CC BY
32
DOI 10.18551/rjoas.2019-01.16
COMPARISONS OF FARMERS' INCOME AND CAPITAL CREATION BASE ON DIFFERENT SOURCES OF RICE FARMING FINANCING IN SOUTH SUMATRA,
INDONESIA
Hamzah Maryanah*, Bidarti Agustina, Anggraini Erise, Antoni Mirza
University of Sriwijaya, Indonesia *E-mail: maryanahhamzah@fp.unsri.ac.id
ABSTRACT
The objective of the research was to compare rice farmers' income and capital creation base on a different source of rice farming financing. The study population comprised 180 farmers, 105 of which represented the own funding farmers and the rest were loan funding farmers. These were interviewed to record the rice farming behavior with a different financial source in the sixth bigger rice production in Indonesia, namely South Sumatera Province. Rice farming analysis and continued t-test was used to analyze for different production and income. Research results showed that rice productivity of own funding rice's farmers was 29% greater than farmers on loan funding farmers. On the other hand, producing cost of own funding farmers 26% was lower than loan funding farmers. This condition causes the income of own funding rice's farmers per hectare 56% was greater than the income of loan funding farmers. Moreover, with the family spending were not too different, capital creation of own funding farmers was greater than loan funding farmers. Almost half of the farmers have a medium level of capital creation capability, the remaining one third was more classified as high capital creation and one-eighth was classified as low. To reduce rice farming cost of loan funding farmers are savings of labor costs by supervising their labor and finding sources of loans with the lowest loan interest rates.
KEY WORDS
Rice farming financing, capital creation, own funding, loan funding.
Indonesia is the third largest rice producing country in the world with paddy production in 2017 amounting to 70 million tons, equivalent to 39 million tons of rice. China is the first largest rice producer with a production of 115 million tons. Meanwhile, Indonesia's rice consumption per year was 32 million tons, so there is a surplus of seven million tons of rice. This rice consumption continues to increase as a result of increasing population. The population increases 3.2 million or grows 1.27 percent per year. Indonesian rice consumption is still high at 114.6 kg per capita per year so that if production is only slightly disrupted, a rice deficit will occur and must import (Ministry of Agiculture Republic of Indonesia, 2017).
Importing rice turned out to be very profitable because rice price in neighboring rice-producing countries was lower than in Indonesia. Cambodian rice prices were US $ 0.42/kg, Thailand US $ 0.33/kg, Vietnam US $ 0.31/kg and in Myanmar even US $ 0.28 /kg, while the price of Indonesian rice was US $ 1/kg.
The high price of rice in Indonesia was due to higher production costs. Indonesian rice production costs were Rp 4,079 per kilogram, while in China it was only Rp 3,661 per kg, Philippines Rp 3,224 per kg, Thailand Rp 2,291 per kg, even in Vietnam only Rp 1,679 per kg. The high cost of Indonesian rice production was because of the high cost of land rent and the cost of freelance labor. Rent of agricultural land in Indonesia contributes to production costs of Rp 1,719 per kg. While in China only Rp. 988 per kg, Philippines Rp. 549 per kg, India Rp. 510 per kg, Thailand Rp. 481 per kg, and Vietnam Rp. 387 per kg. Similarly, the cost of freelance workers in Indonesia was also the most expensive, which reaches Rp 1,115 per kg, while in the Philippines only Rp 978 per kg, China Rp 127 per kg, India Rp 655 per kg, Thailand Rp 172 per kg, and Vietnam Rp 120 per kg (detikFinance, 2017).
The high cost of production has implications for the high in funding for rice farming, which sometimes farmers are not covered by their own fundings. If they get it from
borrowing, the production costs will increase. These borrowing costs are lower if they loan to the government. But if they borrow from non-governmental and non-formal institutions, then the interest is higher. Loan interest varies, but generally reaches 50 percent per planting season.
