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CONCURRENT VALIDITY OF THE STUDENT TEACHER PROFESSIONAL IDENTITY SCALE
Dr. Predrag Zivkovic, University of Kragujevac, Faculty of pedagogical sciences, Department of humanistic sciences, Jagodina, Serbia E-mail: [email protected]
A B S T R A C T
The main purpose of study was to examine concurrent validity of the Student Teachers Professional Identity Scale-STPIS (Fisherman and Abbot, 1998) that was for the first time used in Serbia. Indicators of concurrent validity was established by correlation with student teacher self-reported well-being, self-esteem, burnout stress and resilience. Based on the results we can conclude that the STPIS meets the criterion of concurrent validity. The implications of these results are important for researchers and decisions makers in teacher education 371.13
A R T I C L E I N F O
Original Research Received: December, 05.2017 Revised: February, 25.2018. Accepted: March, 05.2018. doi:10.5937/ijcrsee1801013Z
UDK
Keywords:
student teacher, professional identity, concurrent validity, correlation.
1. INTRODUCTION
Teacher educators have been challenged "to recreate the space for construction of an individual, meaningful, resilient professional identity underpinned by strong beliefs and values" (Smethem, 2007:478). Understanding early pre-service teachers' emerging identity may enable teacher educators to prepare pre-service teachers for their teaching career,
through facilitating the development of a professional identity as teachers, and eventually the development of effective teachers who thrive in the profession.
The professional identity of future teachers was investigated as a research variable most frequently as a control variable in teacher identity research (Volkmann and Anderson, 1998; Wagnild and Young, 1993; Pillen, 2013; Fisherman and Abbot, 1998; Fisherman and Weiss, 2008; Zivkovic, 2012). Mainly satisfactory and good values of indicators of con-
Corresponding Author
Dr. Predrag Zivkovic, University of Kragujevac, Faculty of pedagogical sciences, Department of humanistic
sciences, Jagodina, E-mail: [email protected] @©@©
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution - Noncommercial - NoDerivs 4.0. The article is published with Open Access at www.ijcrsee.com
© 2018 IJCRSEE. All rights reserved.
current and predictive validity were obtained (Fisherman and Abbot, 1998; Fisherman and Weiss, 2008). Concurrent validity was tested based on the obtained correlation values of score on student teacher professional identity scale and ego-identity, self-regulated learning and meta-cognitive awareness (p<0.01).
In present study, concurrent validity is understood as a criterion-related validity. This form of validity endeavours to relate the results of one particular instrument to another external criterion. To demonstrate concurrent validity "[...] the data gathered from using one instrument must correlate highly with data gathered from using another instrument" (Cohen, Manion and Morrison, 2007:140). Concurrence can be demonstrated simultaneously with another instrument.
2. MATERIALS AND METHODS
The main problem of this research is to examine concurrent validity of the STPIS (Student Teachers Professional Identity Scale) (Fisherman and Abbot, 1998) that was for the first time used in Serbia.
The initial sample of respondents consisted of 158 students from University of Kragujevac, Faculty of Education in Jagodina. The sample comprised of 54.1% of the 2nd year teacher program students and 45.9% of those who were the 3rd year and master undergradu-
ated teacher program group. The study group consisted of 158 participants (131 (83%) women and 17 (17%) men (M=1.83; SD= 375), 50 (32%) post-graduated and 108 (68%) under-graduated students (M=1.06; SD=206). Test distribution for academic achievements is normal (Kolmogorov-Smirnov Z=1.999, p=0.001, M=2.46, SD=706).
The following instruments were used in the research:
1. Student Teacher Professional Identity Scale (Fisherman and Abbot, 1998)(STPIS).
2. Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (RSES) (Rosenberg, 1965; Todorovic, 2005).
