep water in the disturbed areas of the Dubna floodplain were implemented there. The projects were financed by the Manfred Hermsen Foundation (Germany).
The common crane is one of the indicator species of the state of wetland ecosystems, because it nests depending on the hydrological conditions. During 2020 in the Dubna floodplain we registered an increase in the number of its breeding population due to the climate changes that cause an increased bogging in the valley territories and the growth and stabilization of the free-flow groundwater level. The occurrences of territorial pairs of the common crane during their nesting period and roosting stations during autumn period in the flooded area of the floodplain bogs, where these birds have not been registered before, indicates that building of the dams to keep water in the oxbow lakes of the Dubna River was an effective measure.
By studying the distribution dynamics of the common crane's territorial pairs throughout the wetland landscapes, we can make conclusions about environmental changes and predict changes in the species composition of animal population to solve management problems of wetland ecosystems for
1 The study was carried out according to the Research Project of the Water Problems Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences for 2018-2021 "Modeling and Forecasting of the Restoration Processes of the Waters and Ecosystems Quality Under Various Scenarios of Climate Change and Anthropogenic Activities" No. 0147-2018-0002), state registration No. AAAA-A18-118022090104-8.
preservation of their biodiversity.
Keywords: peat bogs flooding, common crane, floodplain ecosystems, Dubna River, "Crane Land" Nature Reserve, biodiversity indicator species. DOI: 10.24411/2542-2006-2021-10086
The Moscow Region is a subject of Russian Federation with a significant impact on the nature, especially on the bogs. The bogs are unique nature landscapes that have been developing in a uniform way for millenniums. The coevolution of bog communities has produced a highly specific species composition of plants, animals and fungus, some of which can be found only in the bogs. The bogged territories are ecologically close to the bogs and are difficult to study separately from them.
The agricultural activities cause permanent transformations in all types of wetland ecosystems. The river valleys are affected the most, experiencing the pressure of almost the entire agricultural complex (Grinchenko, 2005a; Kuzmina, Treshkin, 2010). The anthropogenic impact affects other types of wetland landscapes as well, such as lakes and lakeside lowlands, overgrowing and waterlogged meadows, riverside bogged shrubs and bogged forest areas in the fields. When these biotopes disappear, it reduces the habitats range for a number of animal species (Nikolaev, 2000). Many of the slightly disturbed wetland habitats are declared the specially protected nature territories. Under the modern conditions they are highly important for preservation of biological diversity, especially in such developed and populated regions as the Moscow Region (Grinchenko, 2005b).
In the Moscow Region a thorough development of bogs and bogged territories took place during 1920s-1980s, when due to the peat digging, road construction, agricultural development of new areas and improvement of forest productivity in the bogs (Photo 1) led to most of the large peat bogs to be completely drained.
Photo 1. Drainage channel in the Dubna bog massif, May, 1980 (photo by V.A. Zubakin).
Some decades later the agricultural activities stopped in the exhausted or partially exhausted peat bogs, but the reclamation in most of those territories was not carried out. Before this the
ineffectively drained lands had been abandoned, due to the difficulties and unprofitability of agriculture or forestry. Drainage of peat bogs affected the wetlands around them as well. The river valleys were heavily impacted due to the regulation of the river beds to ensure an effective discharge of the excess water from the drainage systems
In 2002 and 2010 many of these territories were the major targets for grass and peat fires. To reduce the fire hazard of such lands the flooding and artificial bogging is necessary (Russian Federation Water Code, 2006).
Western Europe has been using various methods of peat bogs flooding been for many years. This study aims to restore bog vegetation that helps to accumulate peat and to maintain the hydrological regime. In the flooded peat bogs the main functions of bog ecosystems start to restore, the danger of peat fires decreases, and the territory stability against the climate changes increases (Minaeva, Sirin, 2011).
In Russia the first irrigation projects for the disturbed and fire hazardous peat bogs were implemented in the specially protected natural areas and around them, where peat fires could seriously damage the natural bogs and the habitats of rare plant and animal species. The main task was to reduce the area and frequency of such fires. The works were carried out in the "Meshchyora" National Park (Zaderenko, 2004; Sirin et al., 2011), in the territory of a wetland area "Kama-Bakaldinskaya Group of Bogs" of international importance (Bakka et al., 2004), in the north of the Moscow Region, near the "Crane Land" State Nature Reserve (Grinchenko, 2005a, b, 2006, 2007; Grinchenko et al., 2017; Kamennova, Minaeva, 2018).
