CC BY
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Экономические науки Economic sciences
УДК 330.03 https://doi.org/10.21440/2307-2091-2021-1-127-133
Comprehensive analysis on the situation and path of cross-border. Labour igration in Northeast Asia
Li NING*
Heilongjiang Academy of Social Sciences, Harbin City, China Abstract
Research Purpose: Analyzing the development trend of cross-border labour migration in Northeast Asia. Research Methods: Exerting cross-subject research methods like comparative research, statistical research and international politics combined with regional politics.
Research Content. Northeast Asian area is one of the most dynamic economic zones in the world, regional cross-border labour migration employment is becoming more active than before. the disparity between the level of economic development, population and labour structure, so that countries in this region have a strong supply-demand complementarity. Enhancing cooperation of cross-border labour in Northeast Asia is conducive to further improving the level of economic exchange and cooperation in Northeast Asia. It is of great significance and practical basis for countries to strengthen the development and cooperation of labor resources. China, as the biggest developing country, meanwhile is the major labour exporting and importing country, expanding cross-border labour cooperation with countries in Northeast Asia will have a positive effect on promoting the development and utilization of human resources in China and improving employment and social management policies. How to grasp the opportunities in foreign labor service cooperation and avoid potential risks is a test of Chinese wisdom.
Conclusion. China should be well prepared in four aspects when dealing with cross-border labour cooperation in Northeast Asia. Establishing regional cooperation scheme and management security system; Setting up a linkage mechanism for foreign management of expatriate labor, protection and privileges protection from a micro perspective. Cultivating high quality labour resources and improving recruitment of high-tech experts. Discovering the potential of service trade and upgrading the level of cooperation is conducive to the export of high skilled labor force.
Keywords: Northeast Asia, labour, cross-border migration, situation and path.
Analysis on the Foundation and Orientation of Cross-Border Labour Cooperation in Northeast Asia
(1) Sound economic situation as well as economic and trade partnership is the foundation in improving regional cross-border labour cooperation
As the important driving force in world economic growth, though economy growth in Northeast Asia countries has remained sluggish in recent years, in the long run all countries have stable growth points, there will be no big fluctuations in short term. Relatively sound economic situation laid a solid foundation for various exchanges and cooperation among countries in Northeast Asia region, and also provided conditions for the continuous expansion of cross-border labor force scale and the diversification of sources in this region.
The continuous expansion of national economic and trade cooperation scale built a platform for cross-border labour cooperation in Northeast Asia. China is the biggest economic and trade partner country with other five Northeast Asian countries. Japan and South Korea rank second and third among
Sanquanf@hotmail.com
China's largest trade partners and Japan and South Korea are mutual third trade partner.
Besides, China is the biggest trade partner in North Korea, Russia ranks the second [1]. With good development of trade in cargoes, the turnover in service trade is also increasing, architecture, transportation and tourism will directly improve cross-border labour employment. China, Japan and South Korea are important reciprocal service trade partners. But in world, the development of service trade in Northeast Asia remains disadvantageous, lack of international competitiveness, both import and export of services are in deficit position [2]. Thus, there is a huge potential in service trade cooperation in Northeast Asian countries, enhancing regional service trade collaboration can stimulate cross-border labour cooperation potential.
(2) The different labour demanding request and income discrepancy of each country is the main decisive factor in terms of regional cross-border labour migration
Table 1. Population size and growth rate of countries in Northeast Asia (2015-2019) (Unit: thousand, %).
Таблица 1. Численность и темпы роста населения стран Северо-Восточной Азии (2015-2019 гг.) (единица: тысяча, %).
China Russia Japan South Korea North Korea Mongolia
Year Population Growth rate Population Growth rate Growth Population rate Population Growth rate Population Growth rate Population Growth rate
2015 137,122 0.51 14,410 0.19 12,714 -0.11 5,101 0.53 2,518 0.5 300 1.96
2016 137,867 0.54 14,434 0.17 12,699 -0.12 5,125 0.45 2,531 0.49 306 1.91
2017 138,640 0.56 14,450 0.11 12,679 -0.16 5,147 0.43 2,543 0.48 311 1.86
2018 139,273 0.46 14,448 -0.01 12,653 -0.2 5,164 0.33 2,555 0.47 317 1.8
2019 139,772 0.36 14,437 -0.08 12,626 -0.21 5,171 0.14 2,567 0.47 323 1.89
Source: World Bank WDI Database.