3. Maslach Teachers Burnout Inventory-Educators Survey (MBI-ES)(Maslach et al., 1996).
4. Warwick-Edinburgh Mental Well-being Scale (WEMWBS)(Tennant et al., 2007).
5. Cheung Teacher Professional Identity Scale (Wagnild and Young, 1993).
6. Resilience Scale -RS14 (Wagnild and Young, 1993).
The survey was conducted anonymously and voluntarily in Faculty of Education in Jagodina. The data collection was conducted anonymously to protect confidentiality of the participants. The translation of the RS from English into Serbian was accomplished by a professional translator. The aim of the translation was not to achieve literal or syntactic equivalence, but to maintain the original denotation and connotation of items.
Cronbach's alpha coefficient, the test-retest correlation coefficient, and the correlations between the RS and other measures were established by calculating Pearson's correlation coefficients. All statistical analyses used two-tailed tests. For all statistical evaluations, p values less than 0.05 were considered indicative of significant differences.
The statistical analyses were conducted using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) for Windows, version 17.0. For statistical analysis, p-values lower than .05 were considered statistically significant. The correlations between STPlS and self-reported burnout stress, self-esteem, well-being, resilience and in-service teacher professional identity were calculated using Pearson's correlation analysis.
3. RESULTS
The calculated mean score for STPIS was M=49.19 (SD=9.47). The overall Cron-
bach's alpha coefficient of the STPIS was a=0.935, indicate good reliability. In the item-statistics analisys, in Cronbach's Alpha if items deleted section, there were no items that had value above obtained a= 935. KMO (.889) and Bartletts test of sphericity (p=0.000) have satisfactory values. Kolmogorov-Smirnov test of normality Z=1.264 (p=082). The test-retest correlation coefficient of the STPIS was 0.83, and that of the STPIS-6 was 0.84.
Student Teacher Professional Identity Scale (Fisherman and Abbot, 1998)(STPIS). This questionnaire examines students' attitudes towards being a teacher and to how much they identify with teacher's role. The questionnaire examines their confidence about their professional choice, their sense of self-actualization as teachers, and the extent to which they see their profession as a mission and as a challenge. The questionnaire consists of 12 items. The teachers were asked to what extent they agreed with the items on a five-point scale (ranging from 1: complete disagreement, to 5: complete agreement). The total scores ranged from 5 to 60 points. Alpha reliability coefficient in previous study was a= .93 (Fisherman & Abbot, 1998), and in repeted measuring was a=.84 (Fisherman and Weiss, 2008).
Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (RSES) (Rosenberg, 1965; Todorovic, 2005). The RSES assesses the overall sense of being capable, feeling worthwhile, and competence . Internal consistency and factor validity of the Serbian version of the RSES was shown to be high (Todorovic, 2005). It consists of 10 items, and the degree of self-esteem for each item is rated on a 7-point Likert scale (range, 10-77). Present study internal reliability by Cronbachs alpha coefficient a =0.78.
Maslach Teachers Burnout Inventory-Educators Survey (MBI-ES) (Maslach et al., 1996). This scale consists of 22 items. Generally speaking, on our sample of teachers the instrument shows satisfactory metric characteristics (Zivkovic and Grozdanovic, 2016). Reliability was determined Crombachs alpha coefficient. The internal reliability of the questionnaire is over .60 (Crombachs alpha coefficient a = .604, with standardization value of a = .633).
Warwick-Edinburgh Mental Well-being Scale (WEMWBS)(Tennant et al., 2007). The WEMWBS comprises 14 positively phrased items which measure positive affect (such as feelings of optimism, cheerfulness, and relaxation), psychological functioning (for example, energy, clear thinking, self-acceptance,
and competence) and interpersonal relationships. Each item is scored (based on experience over the previous 2 weeks) on a 5-point Likert-style scale from 'none of the time' (1) to 'all of the time' (5). The overall score is the sum of each item score, giving a possible summary score of 14-70; higher scores indicate higher levels of mental well-being (Tennant et al., 2007). Examples of items used in the WEMWBS include: 'I've been dealing with problems well' and 'I've been feeling close to other people'. Calculated Cronbachs Alpha was a=.83.
