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RUDN Journal of Language Studies, Semiotics and Semantics
2313-2299 (print), ISSN 2411-1236 (online)
Вестник Российского университета дружбы народов. Серия: ТЕОРИЯ ЯЗЫКА. СЕМИОТИКА. СЕМАНТИКА
2022 Vol. 13 No. 2 502-517
http://journals.rudn.ru/semiotics-semantics
DOI: 10.22363/2313-2299-2022-13-2-502-517 UDC [811.161.1:811.581]'367.624
Research article / Научная статья
Comparative Analysis of the Russian Adverb чрезвычайно and the Chinese Adverb in the Meaning of 'extremely'
Jin Lian1, Olesya V. Lazareva1 Э И, Olga S. Lazareva2
'Peoples' Friendship University of Russia,
6, Miklukho-Maklaya st., Moscow, Russian Federation, 117198
2 Centre of Sports and Education "Sambo-70" of Committee of Physical culture and sport of Moscow,
4B, Academic Vinogradov st., Moscow, Russian Federation, 117133 И lazareva-ov@rudn.ru
Abstract. The research is devoted to an actual topic — a comparative description of adverbs of degree and measure in the Russian and Chinese languages. The object of the comparative analysis of this study is the adverbs of degree and measure of the Russian and Chinese languages чрезвычайно [chrezvychayno] and ^РЖ [feichang] 'extremely'. The subject of the study is the similarities and differences in the field of pragmatics and semantic compatibility of the adverbs чрезвычайно [chrezvychayno] and ^РЖ [feichang] 'extremely'. The purpose of this work is to reveal semantic and pragmatic properties of the adverbs чрезвычайно [chrezvychayno] and ^Ж [feichang] 'extremely'. The article involves the following methods: descriptive method, observation method, comparative analysis method, example confirmation method. The scientific novelty of the research lies in the fact that in a comparative study of adverbs чрезвычайно [chrezvychayno] and ^Ж [feichang] in the strong meaning 'extremely' in Russian and Chinese has not been previously carried out. Based on the analysis of theoretical provisions and linguistic material derived from the National Corpus of the Russian Language and Chinese fiction, as well as explanatory dictionaries of Russian and Chinese, we can conclude that despite the coincidence of the semantics of the adverbs чрезвычайно [chrezvychayno] and ^Ж [feichang] 'extremely' their usage varies. To avoid mistakes, it is necessary to take into account the similarities and differences in the field of semantic compatibility and pragmatics of these adverbs. The study can be useful in teaching Russian as a foreign language and theory and practice of translation from Chinese into Russian and vice versa.
Keywords: adverb, adverbs of degree and measure, comparative analysis, semantic compatibility, pragmatics, Russian language, Chinese language
Article history:
Received: 01.09.2021 Accepted: 01.12.2021
© Jin Lian, Lazareva O.V., Lazareva O.S. 2022
Q This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License I^S^KS^« https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
For citation:
Jin, Lian, Lazareva, O.V. & Lazareva, O.S. (2022). Comparative Analysis of the Russian Adverb чрезвычайно and the Chinese Adverb ^ЁЖ in the Meaning of 'extremely'.
RUDN Journal of Language Studies, Semiotics and Semantics, 13(2), 502—517. https:// doi.org/10.22363/2313-2299-2022-13-2-502-517
Сопоставительный анализ русского наречия чрезвычайно и китайского наречия
Цзинь Лянь1, О.В. Лазарева1 G И, О.С. Лазарева2
Российский университет дружбы народов,
117198, Российская Федерация, Москва, ул. Миклухо-Маклая, 6
2«Центр спорта и образования «Самбо-70» Москомспорта,
117133, Российская Федерация, Москва, ул. Академика Виноградова, 4Б И lazareva-ov@rudn.ru
Аннотация. Работа посвящена актуальной теме — сопоставительному описанию наречий меры и степени в русском и китайском языках. Объектом сравнительного анализа данного исследования являются наречия меры и степени русского и китайского языков чрезвычайно и ^Ж [фэй чан] 'чрезвычайно'. Предмет исследования — сходства и различия в области прагматики и семантической сочетаемости наречий чрезвычайно и ^Ж [фэй чан] 'чрезвычайно'. Цель данной работы — выявить семантические и прагматические свойства наречий чрезвычайно и ^Ж [фэй чан] 'чрезвычайно'. В статье применялись следующие методы: описательный метод, метод наблюдения, метод сопоставительного анализа, метод подтверждения примером. Научная новизна исследования состоит в том, что сопоставительном исследовании наречий со значением высокой степени чрезвычайно и ^Ж [фэй чан] 'чрезвычайно' в русском и китайском языках ранее не проводились. На основе анализа теоретических положений и языкового материала, взятого из Национального корпуса русского языка и китайской художественной литературы, а также толковых словарей русского и китайского языков, можно сделать вывод о том, что несмотря на совпадения семантики наречий чрезвычайно и ^Ж [фэй чан] 'чрезвычайно', их употребление различается. Во избежание ошибок необходимо учитывать сходства и различия в области семантической сочетаемости и прагматики данных наречий. Исследование может быть полезным при преподавании русского языка как иностранного, а также в тории и практике перевода с китайского языка на русский язык и с русского на китайский язык.
