CC BY
12
DOI: 10.14526/2070-4798-2020-15-2-9-16
Competitive effectiveness in 50 km skiing marathon at winter Olympic Games and World Championships during the whole period of their organization
(since 1924 till 2019)
Aleksey G. Batalov, Valentina G. Senatskaya*, Andrey V. Shchukin
Russian State University of Physical Culture, Sport and Tourism
Moscow, Russia ORCID: 0000-0003-0497-3160, alex-batalov@yandex.ru ORCID: 0000-0001-8663-1548, senatskaya.valen@mail.ru* ORCID: 0000-0002-9728-6249, skierlikeandre@gmail.com
Abstract: The research is dedicated to "record" results analysis among the winners of the competitions in 50 km skiing marathon at the Olympic Games (WOG) and World Championships (WCh) during the whole period of their organization (since 1924 till 2019). The main objectives of the research are connected with a long-term dynamics study of sports-technical results in elite racing skiers at 50 km distance with classical and free style, the winners' age-related characteristics estimation and rating and competitive estimation of the countries, which participated in skiing marathon at the Olympic Games and World Championships. Research methods. Information sources analysis and summarizing, the dynamics of sports-technical results analysis and estimation among elite racing skiers, the winners of the OG and WCh at 50 km marathon distance with classical and free style and also their age-related characteristics and a ranking competitive estimation of the countries-participants; method of mathematical statistics. Results. The main results of the research are the following: we revealed the increasing dynamics of the amount of the countries, which participated in WOG in skiing marathon: I WOG (1924) - 8 countries, XIII WOG (i976r) -14, XXIII WOG (20i8r) - 27; we made a ranking estimation according to the amount of medals, won by the athletes at WCh and WOG at 50 km distance during the period since 1924 till 2019: Sweden - 62 medals (among them 26 gold medals); Norway - 49 medals (among them 20 gold medals); Finland - 47 medals (among them 15 gold medals); Russia - 27 medals (among them 5 gold medals); we revealed general increasing tendency of a long-term dynamics of competitive speeds, shown in classical and skating styles, among the winners of the marathon: specified rate of the annual speed increase in classical style at WOG is 0,042 m/s (0,59%), at WCh - 0,036 m/s (0,54%), in free style at WOG is 0,044 m/s (0,58%), at WCh -0,031 m/s (0,42%); we defined age-related characteristics of racing skiers, who form the elite of this discipline. During the period since 1924 till 2019 ("era" of wooden skis use) the average age of the winners at 50 km distance was 29±1,6 years old (V - 5,5%), during the period since 1976r till 2018 - 26,9±2,6 years old (V - 10,1%). Conclusion. The research results help to predict the development of marathon Olympic distance and define the tendency in the existing training methods development for the nearest future.
Keywords: the Olympic Games, World Championship, elite racing skiers, competitive effectiveness, dynamics of sports-technical results.
