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32примеру, 9 апреля 2018 года более 20 стран ЕС подписали декларацию о создании Европейского партнёрства в сфере блокчейн-технологий. В ней подчеркивается важность кооперации между странами в вопросах приобретённого опыта и знаний, касательно данной технологии, а так же же в ней оговаривается необходимость создания единого рынка цифровых услуг.
Так же остаются страны которые уже наложили ограничения, наблюдая угрозу для своей экономики и банковской системы , которые в перспективе могут перейти в запретные меры. Эти страны: Украина, Беларусь, многие страны пост-советского пространства, а так же Китай.
Таким образом, мы можем прийти к выводу что, рынок криптовалют в наше время всё ещё требует существенных доработок, как со стороны осведомленности людей о принципах его работы и функционале, так и со стороны разработки легальных методов проведения транзакций и внедрения их в повседневную жизнь. Уже имеющуюся практика крупных организаций и что не мало важно - государств в очередной раз, доказывает то, что за виртуальными валютами скрывается огромный потенциал, который непременно внесёт в мировую экономику неоценимый вклад. Не смотря, на все недоработки наблюдается интенсивное развитие рынка криптовалют, что вне всякого сомнения приведет к
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улучшению жизни не только в отдельно взятых странах, но и во всем мире, а также к усовершенствованию состояния экономики.
Список используемых источников:
1. http://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/2007/2157 /contents/made - дата обращения: 10/04/2018 19:36
2. http://sozd.parlament.gov.ru/bill/419059-7 -дата обращения 10/04/2018 14:24
3. http://www.consultant.ru/document/cons_ doc_AW_121888/54c0b08b31e8db21cf8856f74e43f4 36821cf6cd/ дата обращения : 20/03/2018
4. https://wex.nz/exchange/btc_usd дата обращения: 20/02/2018
5. https://forklog.com/top-10-samyh-populyarnyh-kriptovalyut/ Дата обращения: 20/02/2018 20:19:37
6. https: //www .ccn.com/banks -begone -uns -world-food-programme-builds-ethereum-blockchain-money-transfers/ дата обращения:20/02/18 23:17
7. https://coinmarket.news/2017/07/22/ripple-pokazal-rost-pochti-v-4000-i-stal-korolem-altkoinov-vo-ii-kvartale-2017/дата обращения : 20/02/2018 23:40:37
8. https://www.iqmonitor.ru/investicii/bitcoin-invest/ripple.html дата обращения: 20/02/2018 23:45:57
9. https://ripple.com/insights/ripple-and-saudi-arabian-monetary-authority-offer-pilot-program-for-saudi-banks/
УДК: 657
COMPARISON OF IAS 17 "LEASE" WITH RUSSIAN LEGISLATION
Shkarupelaya M.V., Master student Finance University under the Government of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia
Abstract: The article considers IAS 17 "Leases". The Russian regulatory regulation of accounting and reporting of leasing transactions is analyzed. By comparing and reviewing scientific literature on this topic, problems of national accounting regulation of leasing relationships are revealed. Key words: Leasing, IFRS, IAS 17, Lease.
«Хроноэкономика» № 1 (9). Март 2018
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СРАВНЕНИЕ МСФО 17 «АРЕНДА» С РОССИЙСКИМ ЗАКОНОДАТЕЛЬСТВОМ
Шкарупелая М.В., студент магистратуры Финансовый университет при Правительстве Российской Федерации, Москва, Россия
Аннотация: В статье рассмотрен МСФО 17 «Аренда». Проанализировано российское нормативное регулирования учета и отражения в отчетности лизинговых операций. Путем сравнения и обзора научной литературы на данную тему выявлены проблемы национального регулирования бухгалтерского учета лизинговых отношений.
Ключевые слова: Лизинг, аренда, МСФО 17.
IAS 17 "Lease" (Standard) defines a finance lease as a lease that transfers substantially all the risks and rewards of ownership of the asset. The right of ownership can ultimately be both transferred and not transferred. The operating lease recognizes all other lease contracts that do not fall under the definition above.
The fundamental principle of the priority of the economic essence over the resolution is especially relevant for IAS 17. To take into account the lease, both sides of the leasing agreement must answer the question: "In what degrees and risks did the transfer of property pass from the lessor to the lessee?". Complicating the process of classification is also the fact that it must be done at the very beginning of the lease term. It, in turn, is defined as the earliest of two dates: the date of the conclusion of the lease and the date of acceptance of obligations with respect to the basic terms of the lease.