Ключевые слова: наречие, наречие меры и степени, сопоставительный анализ, семантическая сочетаемость, прагматика, русский язык, китайский язык
История статьи:
Дата поступления: 01.09.2021 Дата приема в печать: 1.12.2021
Для цитирования:
Jin Lian, Lazareva O.V, Lazareva O.S. Comparative Analysis of the Russian Adverb чрезвычайно and the Chinese Adverb ^Ж in the Meaning of 'extremely'// Вестник Российского университета дружбы народов. Серия: Теория языка. Семиотика. Семантика. 2022. Т. 13. № 2. С. 502—517. https://doi.org/10.22363/2313-2299-2022-13-2-502-517
Introduction
A comparative study of adverbs in Russian and Chinese has been carried out in a number of linguistic works. Interest in considering an adverb in a comparative aspect is associated with a number of reasons, primarily with the fact that in the field of adverbalization there are several similar features of the two languages under consideration. Thus, for example, in Russian and Chinese, adverbs are described as belonging to the class of derived or non-derived units. Derived adverbs in both compared languages are mainly formed from adjectives and nouns — a suffixal way for this group in both languages.
It is known that the Chinese language differs from the Russian language in a number of grammatical features at the level of morphology and at the level of syntax. The Chinese language is characterized by the economy of grammatical means, which is manifested in various aspects of the grammatical structure of the Chinese language. This is also seen on the example of adverbs in the works of Russian and Chinese scientists. L.V. Adamchuk conducted a study of the classification of adverbs of degree and measure, which shows the principles of singling out an adverb as a part of speech according to the syntactic criterion, describes the similarities of the functioning of adverbs in the Chinese language in comparison with the Russian language and considers grammatical characteristics of adverbs [1]. Zhao Meng's research shows that adverbialization in Chinese is characterized by a tendency for forms that perform the functions of modifiers in a sentence to acquire adverbial meanings, which are subsequently assigned to them due to regular use in speech. Gradually, they pass the stage of isolation from the original part of speech, undergo significant grammatical and semantic changes, and thus turn into adverbs [2]. He Ping conducted a semantic description of adverbs of degree and measure in Russian using the example of adverbs чрезвычайно [chrezvychayno] 'extremely', очень [ochen'] 'very' and весьма [ves'ma] 'notably' and pointed out that in most cases they can be replaced in a sentence with each other, however, there are differences between them in terms of semantics: очень [ochen'] 'very' gives an objective assessment and чрезвычайно [chrezvychayno] 'extremely' and весьма [ves'ma] 'notably' give very subjective assessment [3]. Jia Xiaoxu compared the definition and classification principles of degree and measure adverbs in two languages, in which he divided them into quantitative, comparative and subjective. Comparing adverbs of degree and measure in Chinese and Russian, Jia Xiaoxu found that there is not much difference in meaning between them and noted that adverbs of degree and measure in Chinese can be combined with nouns, which is not possible in Russian [4]. Zhang Yuehong describes the dialects of the Chinese language from the point of view of the theory of Moscow Semantic School and explores the semantic scope of Chinese dialects. The semantic scope, according to the author of the work, is a generalized concept of octant as applied to predicates in a broad sense, which include some valences in their semantic structure. The semantic
sphere of a lexeme, according to a certain valence, is a fragment of the meaning of a sentence that fills this valency [5].
Thus, today a grammatical theory of adverbs is being created, in which a comparative description of adverbs of degree and measure in Russian and Chinese is relevant. An accurate understanding of the semantics of the adverb is important for interpreting the meaning of the entire sentence as a whole and for describing the semantic relationship between the adverb and the central predicate of the sentence.