Table 2. Per capita GDP of Northeast Asian countries (Unit: Dollar USA).
Таблица 2. ВВП на душу населения стран Северо-Восточной Азии (единица измерения: доллар США).
Year China Russia Japan South Korea North Korea Mongolia
2015 8067 9313 34 524 28 732 1037 3919
2016 8148 8705 38 762 29 289 1060 3660
2017 8879 10 720 38 387 31 617 - 3669
2018 9977 11 371 39 159 33 340 - 4135
2019 10262 11 585 40 247 31 762 - 4295
Source: World Bank WDI Database.
In 2019, the total population of Northeast Asia region is about 1.749 billion which accounts for 23 percent of all population in the world [3]. Although the population of the six countries in this region accounts for a large percentage of the world, the population growth rate of other five countries has decreased year by year (see chart 1), except for the high population growth rate speed in Mongolia. The population aging problem caused by such low birth rate and slow generation replacement in Northeast Asia will dramatically change the demographic structure in the future, which will lead to the increase of the gap of right-age labor force in various countries.
Japan and South Korea are facing the problems of low birth level and aging population after the completion of population structural transformation, which greatly reduces the supply capacity of domestic labor force and can not meet the domestic labor demand. The continuous low birth rate and severe population distributional imbalance in Russia, which can't support its domestic economic development and affect the strategy of exploiting far east.
Russia, Japan and South Korea all have big gap in labour resource, which desperately requires absorbing right-aging foreign labour that can directly enter labour market [4].
From economics perspective, cross-border labour migration is prior interest choice made by workers in order to obtaining higher income. From international trade perspective, cross-border labour migration refers to one nation utilizes its cheap labour to gain profits in international trade, which essence is labour export and import. It demonstrates that labour is migrating from low-income place to high-income place. Japan and South Korea all belong to developed high-income countries [5], per capita GDP is significantly higher than that
of other countries in this region (see chart 2). The disparity in national revenue level directly affect the direction of cross-border labour migration.
Basic Situation of Cross-Border Labour Cooperation in Northeast Asia
(1) There is a gradual increase in foreign-nationality labour demand in Japan year by year now
Japan and South Korea, as two high-income developed countries in this region, with the obvious income discrepancy compared with other countries, which dramatically attracts foreign labour [6].
Labour from China, Russia and Mongolia enter in Japan, South Korea job market. At the same time, Japanese job market also attracts lots of South Korean workers to find jobs in Japan.
There is an increasing demand for labour in Japan in recent years. The proportion of Chinese migrant workers in Japan accounts for 25.2% of all Japanese foreign workers, ranking top place in the total number of foreign workers for many consecutive years [7].The number of South Korean workers in Japan has nearly doubled doubled in the fast five years (see chart 3).
(2) China has lost the initiative in South Korean job market
Since South Korea has implemented foreign-workers recruited permission system in August 2004, after that South Korea has signed «labor dispatch and understanding memorandum» with 16 countries, among Northeast Asia region which includes China and Mongolia [8].
Chinese and South Korean government signed «labour dispatch and understanding memorandum» in April 2007, after that the cooperation did not start until 2010, the
Table 3. Total number of foreign workers in Japan (Unit: population, %).
Таблица 3. Общее количество иностранных рабочих в Японии (единица измерения: население, %).
2015.10
2016.10
2017.10
2018.10
2019.10
Years „ . .. Growth „ . .. Growth „ . .. Growth „ . .. Growth „ . .. Growth
Populatlon Rate, % Population rate, % Population rate, % Population rate, % Population rate, %
Total number of foreign workers 907 896 15.3 1 083 769 19.4 1 278 670 18.0 1 460 463 14.2 1 658 804 13.6 in Japan
China (including Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan)
South Korea
322 545 41 461
3.4 11.3
344 658 48 121
6.9 16.1
372 263 8.0 55 926 16.2
389 117 62 516
4.5 418 327 11.8 69 191
7.5 4.2
Source: Japan ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare.
cooperation between these two nations actually entered the substantial operation stage [9]. The signed time was late so that the project failed to start as scheduled, also it failed to undertake the original research and training jobs, the original market share has been occupied by other Southeast Asia, South Asia and other countries that have signed the memorandum in advance.
