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ФИЛОЛОГИЧЕСКИЕ НАУКИ
COMPARATIVE TYPOLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF SEMANTIC-STRUCTURAL FEATURES OF CONDITIONAL INCLINATION IN DIFFERENT SYSTEMATIC LANGUAGES Usmonova D.S.1, Abduolimova M.N.2 Email: [email protected]
1Usmonova Dona Satvoldievna - Head of the English language Department, ENGLISH LANGUAGE DEPARTMENT; 2Abduolimova Maftuna Nurullokhon qizi - Undergraduate, DIRECTION: LINGUISTICS (ENGLISHLANGUAGE), FOREIGN LANGUAGES FACULTY, FERGHANA STATE UNIVERSITY, FERGHANA, REPUBLIC OF UZBEKISTAN
Abstract: the article under discussion considers the issues of comparative analysis of semantic and structural peculiarities of conditional inclination in different systematic languages. The authors of the article believe that in order to understand the different forms of inclination it seems reasonable to give a description of structural, semantic and functional peculiarities of verb forms of English and Russian in their relation to their meaning, situation and usage. The inclination category refers to linguistic universes present in most languages of the world. The presence of universal linguistic categories creates a special kind of linguistic knowledge, which, once acquired, facilitates the learning of another language.
Keywords: comparative analysis, language, inclination, analysis, semantic and structural features, verb, form, usage, world, students.
СРАВНИТЕЛЬНЫЙ АНАЛИЗ СЕМАНТИКО-СТРУКТУРНЫХ ОСОБЕННОСТЕЙ УСЛОВНОГО НАКЛОНЕНИЯ В РАЗЛИЧНЫХ СИСТЕМАТИЧНЫХ ЯЗЫКАХ Усмонова Д.С.1, Абдуолимова М.Н.2
1Усмонова Дона Сатволдиевна - заведующая кафедрой,
кафедра английского языка; 2Абдуолимова Мафтуна Нуруллохон кизи - магистрант, направление: лингвистика (английский язык),
факультет иностранных языков, Ферганский государственный университет, г. Фергана, Республика Узбекистан
Аннотация: данная статья рассматривает вопросы сравнительного анализа семантико-структурных особенностей условного наклонения в различных систематичных языках. Авторы статьи считают, что для уяснения различных форм наклонения представляется целесообразным дать описание структурных, семантических и функциональных особенностей глагольных форм английского и русского языков в их соотношении со значением, ситуацией и употреблением. Категория наклонения относится к языковым универсалиям, присутствующим в большинстве языков мира. Наличие универсальных языковых категорий создает особый вид лингвистических знаний, которые, будучи однажды приобретенными, облегчают усвоение другого языка.
Ключевые слова: сравнительный анализ, языковой, наклонение, анализ, семантико-структурные особенности, глагол, форма, употребление, мир, студенты.
UDC 811.111-26
In order to make students understand different forms of inclination, it seems reasonable to describe structural, semantic and functional peculiarities of verb forms of English and Russian in their relation to their meaning, situation and usage. Of the numerous models for analyzing the language systems available in linguistic literature, models proposed by a number of scientists have been involved in the analysis: A.I. Smirnitsky, L.S. Barkhudarov, D.A. Steling (English) and A.V. Bondarko (Russian). Their models are based on a close theoretical concept, which ensures the adequacy of comparison. The principle of the oppositional analysis, which is the basis for them, allows to distinguish essential semantic features of the systems being compared [1].
The inclination category refers to linguistic universes present in most languages of the world. The presence of universal language categories creates a special kind of linguistic knowledge, which, once acquired, facilitates the learning of another language.
Inclination, as a morphological means of expressing the meaning of modality, differs on the basis of contrasting marked values of the imaginary event, such as inducement and hypothetical (inducement and subjunctive, respectively), unmarked meaning of the expressive inclination. In contrast to the modal semantics conveyed by verb forms, which is perceived quite clearly, the external labelled tilting is not so obvious. Thus, A. L. Zelenetsky believes that in English "it is hardly possible to see the morphological category of inclination at all" [1]. According to the field principle in English, modal semantics is transmitted only by peripheral (non-morphological) means and has no pronounced invariant. In Russian, the forms of overriding and expressive inclinations are clearly opposed to each other. The phenomenon, traditionally classified as the Russian subjunctive inclination, has no relation to morphology. Thus, from the point of view of morphological typology Russian should be considered as a language with two inclinations, which is also distinguished by a high degree of analyticity in the transmission of modal values.
The meaning of each member of the sub-category is complex and represents the result of the combination in its structure of the identity by which the verb forms and the inclinations converge, and the difference between the two. Let us consider the sub-category of subjunctive declination in each of the languages being compared [3].