For citation: Aleksey G. Batalov, Valentina G. Senatskaya*, Andrey V. Shchukin. Competitive effectiveness in 50 km skiing marathon at winter Olympic Games and World Championships during the whole period of their organization (since 1924 till 2019). Russian Journal of Physical Education and Sport. 2020; 15(2): 9-14. DOI: 10.14526/2070-4798-2020-15-2-9-16
INTRODUCTION
World records in ski race disciplines are not registered, as competitive efficiency of skiers depends on many factors. They don't let preserve constant conditions of higher sports results registration [2]. However, in these conditions it is extremely important to understand and estimate the tendencies of sports-technical results development in ski race. Several research works are dedicated to this problem [1,3,4,6]. The results of these research works are methodical recommendations
for sports achievements prediction and their use for target-oriented sports training programs creation and realization. However, there are almost no research works, which estimate competitive activity of the elite racing skiers at 50 km distance race. In this connection it is interesting to analyze winners' "record" results at 50 km skiing marathon competitions at the Olympic Games (WOG) and World Championships (WCh) within the whole period of their organization (since 1924 till 2019). Skiing marathon can be defined as an extreme
kind of competitive activity. It demands an athlete's long-term (for about 2 hours) work with maximum physical, energetic and psychic abilities demonstration [4]. "Extreme" character of the discipline doesn't allow including it into the programs of important competitions more than once-twice during the competitive period. In World Cups programs during the periods of WOG and WCh organization this discipline is almost excluded. Thus, such specificity provides special training, which gives maximal result at WCh and OG. The Olympic champion at 50 km distance in 2018 became Finnish athlete Iivo Niskanen. He had not high rating in that season: the 14th place in overall standings, the 24th place in sprint standings, the 13th place in distance standings. The World champion in 2019 at skiing marathon became Norwegian Hans Christer Holund. He had the 3rd result according to the results of the season in distant disciplines, in sprint standings he wasn't among 90 athletes, who had the points and in overall standings he took the 6th place. It shows that their training and competitive activities were realized according to the principle of profile training, it means taking into account target competitive activity [4].
The urgency of our research is in the fact that for the first time we consider speed indices of the competition winners in skiing marathon (50 km distance) at WCh and WOG within the whole period of their organization (since 1924 till 2019), their age-related characteristics and rating and competitive estimation of the countries. They took part in the skiing marathon and the representatives of which became the winners at OG and WCh.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
The main objectives of the research are connected with a long-term dynamics analysis and estimation concerning sports-technical results of elite racing skiers, the winners at OG and WCh at marathon
distance 50 km with classical and free style and their age-related characteristics and rating and competitive estimation of the countries at skiing marathon during OG and WCh. The main information source during the sports effectiveness study among world- class racing skiers was the official site FIS - https://www.fis-ski. com/. We studied the competitive practice of 69 elite athletes-the winners and prize-winners (men) at 50 km distance at WOG and WCh during the whole historical period of their organization since 1924 till 2019. In general there were held 52 WCh and 23 winter Olympiads within the mentioned period. We analyzed 60 competitions protocols, 183 individual sports-technical results, shown during the competitions with classical and free styles. Moreover, we defined age-related indices of athletes-the winners of WOG during the period since 1924 till 2019.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The main International competitions are winter Olympic Games (WOG) and the World Championships (WCh). The first WOG (together with WCh) were held in 1924 in Chamonix (France). For the first time Russian skiers took part in the 20th World Championship in 1954 in Falun (Sweden). In general within this historical period 23 Olympiads and 52 World Championships were held. During almost 90 years of winter Olympic Games organization (1924-2019) the amount of countries-participants in 50 km discipline among men increased from 8 at the 1st Games till 27 at the 23rd Games, 3,5 times increase. The dynamics of the amount of countries, the representatives of which take part in skiing marathon, increases. The main reason of the increase is the increased popularity of ski race in many countries of the world (Fig. 1). Prestigiousness of the victory in skiing marathon is the "final part" of the achievements in ski race.
30
years of WOG organization Fig. 1. Dynamics of the amount of the countries-participants of WOG in ski race in 50 km
It is interesting to see the rating of the countries, the athletes of which became the prizewinners of skiing marathon (Table 1).
The most informative criterion of the national teams rating is general amount of the won medals and taking into account the number of different awards [2,5].
The greatest number of medals at 50 km distance during the period since 1924 till 2019 took
the athletes of national team of Sweden - in general 62 medals (26 gold, 19 silver and 17 bronze medals). The second place belongs to Norway - 49 medals (20 gold, 10 silver and 19 bronze medals) and the third place - the national team of Finland - 47 medals (15 gold, 20 silver and 12 bronze medals). The athletes of Russia take the 4th place with 27 medals (5 gold, 12 silver and 10 bronze medals) (Table 1).