Although the quota that given by South Korea is limited, also there is not much eligible Chinese workers to go to South Korea, the quota is extremely hard to achieve [10].
(3) Job marker in Russia has been tightened, a big demand for high-tech labour
Influenced by high unemployment rate and optimize labour structure in order to introducing high-skilled foreign workers [11], the quota given by Russia is declining year by year, it mainly distributed to foreign workers with high-tech skills. This enormous labour gap together with decreased quota magnified this contradiction. The Chinese workers mainly introduced by Russia are intermediate skilled workers. Chinese main labor export channel to Russia's Far East is through contracted projects and agricultural and forestry cooperation. In the Far East, Chinese labor force accounts for about 30% of the foreign labor force [12]. With the implementation of a series of policies to speed up the development of the Far East in Russia, the current situation of labor force is far from meeting the demand.
(4) Export and import of foreign labour situation in China
Nowadays, the increasing cargo and service trade collaboration in China and other countries in this world provide workers with many employment opportunities, at the same time attracting many foreign workers come to China to work. In 2019, China has absorbed 468.63million people from all over the world. Under the big environment of "one belt one road" initiative [13], more and more Chinese companies participate in international competition and cooperation, it also provides opportunities and platforms for expanding the Chinese cross-border labour migration.
In recent years, Chinese international contracting engineering business has maintained a stable development trend. International contracting project is a main way for China to export labor force. A large part of cross-border labor migration between China and countries in Northeast Asia is also realized through foreign contracting projects.
Opportunities and Challenges of Cross-Border Labour Cooperation in Northeast Asia
(1) Opportunities of cross-border labour cooperation in Northeast Asia
The geopolitical situation in Northeast Asia is sluggish, and the regional economic development momentum is positive. Northeast Asia is one of the most dynamic regions in world economic development, and also one of the areas with high geopolitical risks. Due to the capricious world economic and political structure, foreign powers often intervene in the affairs of Northeast Asia, which has a strong negative impact on the political and economic relations among the relevant countries in the region, and people to people communication was also covered by shadow. In order to achieve the theme of economic development, the joint efforts of Northeast Asian countries have gradually reduced these negative effects and emotions. At the same time, the developed and developing countries, high-income and low-income countries coexist and reciprocate each other. With the gradual recovery of the world economy, the Northeast Asian regional economy can be predicted to continue to maintain stable growth, and the level of cooperation in goods trade and service trade will be further improved. A stable and sound economic and trade cooperation relationship will promote political mutual trust and people to people exchanges among countries, and it is also a indispensable prerequisite for the development of cross-border labour cooperation in Northeast Asia.
Low birth rate accelerates people-aging problem should be addressed by all countries in Northeast Asia. Russia, Japan and South Korea have a large labor shortage, so it is urgent to introduce foreign labor force to promote the development of national economy and society. China is a country with large population and labor resources in the world. Although it is facing the same problem, due to the large population base, the number of right-age labor force in Northeast Asia is far more than that of other countries. About 70% of the current population of Mongolia is young people under the age of 35 [14]. There are relatively more right-age labor force, which can be released to Northeast Asian labor market. For a long time, labor export, as a dominant industry in North Korea's foreign economic cooperation, is also an important foreign exchange earning department of North Korea, which has a strong desire to expand labor export. Northeast Asian countries need to actively promote the development and exchange of labor
resources in this region, and jointly deal with the population aging crisis caused by the low birth rate level of each country.
(2) Challenges of cross-border labour cooperation in Northeast Asia
The institutional constraints of Russia, Japan and South Korea on the introduction of foreign labor. As the main demanding and importing countries of foreign labor in Northeast Asia, Russia, Japan and South Korea have many restrictions in formulating the system of introducing foreign labor from their respective interests. The biggest gap in Russia's labor market is construction, manufacturing and agriculture. However, the Russian Ministry of labor proposes to cut down the proportion of foreign labor in these industries. At the same time, Russia reduces the quota of foreign labor force year by year, which creates obstacles for the countries in this region to export labor force to Russia. Japan does not open the labor market in name, but introduces foreign labor force by absorbing trainees and skilled interns. Due to the inherent defects of this system, if the relevant government departments in Japan do not strengthen the protection of the legitimate rights and interests of foreign workers, it will also have a negative impact on Japan's attraction of foreign labor. At the same time, the complicated introduction system and language impediments in various countries also make some foreign labor force turn to other labor market.
