30Original scientific paper Economics of Agriculture 2/2015
UDC: 663.97:346.543(497.11)
CONCENTRATION OF TOBACCO MARKET: EVIDENCE FROM SERBIA
Bojana Vukovic1, Kristina Mijic2, Natasa Spahic3
Summary
This paper presents a research on market concentration of tobacco producers in the Republic of Serbia during 2010-2013. Market concentration was measured by Herfindahl Hirschman index (HHI) and Concentration index (CRn) based on independent variables: operating revenue, net earnings, equity and number of employees. The research of market concentration of tobacco producers based on operating revenue as the most referential variable indicated that the market of tobacco producers in the Republic of Serbia was highly concentrated and that it was an oligopoly. Leading companies dominated in the terms of the value of realized net earnings, equity and number of employees. Although leading companies had dominance in market share of Serbia, they had worse operating results in terms of effectiveness, structure of assets and financial performance in observed period.
Key words: production of tobacco, market concentration, Serbia
JEL: M40, G17, Q10
Introduction
Production of tobacco is a highly profitable branch of tobacco industry. Tobacco is mostly produced in Asia. China and United States are on the top of the world's tobacco production. In the international market tobacco production is represented by dominance of six companies: China National Tobacco Corporation, Japan Tobacco Inc., British American Tobacco, Philip Morris International, Altria Group Inc. and Imperial Tobacco Group. Market production and processing of tobacco in countries around the World is characterized by participation of these leading companies.
These six companies operate in domestic and international markets. Japan Tobacco Inc. covers about 70% of Japan's tobacco market. It owns 31 plantations at 23 locations. China National
1 Bojana Vukovic, Ph.D, Teaching Assistant, Faculty of Economics Subotica, Segedinski put Street no. 9-11, 24000 Subotica, Serbia, Phone: +381 24 628 000, E-mail: bojanavuk@ef.uns.ac.rs
2 Kristina Mijic, Ph.D, Teaching Assistant, Faculty of Economics Subotica, Segedinski put Street no. 9-11, 24000 Subotica, Serbia, Phone: +381 24 628 000, E-mail: mijick@ef.uns.ac.rs
3 Natasa Spahic, Ph.D, Assistant Professor, Faculty of Sciences, Trg Dositeja Obradovica Street no. 3, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia, Phone: +381 21 485 28 64, E-mail: natasa.spahic@dmi.uns.ac.rs
Tobacco Corporation, as a state-owned tobacco company produces and owns a portfolio of over 900 brands in the world's market. British American Tobacco is supplying 180 regional markets with over 200 products through its affiliated companies. Similarly, Philips Morris International through related companies operates in the European Union, Eastern Europe, Middle East, Africa, Asia, South America and Canada. Altria Group Inc., as one of the largest tobacco companies in the market, in its composition to 2008 has Philip Morris International. Imperial Tobacco Group operates in 160 countries through a large number of production departments. The business activities of the company are divided on tobacco and logistics.
Depending on the market share of leading and other companies in tobacco industry, the market can range from perfect competition to oligopoly. Higher concentration in the market of tobacco industry determines the behaviour of these large companies. In such circumstances, other companies have a problem with increasing competition, especially because market for tobacco products is particularly depended on changing prices.
The concentration on the different markets can be measured using several statistical and econometric methods, such as the Herfindahl-Hirschman index (HHI), Concentration ratios (CRn), Gini coefficient, Linda index, Hannah-Kay index, Hall Tideman index etc. For example, Brezina and associates (2012) estimated a concentration of banking services in Slovakia by HHI and CRn. Marinkovic (2012) measured the concentration of the market for banking services in Serbia by HHI index. Mijic and associates (2014) investigated the concentration of the market for audit services in the Republic of Serbia by HHI and CRn. Njegomir and Stojic (2010) considered a non-life insurance market concentration in former Yugoslavia by using HHI index.
