CC BY
35
Socio-cultural Issues of Migration and Demography DOI: 10.24411/2470-1262-2018-10002
УДК (UDC) 314.74
Armen M. Tsaturyan, Vanadzor State University after H. Tumanyan, Vanadzor special school of thorough teaching mathematics and natural sciences, SNPO,
Smbat M. Parsadanyan, Vanadzor State University after H. Tumanyan,
Vanadzor, Armenia Svetlana M. Minasyan, Armenian State Pedagogical University after Kh. Abovyan,
Yerevan, Armenia
For citation: Tsaturyan A. M., Parsadanyan S.M., Minasyan S.M.(2018),
Component of social Entropy in migration process Cross-Cultural Studies: Education and Science.Vol.3, Issue I, pp. 13-20 (in USA)
Received: February 10, 2018 CC BY 4.0
КОМПОНЕНТ СОЦИАЛЬНОЙ ЭНТРОПИИ В МИГРАЦИОННОМ ПРОЦЕССЕ
COMPONENT OF SOCIAL ENTROPY IN MIGRATION PROCESS
Abstract
The article deals with the modeling of the migration component of social entropy. As a method of research a sociological approach has been chosen where the main attention is paid to the problems associated with the adaptation of migrants to new socio-cultural conditions.
Taking into account the nature and disregulation of migration processes in order to its quantitatively and qualitatively research the task of the article is to transfer the physical representations of entropy and impact of international migration on social life and to perceive the essence of the "social entropy" concept. The laws governing the macrosystems in physics are briefly presented; the essence of entropy and the law of its increase are determined. As a subject of the research the system of universal values of the society in the country is chosen and those changes in the society that ultimately ensure its stability in connection with the process of international migration are researched.
Transferring of physical ideas on entropy in social systems and comparing adequate concepts of energy and temperature, some deviations of the universal values existing in the system of the society are shown. Research shows that through the process of international migration it is necessary with the help of external, weak and long-term effects to increase the level of the system of migrants' universal human values that will lead to a decrease in the social entropy of the society. The latter determines the success of the adaptation process and contributes to maintaining the stability of the country.
Within the framework of the proposed approach it is possible to more broadly research migration processes taking into account all sorts of external and internal factors.
Keywords: international migration, social entropy, system of universal values, method of analogy, physical representations, adaptation process, preservation of universal values
Introduction
An analysis of the theoretical material shows that the research of the migration process does not sufficiently characterize the problem. It seems to us that the research and regulation of migration processes using theoretical approaches and methods requires the development of new research tools including modeling. Generally, those models that allow not only quantitatively but also adequately qualitatively characterize problems of social processes and show the ways of their solution are more valuable.
Now in social sciences formal models occupy a worthy position, as they make it possible to comprehend the essence of the social phenomena, to reveal the basic interrelations and regularities between various social indicators. Moreover, a social indicator for the migration process is viewed as a characteristic of managed social object accessible to observation and measurement. In the research situation the social indicator helps to determine other characteristics of the object which, as a rule, are inaccessible to observation and measurement. A necessary condition for choosing a social indicator is the existence of a link between the social indicator (act) and the characteristic that contributes to the interest of migrants. For different social reasons the social indicator characterizing the migration process reflects the processes of its functioning and contributes to the development of this process which makes it possible to compare human actions [1].
Theoretical points of view
To select models for the purpose of organizing and conducting migration policy, it is necessary to conduct a systematic analysis of the essence of migration as a social process where a person is the core and the most important component.
Along with the formal type of organization of social processes where the system of norms, rules, principles of activity, behavior, etc. is legalized, there is also an informal one where the system functions as unprogramed, spontaneous, disorderly and uncoordinated [2].
It is proved that all organizations (biological, social, physical) are built on the basis of a hierarchical principle. In social systems this principle is qualitatively different from all others due 14
to the existence of complex relationships between people. Despite this, not only natural phenomena but also social systems tend to the equilibrium states that lead societies to destruction. It seems that these phenomena should not have anything in common, since in social phenomena there is a human interference. But the consideration of the social system as a system of rules substantially simplifies analysis allowing one to abstract from the behavioral features of individual elements. With this approach people are not elements of the system as they become part of the external environment. The feasibility and effectiveness of using such models of social systems is confirmed by research, in particular, by North, Huebner and other scientists [3; 4].
The above-mentioned situation allows us to put forward similar arguments which are inherent in such macrosystems where regulation is determined by state functions such as internal energy, entropy, etc.
Taking into account the essence and disregulation of migration processes, for the purpose of their quantitative and qualitative research, with the help of the analogy method we transfer physical representations of entropy for revealing the impact of international migration on social life and perception of the essence of the concept of "social entropy".
As a method of research, as already noted, a sociological approach is chosen where the main attention is paid to the problems associated with the adaptation of migrants to the new socio-cultural conditions. The latter "... requires some flexibility, a renunciation of a number of traditional ideas and norms. The success of the adaptation process depends on the totality of internal and external factors" [5].