In the "Crane Land" reserve the first severe peat fire occurred in June 2000, on the site of peat digging, near the bogs of the reserve, where a bunch of excavated roots caught fire. About 4 hectares of sphagnum bogs of the reserve were destroyed by the creeping fire.
In the following years the arsons that caused dry grass to burn along the roads and on the unmown meadows in the drained peat sites became regular. Due to the lack of water for extinguishing, the decision was made to cut off the drainage ditches in the peat bog and create reservoirs for water intake.
In 2001 the first project was implemented to keep water in the drainage system of the "Bublik" area (Dubna bog massif, "Severnoye" peat deposit), financed by the Manfred Hermsen Foundation (Germany).
A few years later the arsons started in the reeds in the Dubna floodplain as well. The following decision was to retain water in the floodplain reed bogs, so the dams were built to block the flow from the oxbow lakes into the Dubna River bed and the channels, used for water discharge from the drained peat bogs (Fig. 1). The project was supported by the Manfred Hermsen Foundation and NABU - Naturschutzbund Deutschland (Germany).
In 2011 a state program for flooding of the peat bogs was implemented in the Moscow region, on the area of 74 thousand ha. Around the "Crane Land" Nature Reserve the two sites ("Bublik" and "Ostrov") of 750 hectares in total were flooded (Fig. 1).
In 2020 the state nature park "Crane Country" of regional significance was projected in the north of the Moscow Region. Its territory included the parts with flooded peat bogs, which will not be subjects to agricultural development in the future. Therefore, we have two new tasks to attend to. The first one is long-term monitoring of species, ecosystem and landscape diversity, as well as the spatial distribution of rare species in the flooded floodplain. The second is forecasting the development of floodplain ecosystems and possibility of a permanent preservation of their valuable fauna.
The wetland ecosystems are complex and varied bird habitats in a close dependence on the hydrological and soil conditions. Many species are sensitive to any changes in these conditions; therefore, they can act as biological indicators to help us better determine the way the biocenoses react to the natural and anthropogenic impacts.
Due to the fact that the nesting birds of wetlands are ecologically diverse, it can indicate both
the ecological state of each area and its value. For example, in the Moscow Region the presence of the common cranes (Grus grus) proves the value of the local wetland ecosystems. The constant moisture content, mosaic landscape and high biodiversity are common for their nesting sites (Grinchenko, 2010; Kisileva, 2017).
Fig. 1. Scheme of flooding areas and dams locations in the Dubna floodplain (the Google.Earth image is used as a background). Legend: 1 - the dam between the southwestern channel and the oxbow; 2 - the dam that blocks the flow from the channel; 3, 4 - the dams that block the flow from the oxbow; 5, 6 - the dams that block the flow from Lozynino oxbow; 7, 8 - the dams that block the northeastern channel flow.
An important criterion that marks the significance of a habitat is the proportion of nesting species from the Red List of the Russian Federation and the Moscow Region. The largest proportion of such species was registered in a complex of "high bogs and oligotrophic lakes" -66.7%, and in the floodplain landscapes - 44.4% (including meadows, lowland bogs, bottom-land forests) (Flint, Mishchenko, 1990). The latter type of landscape is very common in the Dubna floodplain, where we have been carrying out our long-term researches.
Materials and Methods
The drainage activities in the Dubna bog massif have started about 100 years ago (Grinchenko et al., 2017, 2020). The main task of the hydrotechnical amelioration, including the regulation of the river bed, that took place in the Dubna floodplain in 1928-1929, was to accelerate the passage of high water. After that the periods of high water decreased by about a month, and they started to come to their end in late April - early May, while many parts of the floodplain were not flooded at all (Pchelkin, 2003). The drainage effect of the Dubna river bed restructured the floodplain vegetation cover, the area of black alder forests increased, and the swampy peat accumulation
turned into the forest-swampy (Svadkovsky, 1936).
The directed transformation of the Dubna lowland landscapes reached its peak in the late 1960s. By that time most of the bogs were drained and a significant part of the bogged forests in the Dubna valley was destroyed, from Konstantinovo village to Sushchyovo village. However, the bogged forests are a nesting place for the common cranes.
It is known that from 1958 to 1978 a decrease of the bogs area by 1.6 times in the center of European Russia caused a twofold decline in the cranes number (Markin, Priklonsky, 1995). An analysis of the cartographic data for the periods before and after the amelioration of the Dubna lowland allows us to conclude that the number of the common crane's breeding population could have decreased there by more than 4 times (Grinchenko, 2011).
