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8Comparison of the Secondary Products Obtained by the Optical Sensor Installed at the Satellite "Resurs-P" with the Products of the Analogous Optical Sensors
S. V. Fedorov
Marine Hydrophysical Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, Sevastopol, Russian Federation
e-mail: s.fedorov@mhi-ras.ru
Characteristics of the wide-swath multi-spectral equipment with high-resolution (WSME-HR) installed at the Russian Resurs-P type satellites are represented. The possibility of applying the data obtained by this sensor for solving the satellite hydrophysics problems is considered. The chlorophyll a concentration and the normalized water-leaving radiance calculated by the Earth operational monitoring scientific center JSC Russian Space Systems are compared with the similar products of the foreign optical sensors MODIS (Aqua and Terra) and OLI (Landsat-8). Being analyzed, the normalized water-leaving radiance spectra show the values retrieved from the WSME-HR data to be about two times higher in the red spectral range and by 15-20 % smaller in the green spectral range than the analogous ones resulted from the foreign sensors; whereas in the blue spectral range they do not reproduce both their typical maximum on the 488 nm wavelength and their decrease accompanying the dissolved colored organic matter absorption at the 412 and 443 nm. The chlorophyll a concentration values derived from the data of all the sensors are comparable with each other. This fact is explained by minimum differences between the values of the normalized water-leaving radiance at the 488 and 555 nm applied for calculating the chlorophyll a concentration.
Keywords: optical multi-spectral sensor, chlorophyll-a concentration, normalized water-leaving radiance, WSME-HR, Resurs-P, MODIS, OLI.
Acknowledgements. The work was carried out within the framework of the State Order No. 08272014-0011 Research of the Regularities of Changes in the Condition of the Marine Environment on the Basis of Operational Observations and Data of the System of Diagnosis, Prognosis and Reanalysis of the Condition of Marine Areas (R&D 115061510036).
For citation: Fedorov, S.V., 2018. Comparison of the Secondary Products Obtained by the Optical Sensor Installed at the Satellite "Resurs-P" with the Products of the Analogous Optical Sensors. Physical Oceanography, [e-journal] 25(1), pp. 27-35. doi: 10.22449/1573-160X-2018-1-27-35
DOI: 10.22449/1573-160X-2018-1-27-35
© 2018, S. V. Fedorov © 2018, Physical Oceanography
Introduction
Currently, the Russian remote sensing satellite grouping of eight spacecraft equipped with optical scanners of various spatial and spectral resolution. Its development strategy in 2016-2020 provides for an increase in the number of satellites up to 20. It will give the possibility to carry out the reflected radiance measuring with high spatial and temporal resolution. Data of the Russian satellite optical scanners is used in cartography, forestry, monitoring of emergency situations and in other areas, but it has still no wide application in the field of oceanology and satellite hydrophysics.
The Resurs-P satellites are aimed to study natural resources and monitor emergencies. That is the very reason for significant difference between their optical instruments in the number of spectral channels and their width from specialized
ocean color scanners. However, to determine the bio-optical parameters of coastal waters, estuaries, lakes and rivers, when high spatial resolution is required that is not available for modern ocean color scanners, optical scanners for terrestrial monitoring are successfully applied, for example ETM+ and OLI scanners on Landsat-7 and Landsat-8 [1-5], WVC and CZI scanners on the Chinese HJ-1 and HY-1 mini satellites [6, 7]. Such positive experience permits to assume that the data of multispectral Resource-P scanners can be successfully used for solving such problems.
The operator of the Russian space remote sensing systems is the Research Center for Earth Operative Monitoring (NTs OMZ) of JSC Russian Space Systems, which plans the surveys and provides information to customers. In addition to these standard processing levels, NTs OMZ provides a number of secondary products for various applications (agriculture, nature management, ecology, etc.). These products can be ordered through the Basic Products Bank (BPB) (URL: http://bbp.ntsomz.ru) [8, 9]. Their set differs depending on the purpose and spectral range of measurements of the optical sensors.