The cross-border labour cooperation in Northeast Asia is facing competition pressure from foreign countries. At present, Russia only implements quota management system for foreign labor force outside the CIS countries, and gives special preferential policies to CIS countries (except Georgia and Turkmenistan). The labor force of these countries can directly enter into the labor permit procedure without labor invitation and visa [15]. In addition, its language advantage makes the labor force of Northeast Asian countries in the Russian market less competitive in comparison with some Central Asian and Eastern European CIS countries. The labor market of Japan and South Korea has lost the advantage of labor cost in the share competition with Southeast Asian countries. The labor force from Southeast Asia is growing rapidly in Japan's labor market [16]. The number of Vietnamese with the fastest growth rate is close to China and has a great potential to catch up with China [17]. The labor force of Northeast Asian countries is facing huge competition pressure from major labor exporting countries such as Central Asia and Southeast Asia in the cross-border labor migration in this region.
Illegal stay and social security risks faced by each country. In order to protect domestic employment and optimize the structure of the introduction of foreign labor, Russia has strictly implemented a quota-tightening policy in recent years, mainly distributing labor quotas to high-tech workers. The foreign labor introduced by quotas each year is far from meeting the actual needs of the Russian labor market, leading to a large number of illegally stranded migrant workers in Russia [18] Japan has not implemented enough policies to protect the rights and interests of foreign trainees and technical intern trainees, and the rights and interests have been infringed. A large number of foreign laborers are out of work [19]. Many forms of labor cooperation in the region are mainly short-term cooperation. The phenomenon of illegal staying without leaving the country after the expiration of the time limit exists in
all countries. In addition, the labor sent by some illegal companies in the exporting countries basically cannot obtain a legal labor permit. The illegally stranded labor in the labor market increases the cost of social administration in the host country, and at the same time increases the risk of social security, which leads to a deterioration in the employment situation and becomes a big obstacle for cross-border labor cooperation in this region.
The Path Choice Made by China When Dealing with Cross-Border Labour Cooperation in Northeast Asia
(1) Establishing regional cooperation system and management security system
In the context of regional economic integration, cross-border cooperation of labor has become one of the important ways for countries to balance the demographic structure and supplement the labor gap. As a country with large labor resources, Chinese further strengthening of international labor cooperation will help ease domestic employment pressure, increase national economic income, and optimize foreign trade structure. In order to promote the standardization of cross-border labor migration, China should improve relevant laws, regulations and institutional documents as soon as possible, increase the flexibility and feasibility of relevant policies, and effectively promote countries to establish regional cooperation mechanisms through bilateral and multilateral negotiations. At the same time, it strengthens the management of labor abroad, promptly detects possible hidden dangers and quickly handles them, reduces the phenomenon of breaking the contract and illegal stay abroad, and formulates emergency plans to respond to various emergencies, so as to provide protection for labor abroad.
(2) Establishing a linkage mechanism for the management, protection and rights protection of the expatriate labor force from a micro perspective
Based on their own interests, labor-introducing countries have imposed various institutional restrictions on the entry and management of foreign labor, but they have not paid enough attention to the protection of foreign labor rights. For example, the inborn defects of the labor introduction mechanism in Japan have caused so-called trainees and technical intern trainees not deserve basic labor identity, and it is even more difficult to defend their rights when they are violated illegally. China should strengthen the management of labor abroad, promptly detect possible hidden dangers and quickly deal with it, reduce the phenomenon of breaking contract and illegal stay abroad and formulate emergency plans to respond to various emergencies, so as to provide protection for labor abroad. Enhancing the protection of the rights and interests of laborers abroad and providing a guarantee basis for migrant workers, which is conducive to strengthen Chinese companies and individuals going globally and promote exchanges and cooperation between China and the world.