Based on guidelines by the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, the most relevant and the most common indices for measuring market concentration are HHI and CRn. Based on these indices and Gini coefficient, Kanyenga and Mangisoni (2006) analysed the concentration of the market for tobacco products in the Republic of Malawi for 19962006. U.S. Department of Justice and Federal Trade Commission in 1998 investigated the concentration of market for tobacco products in the United States by HHI. The conclusions were that the market was highly concentrated. The major position had a company Philip Morris Inc. with a market share of 47.80%. Chenqing and associates (2013) measured the market structure of tobacco industry of China for 2001-2011 by HHI index and CRn. The results showed that tobacco industry in China was in a high moderate oligopolistic market structure. Similarly, Kahyarara (2011) researched the level of concentration of the tobacco market in Tanzania. The results showed that the market was highly concentrated and that top three or top four firms produced more than 50 percent of total production in 2001-2007. The author also pointed out fluctuations in the level of concentration during the observed period. Mariniello and Antonielli (2014) measured in their study, concentration of manufacturing sectors from five major European economies (France, Germany, Italy, Spain and the United Kingdom) between 2000 and 2011 by HHI and CRn. The results showed that tobacco was one of the most concentrated sectors with the top four firms in production. Mirza (2014) estimated market concentration in manufacturing, financial and service sectors of Pakistan for 2011 and compared these results with previous years. HHI index and CR3 ratio had been
used to compute market concentration for every branch of industry, among which tobacco industry was.
Tobacco industry in Serbia is segmented into production of tobacco, processing tobacco and production of tobacco products. In accordance with privatization processes, there are four companies in production of tobacco products in the Republic of Serbia: Phillips Morris Operations AD Nis, British American Tobacco AD Vranje, Monus doo Belgrade, JT International AD Senta (Ministry of finance, 2014).
In the field of production of tobacco are presented companies Phillips Morris Operations AD Nis, Monus doo Belgrade, JT International AD Senta, but also the companies of domestic market (Ministry of finance, 2014). On this basis, the subject of research in following part of paper is the level of market share and position of leading and other companies of domestic market.
The study of market concentration for tobacco producers were conducted by HHI index and variables: operating revenue, net earnings, equity and number of employees. The research was conducted on the basis of financial statements of companies in the field of tobacco production in 2010-2013. Financial statements were publicly disclosed on the site of Serbian Business Registers Agency.
Methods for measurement of market concentration
Different statistical and econometric methods can be used for the measurement of market concentration. OECD (1993) recommends two methods: Herfindahl-Hirschman index (HHI) and the Concentration ratios (CRn).
Herfindahl-Hirschman Index (HHI) is a measure of the size of companies in relation to the industry and an indicator of the amount of competition among them. HHI is a convex function of the market share of companies in the sector (industry). It is defined as the sum of the squares of the market shares of all companies in the industry (U.S. Department of Justice and the Federal Trade Commission, 2010).
Where:
Si - the market share of the company in the market, n - the number of companies.
HHI ranges from 1/N to one (Djolov, 2013). The maximum value of the HHI index of one indicates that the market is highly concentrated (monopolistic) and that entire market is supplied by one company. On the other hand, the minimum value of 1/N indicates that companies have equal market shares and the market is perfectly competitive. The level of market concentration measured by the HHI index could be explained by different scales.
U.S. Department of Justice and the Federal Trade Commission in the U.S. (2010) have defined the following scale of HHI index:
1. HHI index is below 0.01, the market is highly competitive,
2. HHI index is below 0.15, the market is not concentrated,
3. HHI index is between 0.15 to 0.25, the market is moderately concentrated,
4. HHI index is above 0.25, the market is highly concentrated.
According to another classification, provided by European Commission (2004), HHI index could be explained by different scale:
1. not concentrated markets: HHI is below 0.10,
2. moderately concentrated markets: HHI is between 0.10 to 0.20,
3. highly concentrated markets: HHI is above 0.20.
Concentration ratio (CRn) is the percentage of market share held by the largest companies in an industry (European Commission, 2004).
Where:
n - the number of leading companies, Si - the market share.
Concentration index indicates whether the industry is dominated by a few large companies or a number of smaller companies. Indices for measuring industrial concentration are commonly used for four or eight top companies. If the value of the index of industrial concentration is 100%, it is assumed that there is a pure monopoly or monopolistic position in terms of market share of observed companies. The value of the index of industrial concentration can be even greater if a small number of companies control the market. The market is categorized as oligopolistic and highly concentrated when the index value is greater than or equal to 75%.
Focusing only on four or eight, not three or six leading companies in the market, has an arbitrary character and can provide very limited information on actual market structure. Since the objective of this paper was to examine the market concentration for tobacco producers in Serbia, by the index of industrial concentration, we considered share of three leading companies in Serbian market of tobacco producers.