The desire to create an integral theory of migration and to find universal approaches to solving problems leads to the need to modeling migration processes and come up with a methodology for their application in specific cases. Naturally, these proposed models can be considered successful if both provide a long-term positive effect, have few side effects and also have a universal character for all social systems.
With the successful selection of models the transfer of physical representations into the social sphere is effective. Sometimes the existing cause-effect relationships that are present between physical phenomena and processes suggest establishing similar models of social phenomena and processes based on the characteristics of the systems under research. An example is the A. Tsaturyan's research based on the method of analogy of the transfer of physical representations on the definition of adiabatic invariants of different systems in migration processes which allows modeling and researching these processes on a new quantitative and qualitative level and in this connection to make a number of proposals and recommendations where is the problem of a balance between social entropy and external migration processes [6].
Data and Methods of Research
In sociology, to describe social systems there introduced the concept of social entropy which in a broad sense characterizes the disregulation or randomness of a society.
Let us briefly imagine how Physics investigates the laws governing the behavior and properties of macrosystems, i.e. systems consisting of an enormous amount of individual particles. Suppose that the system is closed and we select from it some part that is very small in comparison with the whole system but macroscopic at the same time. It is clear that for a sufficiently large number of particles in the entire system the number of particles in its small part can still be very large. Such relatively small but macroscopic parts are called subsystems. The subsystem is no longer closed but on the contrary, experiences all possible impacts from other parts of the system.
Since the number of freedom degrees of these other parts is very large these interactions have a very complex character. As a result, the state of the subsystem under consideration will change with time in a very complicated manner. But since the subsystem is a small part of a large system and in itself is a macrosystem too we can still assume that for not too long time intervals it approximately behaves as a closed system. In the interaction of the subsystem with the surrounding parts those particles that are predominantly near its surface are involved.
The number of these particles in comparison with the total number of particles in the subsystem will be very small in connection with the macroscopic nature of the latter. Thus, we can say that the subsystems are quasi-closed. Quasi-closed subsystems can be considered weakly interacting with each other that leads to the fact that they can also be considered independent in the statistical sense. Statistical independence means that the state in which one of the subsystems is located does not in any way impact on the probabilities of the different states of the other subsystems.
The state of subsystems depends on such physical quantities as energy, momentum, angular momentum, etc. If we use a reference frame in which the subsystem is at rest then only one physical quantity remains on which the state of the subsystem depends. To describe the state of subsystems, such concepts as static weight, entropy S and the distribution function of subsystem states® are introduced. Statistical weight Ar is the number of states of subsystems under certain conditions. Its logarithm S = ln Ar is called the entropy of subsystems. The entropy can be defined in another form expressing it directly through the distribution function. Entropy is the mean value of the logarithm of the distribution functions of the subsystem taken with the opposite sign:
S = -"y o)„ ln® .
^^ n n
n
Our daily observations confirm that if a closed system is not in equilibrium then over time the macroscopic state of the system will change up to coming into a state of complete equilibrium. Since the equilibrium state corresponds to the maximum value of entropy we can assert the following. If at some time the closed system is in a nonequilibrium macroscopic state the monotonic increase in the entropy of the system is the most probable consequence at subsequent instants of time.
It is, so-called, the law of increasing entropy. It is discovered by R. Clausius and its statistical substantiation is given by L. Boltzmann. In other words, if at some time the entropy of a closed system is different from the maximum then in subsequent moments the entropy does not decrease 16
but increases or in the limiting case remains constant. In accordance with these two possibilities all processes occurring with macrosystems are usually divided into irreversible and reversible. By the first one we mean processes accompanied by an increase in the entropy of the entire closed system. Reversible are the processes under which the entropy of a closed system remains constant [7].
It should be noted that in closed or quasi-closed systems entropy depending on the nature of external impacts can either decrease or increase. If the external conditions where the subsystem is located vary slowly enough then the entropy remains unchanged (i.e. such processes are reversible) and called adiabatic [8].
Results obtained
As the subject of our research we choose the population of the earth accepted as a closed macrosystem. At the same time by physical considerations presented above the individual countries can be considered as subsystems but at the same time macroscopic ones. In each country the changes in the existing systems of human values of the society is characterized by social entropy. There are different interactions between countries such as information, trade, migration, etc.
We are researching those changes in the society that ultimately ensure its sustainability in connection with the process of international migration. One of the quantitative characteristics of the social society is social entropy.
We will transfer analogous representations of physical concepts to social systems. As an analogy the concept of energy in physical systems is the system of universal human values of the society and temperature as one of the quantitative characteristics of the average level of these values.