In practice, the classification of leases as a financial or operational problem. For this, the Standard, provided that one of them, the lease is recognized financial:
- Transfer of ownership rights to leased property at the end of the leasing period to the lessee;
- the lessee has the right to buy leased property at a price that is expected to be lower than available at the date of this right, that at the inception of the lease relationship, it can reasonably be expected that this right will be exercised;
- the term of leasing of property to a significant part of the economic service of leased property even in the absence of transfer of ownership;
- on the date of commencement of leasing relations, the present value of minimum lease payments is almost equal to the value of leased property.
Classification of leases as a financial or operating system is important and problematic, that the Standard also highlights additional signs that would make it clear that the lease is exactly financial:
- the leased property has such a specialized nature that only the lessee can use it without a member of the modification;
- the lessor has the right to early termination of the leasing agreement, losses of the lessor associated with the termination of the contract are attributed to the lessee;
- profit / losses from fluctuations in the fair value of leased assets are borne by the lessee;
- the lessee has the right to extend the leasing agreement at a level of leasing payments significantly below the market rate.
When concluding a lease agreement, it is necessary to take a responsible approach to its classification. After all, the criteria for determining leases as a financial or operating system are not based on accurate meters, but rather on the specific terms of the lease contract and the professional level of the accountant's judgment, which complicates the classification. Companies should approach this issue with all responsibility, since a change in the classification of rent is impossible throughout the duration of the contract.
In general, the process within the framework of leasing activity can be represented in the form of the following block diagram:
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Figure 1 - The process of leasing operation
The process of leasing in the Russian realities is practically not different from the above, except that capitalization of expenses incurred in concluding a lease is not made in the Russian Accounting Standards.
Terminology used in Russian practice is interesting. Leasing usually means financial leasing, while operating leases are usually simply called leases.
Currently, the civil law regulation of financial leasing has two main sources - the Civil Code of the Russian Federation and the Federal Law of the Russian Federation of October 29, 1998, No. 164-FZ "On Financial Leasing (Leasing)".
Article 665 of the Civil Code and Federal Law 164-FZ define leasing as a combination of economic and legal relations arising in connection with the implementation of the leasing agreement, including the acquisition of the leased asset.
In this definition, there is a similarity with the first sign of financial lease under IFRS. With financial leasing in the Russian accounting under the leasing agreement, only the rights of possession and use are transferred, the right of disposal remains with the lessor. Thus, with financial leasing, at the end of the validity period all property rights are transferred. But here there is also a difference. If IFRS only talks about the possibility of transfer of property to the lessee, then this is an integral part of the financial lease in RAP.
The Civil Code of the Russian Federation also says that the risks associated with leased property are transferred to the lessee, which is close to understanding the lease under IFRS But in practice, the legal form still prevails over economic meaning.
As for leasing assets on the lessor's or lessee's balance in the framework of the RAL, the terms and conditions are determined by agreement of the parties to the leasing agreement and are specified in this agreement.
Accounting of leased property on the lessor's balance sheet takes place in the following way: the property is accounted for in 03 account and amortized, the revenue is recognized in accordance with the payment schedule for the whole amount of payment, the received advance is written off to the proceeds during the term of the leasing agreement.
If the property under the contract is recorded on the balance sheet of the lessee, then at the beginning the entire amount of future lease payments is accounted for in account 76.3, then on account 98.1 future incomes (the difference between the amount of payments and the value of the property) are recorded, the revenue is recognized only for the amount of income (account 98.1 is written off into revenue ).
On this account, Tokareva EV in one of his articles titled "Accounting of leasing operations from the
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lessor in accordance with the requirements of IFRS" examines the stages of accounting for the leasing transaction from the lessor. In particular, the author points out the contradictory nature of the choice of the balance holder of leased property, the existence of which leads to the impossibility of comparing the accounting information relating to the procedure for reflecting leasing operations in accordance with domestic and Western approaches, a single requirement of various accounting systems is the condition that the lessor remains the owner of the property at during the entire term of the leasing contract. And offers a different, improved method of accounting. Tokareva E.V. recommends that the amount of lease payments be recognized as a receivable for the obligations of leasing, which complies with the requirements of IAS 17. In the proposed version of accounting for receivables and recognizing the income of the lessor (the property is on the lessee's balance), the authors propose the amount of leasing payments in the lessor's accounting records to be formed from financial costs and payment in the reduction of the lessee's unpaid obligation to the lessor
using the Russian accounts of the accounts rskogo account that will allow for the distribution of lease payments based on a constant rate of interest on the remaining balance of the liability.