Characteristics of market for tobacco products in Serbia
In the Republic of Serbia, tobacco industry has been determined as production of tobacco, processing of tobacco and manufacturing of tobacco products (Ministry of finance, 2014). Manufacturing of tobacco products is categorized as processing of tobacco in order to obtain
final product. In accordance with the classification of activities of Institute of Statistics, manufacturing of tobacco products has been determined as:
1. Production of tobacco products and the replacement for tobacco: cigarettes, tobacco cigarette, cigar,
2. Pipe tobacco, chewing tobacco, snuff, etc.,
3. Production of homogenized or reconstituted tobacco (SORS, 2014).
The market for tobacco products in Serbia in the process of privatization had been characterized by certain changes. Tobacco Industry Nis was privatized by Philip Morris. Philip Morris took over the tobacco industry Nis, while British American Tobacco took over the tobacco industry Vranje. Strategic Partnership Tobacco Industry Nis and Philip Morris Holland BV worth 518 million EUR were most successful privatization in tobacco industry in Eastern Europe. In the privatization, Japan Tobacco International purchased tobacco industry Senta for 253 EUR per shares, which at that time was six times higher than its carrying values (Market Network, 2014).
Analysis of the results of market concentration in production of tobacco
products in Serbia
The degree of concentration and the level of market share determine the nature of the market and competition, which can range from perfect competition to oligopoly. Low concentrations indicate perfect competition, i.e a market that is relatively equally divided between market participants. When the market is dominated by a small number of companies, the assumption is that the market is concentrated and oligopolistic. Nowadays, the market for production and processing of tobacco is highly oligopolistic and highly concentrated, which implies high barriers to entry and better market positioning of smaller companies in the market.
Market concentration of tobacco producers in Serbia was measured by HHI index and CRn index in 2010-2013. Analysis of the level of market concentration was based on the value of determined indicator by European Commission. Variable operating revenue was primarily used for measuring market concentration. In addition, we used variables: net earnings, equity and number of employees in order to analyse characteristics of the market for tobacco products.
The objective of the analysis is to answer the following questions:
1. If concentration is measured on the basis of value of operating revenue, can we conclude that the market for tobacco producers in the Republic of Serbia is oligopolistic?
2. Are there differences in conclusions about dominance in market when different independent variables are applied (net earnings, equity, number of employees)?
3. Does the dominance according to market share imply higher profitability?
The values of independent variables for measuring concentration are presented in the Table 1. The values of independent variables (operating revenue, net earnings, equity and number of employees) are presented for leading and other companies in this industry.
Table 1. Operating revenue, net earnings, equity and number of employees for leading companies and other companies in production of tobacco in Serbia (period of2010-2013)
Independent Variables Year
2010 2011 2012 2013
Operating Revenue
Leading Companies 23.833.290 22.877.181 28.531.479 33.662.813
Other Companies 1.231.577 1.223.836 1.733.194 1.696.298
Total 25.064.867 24.101.017 30.264.673 35.359.111
Net Earnings
Leading Companies 1.447.729 381.050 -757.205 2.756.239
Other Companies 73.581 88.278 165.477 173.166
Total 1.521.310 469.328 -591.728 2.929.405
Equity
Leading Companies 17.541.272 16.210.535 18.208.022 19.470.630
Other Companies 540.103 616.839 923.265 975.092
Total 18.081.375 16.827.374 19.131.287 20.445.722
Number of Employees
Leading Companies 965 869 902 912
Other Companies 170 152 157 150
Total 1.135 1.021 1.059 1.062
Source: Authors' calculation according to data from financial statements, Serbian Business Registers Agency (SBRA), http://www.apr.gov.rs
Note: Values are in thousands of RSD (except for number of employees)
The results of concentration in the market for tobacco producers in Serbia are presented in Table 2:
Table 2. Concentration in the market for tobacco producers in the Republic of Serbia
Market Concentration Indices Independent variables
Operating Revenue Net Earnings Equity Number of Employees
HHI 2010 0,50 - 0,50 0,50
HHI 2011 0,47 - 0,51 0,32
HHI 2012 0,45 - 0,56 0,27
HHI 2013 0,50 0,57 0,48 0,27
CR3 2010 95% 95% 97% 85%
CR3 2011 95% 81% 96% 85%
CR3 2012 94% 88% 95% 85%
CR3 2013 96% 94% 95% 86%
Source: Authors' calculation according to data from financial statements, Serbian Business Registers Agency (SBRA), http://www.apr.gov.rs
The results of measurement by HHI index and CR3 indicated that the market for tobacco producers in Republic of Serbia was highly concentrated and ranged from oligopoly to monopoly during 2010-2013. We concluded that the leading companies occupied 95% of the market for tobacco producers in the Republic of Serbia.