Indonesia's rice production is concentrated in Java, which is 56% with East Java as the first largest province with the production of 13.13 million tons or 16.1% of total national production. South Sumatra is the sixth largest rice producing province in Indonesia with production in 2017 of 4.8 million tons (Ministry of Agiculture Republic of Indonesia, 2017). There are four land typologies in South Sumatra where they are produced, namely tidal swamp, irrigation, swamp, and rainfed land. The total rice harvest area in South Sumatra in 2017 is 1.014 million hectares. Of the four types of land, three of them are classified as marginal land: tidal swamp, swamp, and rainfed land. The biggest production was contributed by tidal swamp with a contribution of 30%, while the irrigated land was 21%, rainfed land 14% and swamp 12.5% (The Central Bureau of Statistics, South Sumatera, 2017).
The role of rice farming in producing rice has not yet received enough attention from the government, especially in the problem of farming financing. There are still very few farmers who use loan sources from formal institutions such as banking (Mulyaqin and Astuti, 2013). Complicated procedures and strict requirements from banks caused farmers to borrow for rice farming costs to non-formal institutions such as middlemen, paddy's mills and loan sharks. The results of the study on South Sumatra rainfed land rice farming (Antoni et al., 2015) showed that 33 percent of farmers' rice farming costs came from loans, both from formal and non-formal institutions. The study also found that there were differences in production between farmers using their own capital and loan capital, although the income side was not different. The same studies on the tidal swamp, swamps, and irrigation have not been done. Therefore a study of the effect of the sources of farming costs on income and the creation of farmers' capital in all land ecosystems in South Sumatra needs to be done.
METHODS OF RESEARCH
The survey was conducted in three villages of the three largest rice ecosystems in South Sumatra while representing three different districts. Banyuasin Regency as the largest rice producer represents tidal swamp rice farming, Ogan Komering Ulu Timur Regency, representing the technical irrigation ecosystem and Ogan Komering Ilir District which represents the widest swampland area. Farmer samples were selected using disproportionate stratified random sampling with the number of samples in each village 60 so that the total sample was 180. The samples divided into two groups based on funding sources, own funding and loan funding.
The data was presented in tabulation, processed mathematically and explained descriptively. Differences in production and income based on different sources of financing were used the t-test (Jhonson, 1982), while capital creation was family income minus family expenditure. Then to measure the level of capital creation ability was divided into three groups: high, medium and small.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Differences in Production and Rice Farming Income. There was a difference in the frequency of rice cultivation carried out by farmers among three paddy land ecosystems. In technical irrigated land, farmers usually plant twice a year, while in swamp land there was only once a year and in tidal swamp land, there were some farmers plant twice a year. Data on the comparison of rice production based on farming and ecosystem funding sources are presented in Table 1. The forms of rice production shown in Table 1 are harvested dry grain. Based on the data presented in Table 1, the production per hectare of own funding farmers was 29 percent greater than the loan funding farmers with a difference of 1,406 kilograms per hectare per year. This large difference is contributed by tidal swamp land, which is more
than twice and 20 percent in swamp land, while that of irrigated land is relatively small at only four percent. Statistically, there is a significant difference between the income of own funding and loan funding farmers at a significant level of 1%.
Table 1 - Production dan paddy farming income in South Sumatera, 2017
Sources of Funding Typology of Land
Irrigation Swamp Tidal Swamp Average
Own Funding
- Production (kg/ha) 6,009 4,5 28 8,3 60 6,2 99
- Price (IDR/kg) 4,216 5,090 4,317 4,541
- Revenue (IDR/ha) 25,329,210 23,049,898 36,085,302 28,154,803
Loan Funding
- Produciton (kg/ha) 5,756 3,7 77 5,1 45 4,8 92
- Price (IDR/kg) 4,227 5,113 4,193 4,511
- Revenue (IDR/ha) 24,326,815 19,312,160 21,573,772 21,737,582
Differences
- Production (kg/ha) 253 752 3,2 15 1,4 06
- Percentage (%) 4 20 62 29
- Price (IDR/kg) -11 -23 123 30
- Percentage (%) -0,26 -0,46 2,94 0,66
- Revenue (IDR/ha) 1,002,396 3,737,738 14,511,530 6,417,221
- Percentage (%) 4 19 67 30
Source: The farmers survey by the author, 2018.