As a rule, the flow of migrants is directed at countries that have a high level of the system of universal human values. According to the laws of physics, energy passes from subsystems with a higher temperature to subsystems with a lower one. According to this logic, as a result, international migration / interaction / should lower the level of the universal human values systems of the host country which in time will lead to the growth of social entropy and, consequently, to the deviation from existing systems of universal values.
To avoid large deviations in the system of universal values in the existing society due to the process of international migration, by analogy with physical representations it is necessary to somehow raise the level of the system of universal human values of migrants since a decrease in the differences in the levels of the value system leads to a decrease in the number of states of subsystems (Ar). As a result, according to the formula S = ln Ar the social entropy of society will decrease to what we strive.
Schematically, we represent different levels of systems of common human values of the host country and migrants (Fig. 1).
*
j k
Fig. 1. Levels of systems of common human values of the host country and migrants
- level of human values systems of the host party,
□□ - expected level of systems of universal values of the society,
- levels of universal values systems of different groups of migrants.
These results can also be got by another interpretation related to the concept of entropy in which the relationship between thermodynamic quantities is established, in particular between T (temperature), S (entropy) and E (energy):
AS = 1 AE ~ T
The discussion needs further consideration.
Such differences that have arisen in physical systems can be reduced by means of various external impacts but regarding the social process it is necessary to take into account the property of self-organization and self-regulation of the society. The latter is an internal impact. The aforementioned reduction of the difference decreases the time for adaptation of migrants. In work [4] where the issues of sustainability of countries in the process of international migration are considered the time of migrants' adaptation is presented as the sum of two terms:
T = T0 + T *,
where:
T0 is the minimum adaptation time under certain favorable conditions, T * is the sum of the time that is added to the minimum adaptation time under different conditions.
To reduce the time of adaptation there required certain flexibility of the migration policy, the success of which depends not only on the aggregate of those internal and external factors that can determine the success of the adaptation process but also on many organizational mechanisms and actions taking into account the specifics of the country itself (population composition, language, religion, size of the territory, population density, policy, multiculturalism, etc.) [9].
The above-mentioned similarity between physical macrosystems and social society allows us
to put forward the following argument since in physical systems a strong and rapid impact leads 18
to strong counteractions then in social systems different external and internal impacts should be weak and long-term.
It is due to the fact that human beliefs, worldviews and traditions cannot be changed quickly therefore internal and external impacts must be weak and long-term otherwise the impact may cause migrants to have an inclination for aggression and escape.
The Canadian researcher J. Berry identifies four degrees of adaptation: assimilation (absolute acceptance of a foreign and rejection of one's own culture), integration (preservation of one's own cultural identity and simultaneous adherence to a dominant society), segregation or separation (full preservation of one's own cultural identity and refusal to accept the culture of majority), marginalization (loss of cultural and psychological contact both with one's own traditional culture and with the culture of a larger society) [10].
Conclusion
Thus, by applying the analogy method the transfer of physical ideas about entropy to migration processes has been accomplished. It allows modeling and researching these processes at a new quantitative and qualitative level and, in this connection, making a number of suggestions and recommendations regarding the preservation of the stability of the society in the process of international migration.
Generally, it should be said that a new interdisciplinary approach combining results of humanitarian sciences and mathematical modeling has far-reaching prospects as it helps to confirm more abstract results of philosophical character.
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Information about authors:
Armen Tsaturyan (Vanadzor, Armenia), DocSc. (Pedagogics), Prof. (Academy of Natural History), Associate Professor, Department of Physics, Vanadzor State University after H. Tumanyan; Director of Vanadzor special school of thorough teaching mathematics and natural sciences, 100 Vardanants St., Vanadzor, Loriysky region, Armenia, 3 77200; e-mail:[email protected]), tel:(+374 77) 20 81 26, (+374 91) 20 81 26. 60 proceedings on methods for teaching Physics, physical and mathematical modeling of migration processes.
Smbat Parsadanyan (Vanadzor, Armenia), CandSc. (Physics and Mathemetics), Associate Professor, Head of the Department of Physics, Vanadzor State University after H. Tumanyan; 36 TigranMetsi St., Vanadzor, Loriysky region, Armenia, 3 77200; [email protected]), tel:(+374 94) 54 90 51.
24 proceedings on Physics of solid state, Physics ofplasma, teaching methods for Physics.
Svetlana Minasyan (Yerevan, Armenia), CandSc (Pedagogics), Prof. (Academy of Natural History), Associate Professor, Department of Theory and History of Pedagogics, Armenian State Pedagogical University after Kh. Abovyan, 17 Tigran Metsi St., Yerevan, Armenia, 0010; e-mail:[email protected], tel.: +374 99477057 120 proceedings on methodology, pedagogy, sociology.
Acknowledgement:
Tamara Kuprina, CandSc. (Pedagogics), Prof. (Academy of Natural History), Associate Professor, Ural Federal University (Yekaterinburg, Russia) for the editorial support in both the English and Russian languages.