The following secondary products characterizing the optical properties of water are of the greatest interest for the problems of oceanology and satellite hydrophysics: the normalized water-leaving radiance nLw(^); the chlorophyll a concentration Ca; concentration of dissolved organic carbon DOC; concentration of total suspended matter TSM; photosynthetically active radiation PAR; the diffuse attenuation coefficient; the Secchi disc depth, etc. This set of secondary products with a spatial resolution of 100 x 100 m was obtained by the NTs OMZ based on the data of measurements of the wide-swath multi-spectral equipment with highresolution (WSME-HR) installed at the Russian Resurs-P type satellites [10].
In the present paper, the following two secondary products are analyzed: the normalized water-leaving radiance nZw(^), through which other satellite products are usually calculated, and the chlorophyll a Ca concentration, which is an important indicator of bioproductivity. The analysis is carried out by comparing the secondary products of Ca and nZw(^), obtained from the WSME-HR measurements, with similar products from foreign optical sensors (MODIS/Aqua, MODIS/Terra and OLI/Landsat-8).
Materials and Methods
To compare the secondary products, the image of the Black Sea area near Novorossiysk and Gelendzhik made by the WSME-HR sensor on the Resurs-P satellite was used (Fig. 1). WSME-HR allows measuring the brightness of radiation in five spectral channels (0,43...0,51; 0,51...0,58; 0,60...0,70; 0,70...0,90; 0,80...0,90 ^m) with a spatial resolution of 24 m and in panchromatic mode -12 m. To provide a high level of the signal-to-noise ratio in WSME-HR, the survey technique with variable exposure time is used. Its value depends on the sensitivity of spectral channels, the Sun and viewing geometry from the underlying surface albedo [10].
The revisit rate is one time per three days. The joint use of three Resurs-P satellites currently in orbit allows obtaining high spatial resolution data at least once a day, which is of particular interest for monitoring of the coastal waters, estuaries, lakes and rivers.
®E> Novorossiysk
Stihà
Fig. 1. WSME-HR true-color image fragment
The normalized water-leaving radiance nLw(k) according to WSME-HR in the BPB is re-calculated for 412, 443, 488, 531, 555 and 667 nm, corresponding to the nominal wavelengths of the visible range of MODIS scanners installed on the NASA Aqua and Terra satellites. Reduction to these wavelengths makes it convenient to compare the ocean color products obtained with these scanners. Taking into account that during the entire operation period of NASA satellites the ocean color products are validated, as a result of the comparison it is possible to draw conclusions about the quality of the products according to the Russian satellite data.
To compare the secondary WSME-HR products, the nearest time images of the Aqua, Terra, Landsat-8 satellites were selected (Tab. 1). The images are processed by the SeaDAS software developed by the NASA Ocean Biology Processing Group (OBPG) to determine ocean color products from different spectroradiometers (CZCS, SeaWiFS, MODIS, MERIS, VIIRS, OLI, etc.) [1, 11]. Atmospheric correction is carried out according to the standard procedure [11-13], applied by NASA on an on-going basis. The aerosol parameters are selected by ten aerosol models [14] using top of the atmosphere radiance at two NIR wavelength. For MODIS images, the 748 and 869 nm were selected for operation, and for OLI images - the 865 and 2201 nm. In optically complex waters, where the water-leaving radiance in the near IR range cannot be considered negligible, an optical model was used to estimate its values [15].
T a b l e 1
Characteristics of the Images Used
Satellite/sensor
Image Title
Date/Time
Resurs-P No. 1/WSME-HR Terra/MODIS Aqua/MODIS Landsat-8/OLI
RP1. SVR. 10000955508001.L2A 2015-03-10/ 11:16
T2015069083500.L0_LAC 2015-03-10/ 08:35
A2015069102000.L0_LAC 2015-03-10/ 10:20
LC81750292015070LGN00 2015-03-11/ 08:13
Spatial resolution of the compared products was equal to 30 m for OLI sensor, 100 m for WSME-HR. Data of all MODIS spectral channels (Aqua and Terra) were interpolated to the 250 m grid.