Table 1 - The number of medals, won by the athletes from different countries-participants at WCh and WOG at 50 km distance during the period since 1924 till 2019
Countries World Championship The Olympic Games Total Total
Gold Silver Bronze Gold Silver Bronze Gold Silver Bronze
Sweden 19 13 12 7 6 5 26 19 17 62
Norway 13 8 14 7 2 5 20 10 19 49
Finland 11 14 9 4 6 3 15 20 12 47
Russia 2 8 5 3 4 5 5 12 10 27
Italy 2 1 2 1 1 1 2 2 3 7
Germany 1 2 3 2 1 0 3 3 3 9
Switzerland 0 1 1 0 0 2 0 1 3 4
Kazakhstan 0 0 2 1 0 0 1 0 3 3
Estonia 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 2 0 2
Austria 0 0 1 0 0 2 0 0 3 3
Notes. FiS decided to organize World Championships together with the i-Xi ii winter Olympiads ,1924-1980], it means that the
winners and prize-winners in 50 km discipline received two medals. The table takes into account all received awards
The first native World champions in ski race at 50 km distance became Vladimir Kuzin (Falun, Sweden, 1954), one more gold medal of the World Championship took Nikolai Zimyatov (Lake Placid, the USA, 1980). Nikolai Zimyatov also won the first Olympic gold medal in this discipline (Lake Placid, the USA, 1980). Further the Olympic champions become Michael Ivanov (Salt Lake City, the USA, 2002) and Alexander Legkov (Sochi, Russia, 2014).
Russian skiers were backward Scandinavian skiers, especially in gold medals rating.
It is connected with the fact that the first participation of the Russian athletes in WCh was only in 1954 and the debut of taking part in OG was in 1956.
Distance speed analysis among the winners of skiing marathon at WOG and WCh during the whole historical period of their organization helps to follow the evolutional way of this discipline development, conditioned by several factors. In classical style in the dynamics of competitive speed we can define two great historical periods (Fig. 2).
The first is characterized by speed increase at WCh till 1987 and the Olympic Games till 1994. Speed during this period increased more than by 50%. The second period (till nowadays) can be characterized as stable one, in which speed, shown by the winners at WCh was lower than at OG and which proves distinct priority in training athletes for the Olympic Games.
The important event was at the XV th Games (Calgary, Canada, 1988), when the separation of the disciplines was introduced according to the style of moving: classical and free style (skating). Use of skating style technique had several reasons: at the beginning of the 70-s the "era" of wooden skis finished. They were replaced by plastic skis, skiing tracks were prepared by special technique, on the basis of modern materials and technologies skiing equipment was improved, the technologies of skis preparing appeared, which took into consideration the competitive style, individual; characteristics of the athlete and outer conditions of competitions organization.
Fig. 3 presents the dynamics of speed among the winners in free style at 50 km distance at WCh and WOG during the period since 1988 till 2019. In general 10 World Championships and 5 Olympic Games were held in free style. In the dynamics of the distance competitive speed we see its increase, in the average yearly speed increase within the studied period in free style at WOG was 0,044 m/s (0,58%), at WCh - 0,031 m/s (0,42%).
In comparison with classical competitive style we come to the conclusion that technique and tactics development of the competitive "skating" style and special equipment development, including the technology of skies preparation, which provide maximal high characteristics of sliding, condition the increasing trend of competitive speed at the stage of another Olympic cycle.
V 6,8
6.5 62 5,9
5.6
5,3 ^
l* A
4.1
3ß
3.5
3.2 2.9
2.6
2.3
v = iE-OSsJ - ОЛ007Г1 + 2.14=0i2 - 2S6 + 1E+06 R2 = 09-10;:
F f"
.