With respect to accounting for operating leases, IFRS and RAL are almost unanimous and suggest that the property is reflected on the lessor's balance sheet and rental payments are reported on a uniform basis.
In order to enable users of the financial statements to get a clearer picture of the company's activities regarding leasing operations, the RF Ministry of Finance issued Order No. 15 (8/8) regarding disclosure of information in the financial statements. According to him, as part of the information on accounting policies, the following information is mandatory for disclosure in the part of the organization performing operations under the leasing agreement:
- on the selected conditions for leasing assets to be placed on the balance sheet;
- on upcoming leasing payments in the subsequent reporting period and until the end of the leasing agreement.
Table 1. Results of the comparison of IFRS and Russian legislation in the field of accounting leases.
RAP IFRS
Classification of leasing (operational or financial) and the way of accounting for leased property (on the balance sheet of the lessor or the lessee) are determined by the leasing agreement. Classification by economic essence: to whom are transferred the risks and benefits of owning the asset.
Operational leasing: the lessor recognizes the main asset, its amortization and rental income. Operational leasing: the lessor recognizes the main asset, its amortization and rental income.
Financial leasing (property on the balance sheet of the lessor): the lessor recognizes the leased property, its amortization and revenue (in the amount of leasing payments). Financial leasing: the lessor recognizes net investment in leasing plus receivables, reserve for them and interest income.
Financial leasing (property on the lessee's balance sheet): the lessee recognizes the amount of all lease payments (as a receivable) and deferred income (the difference between the amount of payments and the value of the property) that are evenly written off to the proceeds. Net investment in leasing at a discounted cost.
Not regulated. Interest income is accrued by the actuarial method, or by the compound interest method at a constant rate in the relevant period.
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The relevance of the review of IFRS and its possible convergence with Russian accounting is justified by the fact that the ongoing process of integration of the Russian economy into the world economic system necessitates the construction of an accounting and reporting system that meets international financial reporting standards and the needs of a reformed market economy. In addition, this need is also dictated by the adoption by the Government of the Russian Federation of Resolution No. 283 of March 6, 1998 "On the Approval of the Program for Reforming the Domestic Accounting System in Accordance with International Financial Reporting Standards," which actualizes the problem of transforming leasing accounting into IFRS.
The existing problems of accounting for leased property according to Russian standards are also distinctive features of the Russian Accounting Standards compared with IFRS. In connection with the emergence of a new lease standard (IAS 16), which assumes a different approach to accounting for leased property, the differences between Russian legislation on leases will further differ from international standards. In such a situation, the role of studying IFRS and comparing it with national standards is increasing.
Referents
1. International Financial Reporting Standard (IFRS) 17 "Leases". [Electronic resource] - Access mode:
http: //www.consultant.ru/document/cons_doc_LA W_123942/ [Date of circulation: 23.11.2016].
2. Balashova NN, Tokareva EV Accounting of leasing operations with the lessor in accordance with the requirements of IAS 17 // Business. Education. Right. Bulletin of the Volgograd Institute of Business. - 2015. - №2 (31). - P. 239-243.
3. Krivichev DA, Motroshilova TV, Babalykova IA Similarities and differences in the lease of fixed assets under Russian law and IFRS 17 // Scientific provision of the agro-industrial complex. - 2016. - P. 616-617.
4. Petelina AI Comparative characteristics of IFRS 17 "Lease" // Russia in the new socioeconomic: Materials of the IV International Interuniversity Scientific and Practical Conference of Master's Students. - 2015. - Part 1. - P. 270-273.
5. Petelina A.I. Actual problems of accounting in Russia during the transition to IFRS. Pros and cons of the "Rent" standard // Science and modernity. -2015. - No. 37-2. - P. 139-143.
6. Fateeva TN, Vidasova V.V. Lease agreement in the international reading // Internet-journal Naukovedenie. - 2015. - Vol. 7. No. 4 (29). - P. 5161.
7. KPMG (official site) [Electronic resource] -Access mode: http: //www .kpmg.com/RU/ru/ topics/IFRS-Portal/ IFRS-publications-en/ Documents/2012-RAP-Comparison/C5 -01.pdf [Date of circulation: 23.11.2016].
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