The theoretical and methodological basis of the study were the works of the following Russian and Chinese linguists: L.V. Adamchuk [1], Zhao Meng [2], He Ping [3], Jia Xiaoxu [4], Zhang Yuehong [5], N.Yu. Shvedova [6], V.A. Beloshapkova [7], S.A. Grigorieva [8], Li Quan [9], Yang Zhongxiang [10], Zhang Guibin [11], Zhou Xiaobing [12], V.I. Gorelov [13], T.F. Efremova [14], Huang Ying [15], Lu Danjing [16], Xi Lusheng, Mao Diguang [17], O.N. Lyashevskaya, S.A. Sharov [18], S.I. Ozhegov [19], Zhang Yisheng [20], Huang Yujiao [21], Chen Jinxiang [22], E.N. Vinogradova, L P. Klobukova [23], Li Yuming [24], etc.
Definition and classification of adverbs of degree and measure in Russian and Chinese
Adverbs of degree and measure play an important communicative role in expressing modifier meanings, the degree of expressiveness of the action; they obviously increase the information capacity of the narrative without significantly expanding the volume of the message. When studying adverbs of degree and measure in Russian and Chinese, it is necessary to first consider their definition and classification.
Adverbs of degree and measure mainly express the intensity of the manifestation of a feature and usually define an adjective or an adverb, therefore they belong to the category of qualitative adverbs, for example: очень [ochen'] 'very', слишком [slishkom] 'too', абсолютно [absolyutno] 'absolutely', совершенно [sovershenno] 'completely', чересчур [chereschur] 'too much', чуть-чуть [chut'-chut'] 'just a little', немного [nemnogo] 'a little', etc. [6. P. 864]. This category of adverbs also includes the adverbs studied in this work чрезвычайно [chrezvychayno] and [feichang] 'extremely'.
Adverbs of degree and measure indicate the quantity, measure or degree of expression of a feature. In other words, they can be called quantitative adverbs. They answer the questions: to what extent? how much? how many? in what degree? etc. Adverbs with the meaning of degree and measure can be combined with verbs, adjectives and adverbs [6. P. 515].
V.A. Beloshapkova distinguished two categories of adverbs of degree and measure: 1) with intense meaning: весьма [ves'ma] 'notably', слишком [slishkom] 'too', очень [ochen'] 'very', чрезвычайно [chrezvychayno] 'extremely', etc. 2) with a weakened meaning: чуть-чуть [chut'-chut'] 'just a little', почти [pochti] 'almost',
etc. [7. P. 519]. S.A. Grigorieva divided adverbs of degree and measure into three categories based on the concept of norm: 1) less than normal: мало [malo] 'little', чуть [chut'] 'slightly', etc.; 2) normal: достаточно [dostatochno] 'enough', довольно [dovol'no] 'quite', etc.; 3) more than normal: крайне [krayne] 'utterly', очень [ochen'] 'very', чрезвычайно [chrezvychayno] 'extremely', etc. [8].
As for the definition of adverbs of degree and measure in Chinese, Li Quan believes that adverbs of degree and measure indicate the degree of manifestation of a feature and define only qualitative adjectives, verbs denoting a mental state, or verb-object constructions. For example: [fei chang xin xian]
'extremely fresh', [hen houhui] 'very sorry', [youdian qi ren] 'a
little annoying', etc. [9. P. 87]. Yang Zhongxiang believes that the semantic feature of adverbs of degree and measure is the expression of the degree of manifestation of a feature or certain actions [10. P. 78].
Zhang Guibin and Zhou Xiaobing classified adverbs of degree and measure in more detail. Zhang Guibin divided adverbs of degree and measure into four categories: ШШШ [chao gaoji] 'super high', for example: й' [zui] 'the most'; Ш ШШ [ji gaoji] 'high', for example: Ж [geng] 'more'; ЖМШ. [ci gaoji] 'lower than high, but higher than low', for example: [feichang] 'extremely'; [jiao
di ji] 'low', for example: ^ [shao] 'just a little' [11. P. 93].
Zhou Xiaobing believes that adverbs of degree and measure can be divided into three categories: ШЖН^ [chengdu guotou] 'excessive degree'; ШЖ^ [chengdu gao] 'medium-high degree'; [chengdu di] 'low degree' [12. P. 101].
Despite the fact that the classifications of adverbs of degree and measure in Chinese and Russian languages differ, they can be roughly divided into three categories: adverbs of low, medium and high degree. In this work, the main attention is paid to the most used adverbs of the high degree of Russian and Chinese languages чрезвычайно [chrezvychayno] and [feichang] 'extremely' [13. P. 37]. The paper introduces a comparative analysis of their similarities and differences in terms of semantic compatibility and pragmatics.