v = -SE-Oii* + O.OJOSi1 - 59 J91i + JS501 R1 = 0,3979
• V, Mj'c ва ОЗИ
* V. м/с ва 4M
— - — Поошвомиаиьная (V. м-с на ОЗИ)
1922 19261930 193+193В 19+2 19+6 35 50 195+1953 IS 621966 19701974 1973 1932 19 Ей 1990199+ 199В 2002 20062010 201+2013
dares (years)
Fig. 2. Speed dynamics of the winners in classical style in 50 km discipline at WCh and WOG within the
period since 1924 till 2018
м/с-m/s
V, м/с на ОЗИ - V, m/s at WOG V, м/с на ЧМ - V, m/s at WCh
Полиноминальная (V, м/с на ОЗИ) - Polynomial (V, m/s at WOG)
Y= 0.0442* - 31.531 Rs = Oi637
* * *
5
1.15
1,25 1
U
3 6,75 >
6,25
6
5.15 5.5
19S6 19SS19901992 19941996199S 20002002 2004 2006200S 2010 20122014 2016 201S 2020 2022
years
Fig. 3. Dynamics of speed among the winners in free style in 50 km discipline at WCh and WOG during
the period since 1988 till 2019
* V, м/с на 4M ---Лгшгйная (V, мс на 4M)
v4M=0.031fa-56.354 Rs =0.4524
• V, м/с ва ОЗИ --- Лингйиая (V, м/с на О о И)
Годы-dates(yeaгs) м/с-m/s
V, м/с на ОЗИ-V, m/s at WOG V, м/с на ЧМ-V, m/s at WCh
Linear (V, м/с на ОЗИ) - Polynomial (V, m/s at WOG) Linear (V, м/с на ЧМ) - Polynomial (V, m/s at WCh)
36
ST,
35 34 33 32 31 30 29 28 27 26 25 24 23
i
4 thf average aa p tbp эиргаяр a dp ж
Л 26=9 ± 2=6 1
- \ 11 / S 1 \' !
v \ Г 1 / Л
A A A \ /"14"" J \
1924 1928 1932 1936 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 19 76 19 se 19 S4 193S 1992 1994 1993 2002 20« 2010 2014 20 IB
30 31 30 27 31 27 27 2E 3i 29 30 25 25 23 26 25 30 31 25 34 24 31 26
Fig. 4. Dynamics of the winners' age at WOG at 50
Since 1924 till 1972 ("era" of wooden skis use) the average age of the winners at 50 km distance among men was 29±1,6 years-old (V-5,1%). The oldest winner at this distance was Swede Sixten Jernberg (35 years-old) at the IX Games, which were held in Innsbruck (Austria, i964).Since 1976 till 2018, as there appeared plastic skis and skating steps were introduced, age range of winners in skiing marathon was 26,9 ±2,6 year-old (V-9,6%), the exception became the winner in 2006 Giorgio di Centa (Italy) - 34 years-old (picture 3).The received results prove the average age decrease among the winners at marathon distance. Within the studied period (1924-2018) the average age of athletes-winners was 28,5±2, 9 years-old.
CONCLUSION
The main results of the research are the following:
- we revealed the increasing g dynamics of the countries-participants amount at WOG in skiing marathon: : I WOG (1924) - 8 countries, XIII WOG (1976r) -14, XXIII WOG (2018r) - 27;
- we made a ranking estimation according to the amount of medals, won by the athletes at WCh and WOG at 50 km distance during the period since
km distance during the period since 1924 till 2018
1924 till 2019: Sweden - 62 medals (among them 26 gold medals); Norway - 49 medals (among them 20 gold medals); Finland - 47 medals (among them 15 gold medals); Russia - 27 medals (among them 5 gold medals);
- we revealed general increasing tendency of a long-term dynamics of competitive speeds, shown in classical and skating styles, among the winners of the marathon: specified rate of the annual speed increase in classical style at WOG is 0,042 m/s (0,59%), at WCh - 0,036 m/s (0,54%), in free style at WOG is 0,044 m/s (0,58%), at WCh - 0,031 m/s (0,42%);
- we defined age-related characteristics of racing skiers, who form the elite of this discipline. During the period since 1924 till 2019 ("era" of wooden skis use) the average age of the winners at 50 km distance was 29±1,6 years old (V - 5,5%), during the period since 1976r till 2018 - 26,9±2,6 years old (V - 10,1%).