Analysing the market concentration for tobacco producers according to the value of net earnings, we confirmed previously conclusion about oligopolistic market and high industrial concentration. One of the leading companies was operating at a loss in 20102012, so the analysis of industrial concentration markets by HHI index did not make a sense in this period.
Operating loss of one of the leading companies may be result of transfer pricing, that are all selling different brands as a subsidiary of parent company abroad (Milacic et al., 2013). Results of measurement, based on value of equity in this period, also indicated a high concentration of the market. Leading companies had the highest value of equity in this branch of tobacco industry. There was a slight decrease in dynamics, which changed the market position of leading companies. From the point of value of total equity, market almost had monopoly characteristics in 2010. The growing interest of the market leaders and visibly weak competition lead to greater opportunities for monopolistic behavior and freedom in forming prices.
From the point of number of employees in companies of tobacco producers in Serbia, we also concluded that it was an oligopolistic market or market with a dominance of leading companies. HHI index was higher than 0.25 during observed period. Fluctuations in the value of concentration index and HHI index were the result of reducing the number of employees. The purpose for reduction was keeping competitiveness and sustainability of the business of leading companies in the Republic of Serbia.
Figure 1. CR4 index according to operating revenue, net earnings, equity and number of employees in 2010-2013.
Source: Authors' calculation according to data from financial statements, Serbian Business Registers Agency (SBRA), http://www.apr.gov.rs
Based on obtained results, we concluded that leading companies dominated in production of tobacco at Serbian market. There was a high degree of industrial concentration with elements of oligopoly. Does the dominance in terms of market share imply better performance of leading companies? We would try to answer this question in further consideration.
Analysis of business performance of companies in production of tobacco in the
Republic of Serbia
In this part of paper, we researched whether the leading companies in production of tobacco in the Republic of Serbia would dominate in terms of earnings, structure of assets and financial performance. The research was based on financial reports of companies in production of tobacco in order to evaluate performance. The performance was evaluated on the basis of selected indicators of success, assets structure and financial performance (Palepu et al., 2012). There were displayed average values for these indicators of leading and other companies in production of tobacco.
By measuring performance and success of companies in production of tobacco, we obtained following results.
Table 3. Earnings ability of companies in production of tobacco in the Republic of Serbia
Indicators of Earnings Ability Year
2011 2012 2013
Return on Equity (Operating Earnings/Average Equity)
Leading Companies 5% 5% 5%
Other Companies 9% 9% 6%
Return on Shareholders' Equity (Net Earnings/Average Shareholder Equity)
Leading Companies 11,21% 69,76% 40,24%
Other Companies 3.272,82% 8.019,85% 5.988,74%
Source: Authors' calculation according to data from financial statements, Serbian Business Registers Agency (SBRA), http://www.apr.gov.rs
According to the results, we concluded that there was negative correlation between market share and profitability of leading companies. So, the dominance in terms of market share did not imply a higher return on asset. So, the leading companies did not have the primacy in terms of value of return on invested assets. The rate of return of leading companies was less than rate of return of other companies in production of tobacco during observed period. The rate of return on asset of leading companies did not show significant fluctuations in dynamics. It was constant at 5%. Furthermore, the rate of return on asset of other companies was declined from 9% to 6% in 2013, which suggested that it reduced ability of other companies for achieving higher value of return on asset in production of tobacco.
The value of return on shareholder's equity also indicated that leading companies did not realize the primacy of the market of tobacco producers. The rate of return on shareholder's equity of leading companies was less than the rate of return on shareholder's equity of other companies in production of tobacco. We saw the same fluctuations of value in dynamics in both groups, i.e. an increase in rate on shareholder's return from 2011 to 2012, and then decline in 2013.
Analysis of structure of assets of company in producing tobacco in Serbia was carried out according to the value of turnover of current assets and assessment of the effectiveness of total assets of company. The rate of current assets measured on the basis of coefficient and number of days of single rate. Analysis the efficiency of assets was derived from the time necessary to repay invested funds in assets. The results were shown in Table 4.