This large production difference occurs on marginal land. Swamp and tidal swamp land are classified as marginal land because they are not as fertile as technical irrigation land. Although tidal swamp land also has irrigation, but a tidal swamp and tidal factors and salt water, this land is not as fertile as technical irrigation land.
The greater difference in production per hectare on marginal land between own funding farmers and loan funding farmers indicate that the production input needs must be met in this type of land. Paddy will produce high production if use enough production input. In contrast, loan funding farmers did not use production inputs as much as own funding farmers. This situation can impact on low production in loan funding farmers.
Fixed costs are generally relatively small because they are calculated from the depreciation costs of equipment used in rice farming for one year. The method of calculating the depreciation value was the straight-line method. This method assumed the same depreciation value every year during economic life. The equipment used in rice farming as presented in Table 2 is hoes, sickles, big knife, hand sprayer and "tunjams".
Table 2 - The fixed cost of paddy farming in South Sumatera, 2017
Source: The farmers survey by the author, 2018.
Based on Table 2, the fixed costs of paddy farming are relatively small at less than Rp. 500,000 per year per hectare. The fixed costs of own funding farmers were greater than loan funding farmers, although the difference was small, which is only Rp 12,010 per year per hectare. The biggest fixed costs occurred in tidal swamp land, while the smallest occurred in
the swamp land. Input price of fixed costs components on tidal swamp land was expensive. This location is far from where the input was traded, Palembang city. On the contrary, low fixed costs on swamp land because the input production is easy to get in the district market. This means that the cost of rice producing depends also on how far the location of the distribution center of the production input to rice farming location.
Variable costs in this study were all costs incurred which depend on the amount of production that will be produced. Generally, variable costs are materials, but in this study, services are also included in variable costs such as labor, equipment rental, loan interest, transportation and, land rent. Therefore, there are seven components of variable costs in rice farming as presented in Table 3.
Table 3 - The variable cost of paddy farming in South Sumatera, 2017
Source: The farmers survey by the author, 2018.
Based on the data presented in Table 3, the cost of producing rice farming for loan funding farmers was greater than own funding farmers. This difference was due to in large contribution of loan interest cost and land rent, especially in the swamp land area. The biggest contribution of variable costs comes from labor costs, both for loan funding farmers and own funding farmers. Rice farming is not enough if they use from family labor, especially in planting and harvesting activities. In those activities must be done immediately and requires a lot of labor.
Based on Table 4, the cost of producing rice farming for loan funding farmers was around more IDR 1 million per hectare than own funding farmers. Almost all of the production costs come from variable costs, 96% -97%. The biggest production cost of rice farming on loan funding farmers at swamp land, while the lowest is for irrigated on own funding farmers. This result shows that the production costs in swamp land are less economical when viewed from the side of production costs compared to in the irrigation and tidal swamp land types.
Table 4 - The production cost of rice farming in South Sumatera, 2017
Source: The farmers survey by the author, 2018.
The income is the difference between the revenue and production costs of rice farming. This income calculates rice production consumed, so it is not real income. The income of rice farming in three different types of land is presented in Table 5.
Based on the data presented in Table 5, the rice income of own funding farmers per hectare was 56% greater than the income of loan funding farmers. This condition was due to revenue of own funding farmers being greater than 30% and production costs 26% lower than loan funding farmers. The high revenue of own funding farmers was because of higher production of 29%, while prices are relatively no different. The biggest income difference occurs in tidal swamp land which was around twice, whereas in swamp land one and a half times and in irrigated land was 18%. In statistically there were differences in income with a significant level of 5%.