Results and Discussion
Fig. 2 shows the spatial distribution of the normalized water-leaving radiance nLw(k) according to the WSME-HR sensor data and the MODIS/Aqua data closest to it. The MODIS/Terra and Landsat-8 data are not given in Fig. 2, as they are similar to the spatial distribution nLw(k) according to the MODIS/Aqua data.
Fig. 2. Normalized water-leaving radiance nLw(X), W/(m2 ^m- sr) at 443, 488, 531, 555 and 667 nm: a, c, e, g, i - according to MODIS/Aqua data; b, d, f, h, g - according to WSME-HR data
At 531 nm the nLw(531) values according to WSME-HR data are approximately 15-20 % smaller than those according to the MODIS data (Fig. 2, d, 2, e) and other sensors (Fig. 3, d). The area averaged nLw(531) values (Fig. 4) are 6.8; 8; 8 W/(m2-^m-sr) for WSME-HR, MODIS/Aqua and MODIS/Terra, respectively. The spatial distribution of the normalized water-leaving radiance at
555 nm according to the data of all the sensors have the best agreement (Fig. 2, g, 3, e). The mean nLw(555) values (Fig. 4) are 5.9; 6.1; 6.1; 6.2 W/(m2-^m-sr) for WSME-HR, MODIS/Aqua, MODIS/Terra and OLI, respectively.
Fig. 3. The normalized water-leaving radiance nLw(k) distribution
Fig. 4. Spectral normalized water-leaving Fig. 5. Chlorophyll a concentration distribution radiance nLw(X)
In the red spectral range, an increase in the normalized water-leaving radiance is observed again according to the WSME-HR data relative to the data of the other sensors. As can be seen from Fig. 2, i, 2, j and 3, e, the nLw(667) values according to the WSME-HR data are approximately twice as high as nLw(667) according to the data of foreign sensors. In the area of Tsemesskaya and Gelendzhik bays, the maximum nLw(667) values according to the WSME-HR data are 2.5 ...
3.5 W/(m2-^m-sr) (Fig. 2, k), according to MODIS/Aqua data 0.8 ...
1.6 W/(m2-^m-sr). In the coastal zone, the normalized water-leaving radiance according to the WSME-HR and MODIS/Aqua data are within the range of 1.6 ... 3.0 W/(m2-^m-sr) and 0.5 ... 1.5 W/(m2-^m-sr), respectively. The area-averaged nLw(667) values are 1,0; 0,6; 0,6; 0,5 W/(m2^msr) for WSME-HR, MODIS/Aqua, MODIS/Terra and OLI images, respectively (Fig. 4).
The spectral dependences (Fig. 4) according to the data of foreign scanners correspond to the characteristic features of the normalized water-leaving radiance nLw(l) in sea waters with chlorophyll a content over 0.1 mg/m3. In such waters, absorption maxima by the yellow substance (the phytoplankton life and decay product) and phytoplankton pigments are in the 400-450 nm range. These components of sea water absorption determine the position of the maximum of the water-leaving radiance nLw(667) at about 460-480 nm. In the case of very turbid waters, the maximum can shift to the green spectral range. At 400-410 nm, the nLw(k) radiance values, mainly due to strong absorption by the yellow matter, usually make up about 40-50 % of the maximum. The nLw(k) spectrum according to the WSME-HR data is typical for very pure ocean waters, the chlorophyll a concentration in which does not exceed 0.05 mg/m3. Since the time difference between the images (except for the Landsat-8 image) is about 2-2.5 hours, a similar behavior of the spectral dependence nLw(k) in the blue spectral range 32 PHYSICAL OCEANOGRAPHY VOL. 25, ISS. 1 (2018)
according to WSME-HR data should also be expected. However, the nLw(k) values at 412 and 443 nm not only do not decrease twice, but also show an increase with respect to the nLw(488) value. This behavior of nLw(k) clearly contradicts the observations. It can be due both to the radiometric sensor calibration accuracy and due to the errors in the retrieval algorithms of nLw(k) from satellite-measured TOA radiance.