Table 4. Indicators of assets structure of the company in tobacco production in the Republic of Serbia
Indicators of Assets Structure Year
2011 2012 2013
Indicator of Turnover of Current Assets (Operating Revenue/Average Current Assets)
Leading Companies 0,83 1,18 1,26
Other Companies 0,50 1,97 251,31
Number of Days of Turnover of Current Assets (365/Turnover of current assets)
Leading Companies 440 309 289
Other Companies 731 185 1
Payoff of assets (Average Assets/Net Earnings+ Depreciation and Provisions)
Indicators of Assets Structure Year
2011 2012 2013
Leading Companies 108 89 154
Other Companies 21 35 33
Source: Authors' calculation according to data from financial statements, Serbian Business Registers Agency (SBRA), http://www.apr.gov.rs
According to the results, we concluded that leading companies had more effective turnover of current assets in 2011. It was necessary 291 days less for turnover of current assets. In remaining period, leading companies noted substantially lower efficiency of turnover of current assets. Other companies had a significant dominance in terms of turnover of current assets in 2013. This fact created preconditions for achieving higher value of operating revenues. On the other hand, higher efficiency of current assets created preconditions for lower costs of holding inventory and financing current assets. This fact also made a possibility of higher financial results of other companies.
Other companies in production of tobacco also noted better results in terms of number of years necessary for returning assets in cash. Leading companies had a higher payoff of assets, which had indicated a lower efficiency of total assets. It was noticeable the opposite tendencies in the values of indicators of studied groups. The highest efficiency of total assets of leading companies recorded in 2012. On the other hand, other companies achieved the lowest efficiency of total assets in 2012.
Analysis of financial performance of companies in production of tobacco in Serbia was conducted based on assessment of repaying debts, the level of funding from external sources and financing the liability with available assets. On this basis, we used the indicators of liquidity, indebtedness and solvency. The results of measurements were presented in Table 5.
Table 5. Indicators of financial performance of companies in production of tobacco in Republic of Serbia
Indicators of Financial Performance Year
2010 2011 2012 2013
Current Liquidity (Current Assets/Short-Term Liabilities) Reference Value>2
Leading Companies 1,21 1,22 1,49 1,25
Other Companies 1,19 1,03 1,57 2,46
Indebtedness (Liability/ Equity)
Leading Companies 1,83 2,47 1,34 1,46
Other Companies 0,87 1,33 1,26 1,10
Solvency (Assets/Liability) Reference Value>1
Leading Companies 1,77 1,77 2,37 1,91
Other Companies 1,24 0.96 1,71 3,03
Source: Authors' calculation according to data from financial statements, Serbian Business Registers Agency (SBRA), http://www.apr.gov.rs
According to the value of analysis of current liquidity ratio, we concluded that leading companies did not achieve to repay short-term obligations with available current assets during observed period. Only other companies in tobacco production were able to achieve current liquidity in 2013. Leading companies noted better results at the beginning of the observed period, i.e. in 2010 and 2011. After that, the primacy in terms of ability to repay short-term liabilities had other companies in production of tobacco.
Leading companies had a higher level of indebtedness during observed period. So, the measurement was following: 1 RSD equity for 1.83 RSD debt in 2010, 2.47 RSD debt in 2011, 1.34 RSD debt in 2012 and 1.46 RSD debt in 2013. On the other hand, 1 RSD equity of other companies for 0.87, 1.33, 1.26 and 1.10 RSD debt respectively. There was positive trend, because the level of indebtedness of other companies in tobacco production was reduced in 2011-2013.
According to the ratio of solvency of companies, we concluded that leading companies were able to repay debts with available assets during observed period. Solvency of leading companies was significantly better compared to solvency of other companies. Other companies in tobacco production noted a higher level of ability to repay debts at any period of time, even in the case of liquidation or bankruptcy.
Conclusion
Market concentration of tobacco producers in Serbia was measured based on HHI and CRn index. The result was that the market was oligopolistic. So, in the Republic of Serbia, as in most countries around the world, leading companies had a dominant market share, based on the value of operating revenue. The value of HHI index measured by the value of operating revenue was consistently above 0.20 in observed period. In addition, the value of concentration index indicated that almost two thirds, or 95% of annual value of operating revenue of the entire production of tobacco belonging to leading companies. Participation of other companies in this market was almost unnoticed.