The Russian language has only one form of the subjunctive inclination, analytical in its structure. It is formed from the form of the past tense (form in "l" - "л") and the immutable particle "would" - "бы" (formed from the form of the 2nd and 3rd person of the singular number of the Aorist of the verb "be"). Due to its uniqueness, this form cannot express the tense. Time in the Russian language is expressed only in the expressive inclination. If the predicate is in the form of a subjunctive inclination, then time is expressed only lexically, i.e. indirectly: "He would have come yesterday; He would have come today (now) " - «Он приехал бы вчера; Он приехал бы сегодня (сейчас)» or it is established from the context.
The form of the subjunctive inclination in Russian cannot differentiate between the basic shades of the general meaning of possibility and desirability - reality (feasibility) or unreality (unreality) of an action. However, for differentiation of these shades the only possibility of modification is partially used - the particle "would" - "бы". When expressing the unreal meaning of "would" movable, it usually stands directly after the verb or before the verb:
He would have come by, but he's sick. -He would have come for sure... - But also: He would have come for sure. - Он приехал бы обязательно, но он болен. -Он бы приехал обязательно... Но и: он бы обязательно приехал.
In English, within the subjunctive inclination the following is highlighted:
a) Subjunctive II were, came - for the present and had, had come - for the past;
b) Subjunctive I is an archaic form of the subjunctive, coinciding with the infinitive (it be, he come);
c) the Conditional Mood - an analytical form, i.e. a combination of an infinitive with a
should/would;
d) the Suppositional Mood, a combination of the verb should and the infinitive. The Subjunctive II and the Conditional do not differ in content. The choice of one of these forms is due only to formal syntactic factors: the Conditional is used in the main sentence and Subjunctive II in the appendage. In cases where the verb does not allow an analytical form with should/would, these formal differences also disappear:
If you could talk to my boss about me, it might help, where the same form Subjunctive II is used in both parts of the sentence.
The subjunctive inclination, in V.Gurevich's terminology, corresponds to irrealism and the expressive one to realism [5]. Using this terminology we will characterize irrealism from the point of view of its use. Reality is opposed by irrealism in its paradigmatic significance (unreality). The opposition of both forms can be illustrated by the following examples : That is, it was dangerous. That is, a minute would be fatal (J. Galsworthy). Usually, there are several cases of use of irrealization in the value of unreality, which create shades of this significance:
1) unrealistic conditional periods: "As apocalypse", Kirby said, "if I were you I'd think a lot more about that". Well, I'd look into it if I were you (D. Carter);
2) the consequence of an unrealistic condition where a condition can be expressed by context: Kirby! And line on Kirby. That would be something (D. Carter). Sure he wouldn't make a fool of himself like that (V. Shaw);
3) An unrealistic wish: "If you wouldn't always be Alan Baird!" she said, crying and smiling. "If you wouldn't "always go against things!" (D. Carter) I wish wo'd call me Alan. (Ibid): (Ibid): (Ibid): "If you wouldn't always be Alan Baird.
4) An unrealistic comparison: Their marriage had survived three years, and now they found themselves back in Mickey's, waltzing as if the stuffy little place was somewhere in the Vienna woods. (D. Carter) I am tired of being turned on as if I was in the wrong. (W. Shaw) For an instant it seemed as if Ivory would knock him senseless of the fender... (A. Cronin);
Thus, the paradigmatic meaning and use of irrealism in modern English is in principle the same as in other modern languages.
References / Список литературы
1. Zelenetsiy A.L. Sravnitel'naya tipologiya osnovnykh yevropeyskikh yazykov. M.: Izd. tsentr «Akademiya». 2004. 252 с.
2. Usmonova D.S., Orunbаeva U.Sh. Conceptual problems of simultaneous interpretation // Problemy Nauki, 2020. № 2 (147). [Electronic Resource]. URL: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/conceptual-problems-of-simultaneous-interpretation/ (date of access: 19.03.2020).
3. Usmonova D.S., Ruzieva Kh.B. Linguistic analysis of puns in the english language // Problemy Nauki, 2020. № 2 (147). [Electronic Resource]. URL: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/linguistic-analysis-of-puns-in-the-english-language/ (date of access: 19.03.2020).
4. Akramova N.M., Dekhkonboy N.O. Phraseological euphemisms in modern english // Problemy Nauki, 2019. № 12-2 (145). [Electronic Resource]. URL: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/phraseological-euphemisms-in-modern-english/ (date of access: 19.03.2020).
5. Akramova N.M., Burkhonova G.G'. Grammar in context: a new approach to teaching foreign language grammar // Problemy Nauki, 2019. № 12-1 (145). [Electronic Resource]. URL: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/grammar-in-context-a-new-approach-to-teaching-foreign-language-grammar/ (date of access: 19.03.2020).
6. Gurevich V.V. Theoretical grammar of the English language. Comparative typology of English and Russian languages: textbook. Moscow: Flint: Science, 2003. P. 168.