Today the common crane is on the list of species that require special protection measures for their habitats in Europe (Informative and Analytical Materials ..., 2008), and on the Red Lists of 39 out of 55 subjects of the Russian Federation that are located in the European part of the country.
In the Moscow Region the habitats of the common cranes are preserved in the 16 specially protected natural areas of regional significance and in the "Zavidovo" State Complex. Their breeding population is considered to consist of 110-150 pairs in total (The Red List ..., 2018). About a 1/3 of it is concentrated in the north of the Moscow Region, in the Dubna lowland and its surroundings (Grinchenko et al., 2009), where the first nature reserve "Crane Land" was created in 1979, and then a whole complex of specially protected natural areas, in which the wetland ecosystems are preserved to date. In the 1980s the Nature Protection Squad (Druzhina) of the Biological Faculty of M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University began its purposeful studies on the distribution and abundance of territorial pairs of the common cranes, using the direction-finding method (Markin, 1978; Zubakin et al., 1982). Since 2001 these studies have been carried out every year on 1-2 model sites (Kostolyginskoe Bog, Kunilovskoe Bog, Right Bank of the Dubna Floodplain, Left Bank of the Dubna Floodplain, etc.), as well as on the new territories, where, according to our summer observations and some survey data, the cranes have been nesting (Grinchenko et al., 2009).
Among the model sites the "Right Bank of the Dubna Floodplain" stands out as the most disturbed area. It is exposed to the draining effect of the deepened and straightened river bed of the Dubna; besides, a massif of drained peat bogs of the "Bublik" are is located nearby (Grinchenko et al., 2020).
The first project to maintain the hydrological regime of the drained peat bogs around the floodplain was developed by the Taldomsky Hunting Entity in 2001. With the usage of the removable round wooden shields (with a drain in their upper parts) that were installed in the concrete pipes through the crossings over the ditches (Fig. 2), a system was created to seasonally control the water level rise in the ditches.
The shields helped to raise the groundwater level and create water storage for the further usage against wild fires (Photo 2).
In 2011-2013 the peat bogs around the floodplain were flooded as part of the State Program; in 2016 we started a process of water retention in the Dubna floodplain. The aim of that work was to support the hydrological regime in the areas where the common crane and Aquila clanga were nesting, and protect the territory from the fires. Between the bridge near Ostrov village and the bridge near Okayomovo village the earth fill dams were built with a usage of a T-130B Bulldozer (Fig. 1).
To determine the efficiency of the ecosystems rehabilitation in the flooded peat bogs of the Dubna floodplain, in 2004-2009 and 2020 we carried out an analysis of the distribution dynamics for the territorial pairs of the common cranes on the right (flooded) bank of the floodplain and the left (slightly disturbed) one. The censuses took place in April, when the pairs were vocalizing actively on the dawn. We performed 1-2 censuses in 2004-2009, and 4 in 2020.
The sites for our censuses were located along the Dubna River bed and the northern and southern boundaries of the bog massif. Some of those sites were not available yearly due to the period of high water. Sometimes the strong wind or interfering natural sounds (such as water from the beaver dam, bird voices, woodpeckers) made it impossible to hear the cranes' duets. On the days when the season of spring hunt begun, their vocalization reduced sharply due to the shooting and presence of people being the serious disturbing factors for birds. Therefore, we were not able to hear all territorial pairs during one season, even when carrying out extra censuses on the same sites.
Photo 2. A wooden shield in a concrete pipe under the crossing between the fields, June 2002
(photo by O.S. Grinchenko).
A E
Fig. 2. Wooden shields for a partial cutting of water flow in the concrete pipes of the peat fields crossings in "Bublik" area: A - outer side, E - inner side that adjoins the tube edges.
Considering the difficulty of direction-finding method and the birds' secrecy due to disturbance caused by spring hunt, we combined the data for the period from 2004 to 2009. The season of spring hunting did not took place in 2020, which allowed the birds to be actively vocalizing, and made us believe that we finally had heard and determined the locations of all territorial pairs of the common cranes in the Dubna floodplain.
We assume that some pairs in 2004-2009 and 2020 were migratory. However, they occupied an area suitable for their nesting for at least 6 days in 2020.
Results and Discussion
The last cleaning of the Dubna river bed took place in 1984. It was the same year when an additional ditch was dug for water discharge from the peat fields of the "Bublik" area and into the river. The ditch was created close to one of the oxbows, which resulted in the drop of the oxbow water level. In 1986 a duct had formed between the oxbow and the channel, which we tried to block with poles made of willow. By 2001 the ditch was entirely blocked by beaver dams, overgrown with aquatic vegetation and silted up, but the flow from the oxbow did not stop. In 2016 a dam to block that flow was built between the channel and the oxbow. In 2018 another dam was built below to keep the water in the channel and rerouting its flow into the southwestern part of the floodplain (Fig. 3).