Cheung Teacher Professional Identity Scale (Cheung, 2008). Initial set consisted of 41 items. After determining the psychometric characteristics of the final scale included 18 items (on a 5-point Likert-style scale) that were possessed good psychometric characteristics (Cronbachs Alpha a= 0.83). In our study (Zivkovic, 2013) the reliability calculated for 18 items reached a=0.87.
Resilience Scale -RS14 (Wagnild and Young, 1993). A short version of the RS (RS-14) was developed (Wagnild, 2009) to provide clinicians and researchers a shorter instrument to reduce participant's burden. The internal consistency of the RS-14 has been reported to be excellent (a = .93) and it correlates strongly (r = .97) with the original RS (Wagnild, 2009). In a present study, calculated Cronbachs Alpha was a=.84.
Indicators of concurrent validity of the STPIS-6 are shown in Table 1. STPIS-6 were negatively correlated with the MBS-ES, and positively correlated with the CTPI, RSES and WEMWBS.
Table 1. Indicators of Concurrent Validity: Correlation Matrix
STPIS RSES MBS ES WEMWBS CTPI RS 14
STPIS 1.000
RSES .263* 1.000
MBS ES 295* .047 1.000
WEMWBS .278* -.161 .135 1.000
CTPI .463** .070 .225* .144 1 000
RS 14 -.005 .127 -.185 -.203 -.137 1 000
**Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed).
*Correlation is significant at the 0.05 level (2-tailed).
Note: STPIS-Student Teacher Professional Identity Scale; RSES-Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale; MBS-ES-Maslach Burnout Inventory-Educators Survey; WEMWBS-Warwick Edinburgh Mental Well-Being Scale; CTPI-Cheung Teacher Professional Identity Scale; RS-14-Resilience Scale.
4. DISCUSSIONS
Theoretical and empirical analyzes in research dealing with the problem of professional identity of teacher students prove or presuppose possible links of identity with well-being (Kessels, 2010), self-esteem (Joseph and Heading, 2010), burnout stress (Pillen, 2013) and resilience (Pearce and Morrison, 2011; Papatraianou and Le Cornu, 2014). On our sample of respondents and related instruments that measure the mentioned variables, in order to examine the concurrent validity of the student teacher professional identity scale, values of statistically significant correlations of STPIS with well-being (r=278), self-esteem (r=.263), burnout stress (r=.295) and inservice teacher professional identity (r=.463) have been obtained.
The obtained correlation of the resilience and teacher identity is negative and not statistically significant. The obtained negative values of the correlation of resilience and burnout stress (which can be assumed to be significant) indicate the need to examine this relationship in more detail. The obtained high values of the correlation between the in-service teacher professional identity and student teacher professional identity indicate the need to establish and examine latent dimensions in factor and confirmation analysis. All obtained correlation values are expected and are in line with theoretical assumptions, except for the obtained value of the correlation with burnout stress that is supposed to be low and negative (Pillen et al, 2013). Interestingly, a statistically significant correlation of stress with the identity of experienced teachers was obtained (r=225).
5. CONCLUSIONS
Based on the results we can conclude that the student teacher professional identity scale meets the criterion of concurrent validity. Research on the theme of forming a professional teacher identity is relevant to mentors in the training of future teachers in schools, and their goal is to better understand and conceptualize the support and needs of future teachers.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The author gratefully acknowledge the follow Project "Assumptions and Possibilities
for Developing Innovative Models of Teaching in the Function of Achieving Transparency of University Education and Raising Competitiveness on the Domestic and Foreign Knowledge Market", a bilateral Project implemented and financed by the Faculty of Pedagogical Sciences of the University of Kragujevac, Ja-godina (Republic of Serbia) and the Pedagogical Faculty of the University of Primorska, Kopar (Republic of Slovenia) (2017-2019).
Conflict of interests
The author declare no conflict of interest.
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