Table 5 - Income of paddy farming in South Sumatera, 2017
Income by Funding Source (IDR/ha) Typology of land
Irrigation Swamp Tidal Swamp Average
Own Funding
- Revenue 25,329,210 23,049,898 36,085,302 28,154,803
- Production Cost 3,160,662 5,891,524 6,336,837 5,129,674
- Income 22,168,548 17,158,374 29,748,465 23,025,129
Loan Funding
- Revenue 24,326,815 19,312,160 21,573,772 21,737,582
- Production Cost 5,616,132 9,134,409 6,050,305 6,933,615
- Income 18,710,683 10,177,752 15,523,467 14,803,967
Differences
- Revenue 1,002,396 3,737,738 14,511,530 6,417,221
- Percentage (%) 4 19 67 30
- Production Cost -2,455,470 -3,242,884 286,532 -1,803,941
- Percentage (%) -44 -36 5 -26
- Income 3,457,865 6,980,622 14,224,997 8,221,162
- Percentage (%) 18 69 92 56
Source: The farmers survey by the author, 2018.
Table 6 - Household income of rice farming in South Sumatera, 2017
Income (IDR/year)
Typology of Land Rice Farming Non-Rice Farming Non- Farming Total
Irrigation
Own Funding 11,576,909 208, 889 2,589,244 14,375,042
Loan Funding 11,226,410 133,333 800,000 12,159,743
Swamp
Own Funding 19,589,143 3,446,667 20,563,333 43,599,143
Loan Funding 11,857,081 6,116,667 4,910,000 22,883,747
Tidal Swamp
Own Funding 42,143,658 0 0 42,143,658
Loan Funding 29,235,864 100,000 5,360,000 34,695,864
Average
Own Funding 24,436,570 1,218,519 7,717,526 33,372,615
Loan Funding 17,439,785 2,116,667 3,690,000 23,246,451
Difference 6,996,785 -898,148 4,027,526 10,126,163
Percentage (%) 40 -42 109 44
Source: The farmers survey by the author, 2018.
It is a problem for farmers to borrow money/goods in farming activities to meet production costs or not to borrow. If farmers do to borrow, there will be an increase in production costs, they have to repay the loan plus interest on the loan. However, if farmers do not borrow, it is likely that the productivity of rice plants will decrease so that revenues will decrease. Borrowing options are still carried out during the farming can still generate positive income.
The Ability of Farmers to Create Capital for Financing Rice Farming. Household income is the sum of all income received by household members, both from rice farming and non-rice farming and non-farming. The amount of household income of rice farmers is presented in Table 6.
Based on Table 6, the household incomes of own funding farmers was greater than loan funding farmers, with a difference 0f 44%. The rice farmer income and non-farming were greater on own funding farmers than loan funding farmers, while non-rice farming income on loan funding farmers was greater than own funding farmers.
Based on Table 7 that the households' spending of own finding farmers were lower than loan funding farmers. Households' spending consists of food and non-food and other non-food items.
Table 7 - Rice Farmers household spending in South Sumatera, 2017
Source: The farmers survey by the author, 2018.
Capital creation is the difference between household income and household spending. If the difference is positive, then there is capital creation, whereas if the difference is negative it means that there is no capital creation. The data in Table 8 presents the value of capital creation of rice farmers in South Sumatra based on three types of land.
Table 8 - Capital creation of rice farming in South Sumatera, 2017
Value (IDR/year)
Typology of Land Household Income Household Spending Capital Creation
Irrigation
Own Funding 14,375,042 23,133,627 -8,758,585
Loan Funding 12,159,743 21,482,909 -9,323,166
Swamp
Own Funding 43,599,143 20,348,167 23,250,977
Loan Funding 22,883,747 22,531,733 352,014
Tidal Swamp
Own Funding 42,143,658 22,479,700 19,663,958
Loan Funding 34,695,864 22,290,733 12,405,130
Average
Own Funding 33,372,615 21,987,164 11,385,450
Loan Funding 23,246,451 22,101,792 1,144,659
Difference
Value 10,126,163 -114 , 628 10,240,791
% 44 -1 895
Source: The farmers survey by the author, 2018.