Fig. 3. Scheme of dams locations in the southwest of the Dubna oxbow (the Google.Earth image is used as a background). Legend: 1 - a dam between the channel and oxbow, 2 - a dam that blocks the ditch flow.
Six more dams were constructed in 2016-2018; four of them were restricting the flow from the Dubna oxbows (Fig. 1, dams No. 3-6; Photo 3, dams No. 3 and 4).
One more dam was blocking the drainage channel from the peat field of the "Ostrov" area and rerouting the flow into the Lozynino oxbow (fig. 1, dam No. 7; photo 4).
Photo 3. Dams No. 3 and 4 that cut off the water flow from the oxbows into the Dubna River, 4/11/2020 (photo by A.V. Makarov).
Photo 4. Dam No. 7 that redirects water into the oxbow, 11/23/2019 (photo by S.V. Pilipenko).
The last dam was blocking this channel closer up to the Dubna River (Fig. 1; dam No. 8). Between the dams No. 7 and No. 8, a linear reservoir has formed with a high water level. These days it maintains the groundwater level in the surrounding black alder forests in the area of 60 hectares.
According to our observations, in 2004-2009 there were 8 territorial pairs of common cranes on the right bank of the Dubna floodplain (between "Bublik" and "Ostrov") which was flooded later, and in the adjacent northern bogs in the 2000s. Eight more 8 pairs were found on the left bank during the same period (Fig. 4).
Fig. 4. Scheme with locations of the territorial pairs of the common cranes in the Dubna floodplain. Legend: red circles - territorial pairs that were registered in 2020, yellow triangles - locations of the pairs in 2004-2009.
In 2020 we carried out the early morning census of cranes on various sites in the Dubna floodplain on the 8th, 11th, 12th and 13th of April; the pairs No. 1-7 were heard from different sites (Fig. 4). In total, the 12 territorial pairs of common cranes were registered on the right bank of the Dubna floodplain, and 11 of them were registered on the left bank. We assume that the reason for the cranes' active vocalization was a decrease of disturbance factors due to the closed spring hunting and the absence of people.
The growing number of the breeding population throughout the Dubna floodplain in 2020 could be the result of climate changes that are common for the southern taiga zone of Central Russia (Kuzmina, Treshkin, 2017, 2018). These changes cause an increase of bogging in the valley territories, an increase and stabilization of the free-flow groundwater level, and an increase of soil moisture level in the river valleys and catchment areas (Kuzmina et al., 2011). All of the above helps to preserve the traditional nesting areas of the common cranes, and causes the new waterlogged territories, suitable for their nesting, to appear.
The groundwater level rise has increased the area of sites in the flooded Dubna oxbow that are suitable for the common cranes' nesting. In 2020 the 4 new territorial pairs were recorded for the first time. According to our observations in 2019, the cranes began to use the flooded oxbow lake in
August-September as a roosting place, while forming their autumn migration flock.
Conclusions
1. Agricultural activities in the middle of the XX century caused permanent changes in every type of wetland ecosystems. Peat bogs and river valleys were affected the most by this anthropogenic impact. Due to the problems of degradation of drained peat bogs and the adjacent territories, affected by the drainage as well, the flooding and further ecological rehabilitation shall be performed in this territory.
2. One of the indicator species for the state of wetland ecosystems is the common crane, because these birds nest depending on the hydrological conditions. In 2020 in the floodplain of the Dubna River the growth of cranes' nesting population was registered, which is partially due to climate change that causes bogging of the valley territories, as well as rise and stabilization of the free-flow groundwater level.
3. Occurrences of territorial pairs of the common crane during nesting period and roosting stations during autumn period in the flooded area of the floodplain bogs, where these birds have not been registered before, indicates that building of the dams to keep water in the oxbow lakes of the Dubna River was an effective measure.
4. By studying the dynamics of distribution of the territorial pairs throughout the wetland landscapes, we can make conclusions about environmental changes and predict changes in the species composition of animal population to solve management problems of wetland ecosystems for preservation of their biodiversity.
Acknowledgements. The authors would like to thank their colleagues and friends who helped us with crane censuses in the spring of 2020: Ye.A. Akhatov, S.A. Dylyuk, D.B. Koltsov, A.V. Makarov, V.O. Mokiyevskiy, N.V. Mokiyevskaya, A.V. Sevryugin, A.V. Shcherbakov.
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