Analysing market concentration according to the value of net earnings, equity and number of employees, we concluded that leading companies had a dominant position in distribution of net earnings, available equity and number of employees. It was obvious that the loss in business of leading companies had an impact on loss of entire sector. Present fluctuations in terms of number of employees were the result of efforts to be a competitive and sustain operations for leading companies in the Republic of Serbia.
In the last part of analysis of performance of business companies in production of tobacco, we examined whether dominance in terms of market share would result in better performance. The study results pointed lower success of leading companies. Leading companies had a dominant market share, but they realized lower return on engaged resources and institutional investments.
Analysis of assets structure pointed to weaker efficiency of turnover of current assets and longer time required that the funds invested in total assets return in form of cash. On this basis,
conclusions were that the financial performances of other companies in producing tobacco were significantly better compared to the financial performance of leading companies. In addition, leading companies had a higher level of indebtedness, based on equity and debts ratio in reporting period. Leading companies had primacy only in terms of ability to repay the total debts from the assets on longer time prospects.
Summarizing obtained results of research, we concluded that there was a negative correlation between market share and performance indicators of leading companies in the field of tobacco production in the Republic of Serbia. So, leading companies had a dominant position in market of Serbia, but also weaker operating results in terms of effectiveness, assets structure and financial performance in observed period. It was evident that leading companies motivated by profit as the ultimate goal of business, decided to take advantage of domestic market in terms of cheaper inputs and lower tax in production of tobacco. In addition, the price for tobacco in the domestic market was considerably higher compared to other countries in the region. Leading companies were motivated to place tobacco in many factories around the world, where the price for tobacco products was several times higher.
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KONCENTRACIJA TRZISTA PROIZVODACA DUVANA U REPUBLICI SRBIJI
Bojana Vukovic4, Kristina Mijic5, Natasa Spahic6 Rezime
U radu je sprovedeno istrazivanje i analiza koncentracije na trzistu proizvodaca duvana u Republici Srbiji u vremenskom periodu 2010-2013. godina. Koncentracija na trzistu proizvodnje duvana merena je Herfindahl Hirschman indeksom (HHI) i Indeksom koncentracije (CRn) na bazi nezavisnih varijabli: poslovni prihod, neto rezultat, kapital i broj zaposlenih. Rezultati istrazivanja koncentracije trzista proizvodaca duvana pokazali su da je trziste u Republici Srbiji visoko koncentrisano i da ima karakteristike oligopola. Analizirajuci koncentraciju trzista prema visini neto rezultata, ukupnog kapitala i broja zaposlenih izveo se zakljucak da "vodece kompanije" zauzimaju dominantno mesto u raspodeli neto rezultata, raspolaganju kapitalom i zaposljavanju kadrova. Primetno je da ostvareni gubitak u poslovanju vodecih kompanija utice na gubitak kompletnog sektora. Medutim, dominantno trzisno ucesce vodecih kompanija ne implicira bolje performanse poslovanja. Bez obzira sto su dominantne na trzistu Srbije, ,,vodece kompanije" beleze slabije rezultate poslovanja sa aspekta uspesnosti, imovinske strukture i finansijskih sposobnosti u posmatranom periodu. Dakle, dobijeni rezultati istrazivanja ukazali su na negativnu korelaciju sa aspekta visine trzisnog ucesca i ostvarenih pokazatelja poslovanja ,,vodecih kompanija" proizvodnje duvana, sto namece pitanja motiva poslovanja ,,vodecih kompanija" na trzistu Republike Srbije.
Kljucne reci: proizvodaci duvana, koncentracija trzista, Srbija
4 Dr Bojana Vukovic, doktor ekonomskih nauka, asistent, Ekonomski fakultet, Segedinski put 9-11, 24000 Subotica, Srbija, Telefon: +381 24 628 000, E-mail: bojanavuk@ef.uns.ac.rs
5 Dr Kristina MijiC, doktor ekonomskih nauka, asistent, Ekonomski fakultet, Segedinski put 9-11, 24000 Subotica, Srbija, Telefon: +381 24 628 000, E-mail: mijick@ef.uns.ac.rs
6 Doc. dr Natasa Spahic, doktor ekonomskih nauka, Prirodno-matematicki fakultet, Trg Dositeja Obradovica 3, 21000 Novi Sad, Srbija, Telefon: +381 21 485 28 64, E-mail: natasa.spahic@dmi.uns.ac.rs