Based on Table 8, the capital creation in own funding farmers was nine times greater than capital creation by loan funding farmers. When viewed per typology of land, there was no capital creation in irrigated land, whereas in swamp and tidal swamp land there was a large capital creation where the creation of own funding farmers was greater than the capital creation by loan funding farmers. The difficulty of capital creation in irrigated land was because the area of paddy farming was less than one hectare (0.52 and 0.60 each for own funding farmers and loan funding farmers). The land area of swamp rice farming was 1.14
and 1.17, while in tidal swamp land 1.42 and 1.82 respectively for own funding farmers and loan funding farmers. Loan funding farmers can improve capital creation by (1) reducing production costs, especially labor costs which make the biggest contribution to the costs of rice production, (2) pressing loan interest by choosing a loan source that imposes low interest 3) increasing rice productivity.
The measurement of the level of capital creation was grouped into three groups; namely low, medium and high. The basis of this level of capital creation was based on the cost of rice farming per hectare. It was classified as low if it can fulfill a portion (50%) of farming costs, medium if it can meet 50% -100%, and is classified as high if above 100%.
Table 9 - Limits on the level of capital creation based on the typology of land, 2017
Adequary limit of rice farming cost
Typology of Land Low (< 50%) Medium (50%-100%) High (> 100%)
Irrigation
Own Funding 4,836,901 4.836.901-9.673.802 9,673,802
Loan Funding 4,529,199 5.529.199-9.058.398 9,058,398
Swamp
Own Funding 3,451,219 3.451.219-6.902.438 6,902,438
Loan Funding 4,162,492 4.162.492-8.324.983 8,324,983
Tidal Swamp
Own Funding 3,366,281 3.366.281-6.732.562 6,732,562
Loan Funding 5,095,828 5.095.828-10.191.656 10,191,656
Average
Own Funding 4,020,815 4.020.815-8.041.629 8,041,629
Loan Funding 4,609,168 4.609.168-9.218.335 9,218,335
Based on the data presented in Table 9, there was not too much variation in the extent of the level of capital creation among rice land typologies and between sources of farming costs. For own funding, the highest limit for sufficiency was in irrigated land, while the lowest was in tidal swamp land. For sources of loan costs, the limit was highest on tidal swamp land, while the lowest was on swamp land.
Furthermore, based on criteria for the three levels of capital creation groups in Table 10, it was calculated how many farmers belong to that level.
Based on the data presented in Table 10, both farmers, own funding and loan funding were mostly classified as medium capital creation level, which was 56% and 44% respectively. The lowest of capital creation is at the low level. Farmers who were categorized as high capital creation were 39% and 36% for each source of funding.
Table 10 - Level of capital creation on rice farmers in South Sumatera, 2017
CONCLUSION
Production per hectare of own funding rice's farmers was 29% greater than farmers on loan funding farmers. This difference was contributed by tidal swamp land, which was more than doubled and 20% in swamp land, while from irrigated land it was relatively small at only 4%. This larger production causes revenue to increase by more than 30%, prices are relatively no different. On the other hand, producing cost of own funding farmers 26% was lower than loan funding farmers. This condition causes the income of own funding rice's farmers per hectare 56% was greater than the income of loan funding farmers.
The contribution of rice farming income to family income was dominant: 73% for own funding farmers and 75% for loan funding farmers. With the family spending were not too different, capital creation of own funding farmers was greater than loan funding farmers. Overall, almost half of the farmers have a medium level of capital creation capability (50% -100% can cover production costs), the remaining one third was more classified as high capital creation and one-eighth was classified as low.
Efforts to reduce the dependence of rice farmers on non-formal lending institutions, the government should develop more agricultural cooperatives and simplify banking administration. To reduce rice farming cost of loan funding farmers are savings of labor costs by supervising their labor and finding sources of loans with the lowest loan interest rates.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
This paper is part of the Grant Competitive Universitas Sriwijaya Research in 2018, which has been funded this research complies with the letter of Agreement Assignment of Competitive Grants Research Universitas Sriwijaya in 2018.
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