The Ca chlorophyll a concentration is calculated using the standard algorithm OC3 (OLI) and OS3M (MODIS), which uses ratio of the remote sensing reflectances Rrs in the blue-green spectral range [7]. The frequency distribution of Ca, mg/m3 is shown in Fig. 5, and the spatial one - in Fig. 6. As can be seen from Fig. 6, the spatial distribution of Ca has a similar structure and comparable values for all the sensors. Minor changes in the OLI image are due to the almost diurnal difference with the rest of the images.
a A - V i ]
/ * .
1-1-
Fig. 6. Spatial distribution of chlorophyll a concentration Ca, mg/m3 according to: a - OLI; b WSME-HR; c - MODIS/Aqua; d - MODIS/Terra
The chlorophyll a concentration according to the WSME-HR data is more in line with the MODIS/Aqua data. The mean Ca values, calculated for regions of the same area images, are 1.09; 0.93; 0.85 and 1.06 mg/m3 for Aqua, Terra, Landsat-8 and Resurs-P, respectively. The maximum values of Ca = 2 ... 2.5 mg/m3 on the images of foreign satellites are localized on the part of Tsemesskaya and Gelendzhik bays and along the coasts below 44°25' latitude. The maximum values of Ca = 2 ... 2.5 mg/m3 on the Russian satellite image are observed over the entire area of the bays and on the wide coastal area.
As can be seen from Fig. 5, the frequency distribution curves have a similar shape. The shift of the maximums of the curves, relative to which the area averaged values are located to the right, is no more than 30 %. It is also clearly visible that, according to the WSME-HR sensor, the frequency of occurrence of Ca > 1.6 mg/m3 is higher than that of other sensors.
Thus, despite the differences in the values of the normalized radiance, the mean values of the chlorophyll a concentration for the sensors analyzed are in good agreement with each other. Variations in the spatial distribution of chlorophyll a in the coastal area can be explained equally by the difference between the nLw(^) values, spatial averaging and the need to correct the coefficients of the OC3M polynomial method originally selected for MODIS scanners for the WSME-HR sensor.
Conclusions
1. High spatial and temporal resolution of WSME-HR Resurs-P type satellite images makes data of their measurements attractive for solving a wide range of problems of satellite hydrophysics, in particular, investigation of optical properties of waters, their composition and bio-productivity, dynamics of the shore changes, etc.
2. Comparison of the products obtained from the image of the WSME-HR sensor of the Resurs-P No. 1 satellite with similar products of the foreign optical ocean color sensors revealed the following features. The normalized water-leaving radiation according to the WSME-HR data in the blue (412 and 443 nm) and red spectral range are much higher than in the MODIS data and in the green spectral range are in good agreement with them. Estimates of chlorophyll a from the data of the spectroradiometers being compared have similar values. The closeness of the results is explained by the minimal differences in the normalized water-leaving radiance values at 488 and 555 nm, which are used to calculate chlorophyll a.
3. Naturally, the results of the present research are not sufficient to draw definitive conclusions about the accuracy of the WSME-HR sensor products and the possibility of using them for solving the problems of satellite hydrophysics. For this purpose, long-term observations of the entire Black Sea water area by all three satellites of the Resurs-P type are required. Unfortunately, there is not enough imagery from these satellites, and the captured scenes are not available for public access, which makes it difficult to carry out such an analysis.
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About the author:
Sergey V. Fedorov - Senior Research Associate, Remote Sensing Department, FSBSI MHI
(Sevastopol, Russian Federation), Ph.D. (Tech.), ORCID ID: 0000-0001-7716-7456, s.fedorov@mhi-ras.ru.
The author has read and approved the final manuscript.
The author declares that he has no conflict of interest.