(3) Cultivating and exporting high-quality labor resources while strengthening the introduction of high-tech experts
In the cross-border labor service cooperation in Northeast Asia, countries welcome high-tech personnel and high-level experts in the process of introducing foreign labor. For example, Russia has continuously reduced its foreign labor quotas in recent years, while high-level experts are not restricted by quota
restrictions [20]; Japan and South Korea are also active in introducing high-tech personnel with certain expertise in the field of professional technology. At present, the labor force exported by China is mainly concentrated in labor-intensive enterprises which are small and medium in scale and workers are engaged in low-tech jobs, which are difficult to export and have low profits. When dealing with labor gap problem in the importing countries, China should provide more targeted and high-quality vocational skills training activities based on demand, so as to export high-tech and high-quality labor, which will surely promote high-quality labor circulates in Northeast Asia. A healthy circulation is formed in this cooperation as well.
(4) Exploring the potential of service trade and upgrading the level of cooperation is conducive to the export of high skilled labor force
Since Chinese participation to the world trade
organization, Chinese service trade has achieved a great leap in development, which has not only promoted the prosperity of Chinese economy, but also brought a huge and dynamic market to the whole world. With the development of economy and the continuous improvement of national income, China has a certain number of departments and a considerable number of technical experts who are equipped with international standards. China should fully discover the potential of service trade, strengthen the service trade cooperation in Northeast Asia, actively expand the global market, promote the integration of advantageous industries into Chinese foreign service trade, so as to enhance the level of service trade cooperation, which is conducive to the transformation of foreign trade structure and the pursuit of economic development. At the same time, it is of great significance to further develop highend labor resources and market in China.
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The article was received on December 24, 2020
УДК 330.03
https://doi.org/10.21440/2307-2091-2021-l-127-133
Комплексный анализ ситуации и пути трансграничного перемещения. Трудовая миграция в Северо-Восточной Азии
Ли НИНГ*
Хэйлунцзянский университет, Институт социально-управленческих наук, Харбин, Китай Аннотация
Цель исследования: Анализ тенденций развития трансграничной трудовой миграции в Северо-Восточной Азии.
Методы исследования: Использование междисциплинарных методов исследования, таких как сравнительные исследования, статистические исследования и международная политика в сочетании с региональной политикой.
Содержание исследования. Северо-Восточная Азия является одной из наиболее динамично развивающихся экономических зон в мире, региональная трансграничная трудовая миграция становится все более активной, чем раньше. Также имеет место несоответствие между уровнем экономического развития, численностью населения и структурой рабочей силы, так что страны в этом регионе имеют сильную взаимодополняемость спроса и предложения. Расширение потока трансграничной рабочей силы в Северо-Восточной Азии способствует дальнейшему повышению уровня экономического обмена и сотрудничества в Северо-Восточной Азии. Это имеет большое значение и практическую основу для стран по укреплению развития и кооперации трудовых ресурсов. Китай как крупнейшая развивающаяся страна при этом является и крупнейшей страной-экспортером, и импортером рабочей силы. Расширение трансграничного трудового сотрудничества со странами Северо-Восточной Азии окажет положительное влияние на содействие развитию, использованию человеческих ресурсов в Китае и совершенствованию политики занятости и социального управления. Как понять возможности сотрудничества с иностранными рабочими и избежать потенциальных рисков - это проверка для китайской мудрости.
Вывод. Китай должен быть хорошо подготовлен по четырем аспектам, когда речь идет о трансграничном трудовом сотрудничестве в Северо-Восточной Азии. Создание схемы регионального сотрудничества и системы безопасности управления; Создание механизма связи для иностранного управления трудом иностранцев, защитой и привилегий с точки зрения деталей. Культивирование качественных трудовых ресурсов и совершенствование подбора высокотехнологичных специалистов. Раскрытие потенциала торговли услугами и повышение уровня сотрудничества способствует экспорту высококвалифицированной рабочей силы.
Ключевые слова: Северо-Восточная Азия, труд, трансграничная миграция, ситуация и путь.
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Sanquanf@hotmail.com
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20. Введение в Россию экспертов высокого уровня не соответствует требованиям квот и позволяет получить многоразовую рабочую визу на три года по приглашению работодателя. Основной стандарт заключается в том, что годовой уровень заработной платы должен быть не менее 2 миллионов рублей (около 29000 долларов США). Министерство торговли Китайской Народной Республики, Руководящие принципы для иностранных инвестиций и сотрудничества стран (регионов) // Россия 2019.
Статья поступила в редакцию 24 декабря 2020 года