The results of the research would help to make a reasonable prediction for marathon Olympic discipline development and also define the tendency in the development of the existing methods of athletes training for the nearest future.
REFERENCES
1. Bakulina O.O., Batalov A.G. Equivalence of sports results in ski race. Vestnik nauki. RSUPCandT. Moscow. 2012: 51-54 [In Russ.].
2. Batakov D.S., Sergeev E.A. Performances analysis among racing skiers at winter Olympic Games during the period 1956 - 2014. Fizicheskaya kul'tura. 2015; 5: 13-17 [In Russ.].
3. Batalov A. G. Model-target way of sports training organization among highly-qualified athletes in winter cyclic kinds of sport. Teoryia I praktika fizicheskoj kul'tury = Theory and practice of physical culture. 2001; 2: 8-13 [In Russ., In Engl.].
4. Ramenskaya T.I. Concerning the question of national strategy of training racing skiers for XXII Olympiad in Sochi. Teoryia I praktika fizicheskoj kul'tury = Theory and practice of physical culture. 2010: 74-78 [In Russ., In Engl.].
5. Ramenskaya T.I., Batalov A.G. Lyzhnye gonki: uchebnik [Ski race: textbook]. Moscow: Buki Vedi. 2015: 563 [In Russ.].
6. Shvetsov A.V. The results of performances of the Soviet racing skiers at World championships. Sport - doroga k miru mezhdu narodami: materialy III Mezhdunarodnoj nauchno-prakticheskoj konferencii [Sport is the
way to peace between the nations: materials of the III International scientific-practical conference. Moscow: RSUPCandT. 2017: 294-299 [In Russ.].
7. Balabinis C.P., Psarakis C.H., Moukas M., Vassiliou M.P., Behrakis P.K. Early phase changes by concurrent endurance and strength training. J Strength Cond Res. 2003; 17(2): 393-401.
8. Chen T.C., Nosaka K., Lin M., Chen J., Wu C. Changes in running economy at different intensities following downhill running. Journal of Sports Sciences. 2009; 27: 137-1144.
9. Davis W.J., Wood D.T., Andrews R.G., Elkind L.M., Davis W.B. Concurrent training enhances athletes' strength, muscle endurance, and other measures. Journal of Strength Conditioning Research. 2008; 22(5): 1487-1502.
10. Saunders P.U., Pyne D.B., Telford R.D., Hawley J.A. Factors affecting running economy in trained distance runners. Sports Medicine. 2004; 34: 465-485.
11. Aleksandr S. Kuznetsov, Zinaida M. Kuznetsova. II Congress of members of the public organization «Russian professorial Assembly». Pedagogiko-psihologicheskie I medico-biologicheskie problemy fizicheskoj kul'tury I sporta = Russian Journal of Physical Education and Sport. 2019; 14(4): 5-7. DOI: 10.14526/20704798-2019-14-4-5-7 [In Russ., In Engl.].
Submitted: 22.04.2020 Author's information:
Aleksey G. Batalov - Candidate of Pedagogics, Professor, Russian State University of Physical Culture, Sport and Tourism (SCOLIPC), 105122, Russia, Moscow, Sirenevyj Blv., House 4, e-mail: alex-batalov@ yandex.ru
Valentina G. Senatskaya - Senior Lecturer, Russian State University of Physical Culture, Sport and Tourism (SCOLIPC), 105122, Russia, Moscow, Sirenevyj Blv., House 4, e-mail: senatskaya.valen@mail.
Andrey V. Shchukin - Lecturer, Russian State University of Physical Culture, Sport and Tourism (SCOLIPC), 105122, Russia, Moscow, Sirenevyj Blv., House 4, e-mail: skierlikeandre@gmail.com