Comparison of the semantic compatibility of adverbs чрезвычайно [chrezvychayno] and ^^ [feichang] 'extremely'
In New dictionary of Russian language by T.F. Efremova чрезвычайно [chrezvychayno] 'extremely' means the manifestation of the highest degree of a feature [14]. In the Xinghua Chinese dictionary, the adverb [feichang] 'extremely' is also interpreted as an indication of a strong, high degree of manifestation of something [25. P. 126]. It can be considered that the adverbs чрезвычайно [chrezvychayno] and [feichang] 'extremely' have many similarities, the differences are observed in the semantic compatibility of these adverbs (see Table 1) [10. P. 83-87; 15. P. 215-220].
Table 1 / Таблица 1
Semantic compatibility of adverbs чрезвычайно [chrezvychayno] and [feichang] 'extremely' / Семантическая сочетаемость наречий чрезвычайно и [feichang] 'extremely'
adverb with quality adjectives with verbs with adverbs with nouns
extremely beautiful wish, fear loudly -
ШШ
[feichang]] [yingjun] [xiwang] [dasheng de] [shenshl]
чрезвычайно красивый желать громко 'gentleman'
[chrezvychayno] [krasivyy] [zhelat'] [gromko]
'extremely' 'beautiful' 'wish', 'loudly'
mm
[haipa]
бояться
[boyat'sya]
'fear'
To conduct a detailed analysis of the compatibility of чрезвычайно [chrezvychayno] and [feichang] 'extremely', let us consider 18 examples from the national corpora of Russian [26] and Chinese [27].
1. With quality adjectives.
a) ФНЯИШЬ.
[ta dayue 28 sui zuoyou, shencai gaoda, jianbang kuankuo, shenti jiankang, feichang yingjun wubi] [27]. Это был очень высокий, широкоплечий, здоровый и чрезвычайно красивый молодой человек, лет 28-ми [Eto byl ochen' vysokiy, shirokoplechiy, zdorovyy i chrezvychayno krasivyy molodoy chelovek, let 28-mi] [26] 'He was a very tall, broad-shouldered, healthy and extremely handsome young man, about 28 years old'.
b) М^^Ш^Й.^ТЖ^ФЗ'ЖЗШЙШ [xuyao zhuanmen yanjiu yixia zhege feichang zhongyao de wenti] [27]. Это чрезвычайно важная проблема требует специального изучения [eto chrezvychayno vazhnaya problema trebuyet spetsial'nogo izucheniya] [26] 'This extremely important problem requires special study'.
Чрезвычайно [chrezvychayno] and [feichang] 'extremely' can
be combined with quality adjectives, but they cannot be used with adjectives that themselves express a high degree of manifestation of a feature or quality: ярко-красный [yarko-krasnyy] 'bright red', белоснежный [belosnezhnyy] 'snow-white', Ш X [xianhong] ] 'bright red', ШЙ [xuebai] 'snow-white', etc.
2. With verbs.
1) Чрезвычайно [chrezvychayno] and [feichang] 'extremely' can be used with modal verbs such as wish, need, etc.
a) [wo feichang
xiwang bimian jinyibu de jieshi, zhe dui ni hui geng you haochu] [27].
Я чрезвычайно желаю избежать дальнейших объяснений, да и вам это будет выгоднее [ya chrezvychayno zhelayu izbezhat' dal'neyshikh ob'yasneniy, da i vam eto budet vygodneye] [26] 'I extremely wish to avoid further explanations, and it will be more profitable for you'.
b) r
Ш^ШШМА^М^ [ju tuice, bu'ersheweike zhengfu bu hui chixu tai jiu, yimin jiang fanhui nage feichang xuyao shouguo falu jiaoyu rencai de eluosi] [27]. Предполагалось, что большевиц-кая власть продержится недолго и эмигранты вернутся в Россию, которая будет чрезвычайно нуждаться в юридически образованных людях [predpolagalos', chto bol'shevitskaya vlast' proderzhitsya nedolgo i emigranty vernutsya v Rossiyu, kotoraya budet chrezvychayno nuzhdat'sya v yuridicheski obrazovannykh lyudyakh] [26] 'It was assumed that the Bolshevik power would not last long and the emigrants would return to Russia, which would extremely need legally educated people'.
2) Чрезвычайно [chrezvychayno] and ^Ж [feichang] 'extremely' can be combined with verbs of mental state.
a) [wo feichang haipa ta ta shige jiugui] [27]. Я чрезвычайно боюсь, не пьян ли он? [ya chrezvychayno boyus', ne p'yan li on] [26] 'I am extremely afraid if he is drunk'.
b) —[women dui yiqie dou feichang gan xingqu] [27]. Нас всё это чрезвычайно интересует [Nas vso eto chrezvychayno interesuyet] [26] 'We are extremely interested in all this'. In these examples, to be afraid and to be interested refer to the verbs of the mental state.
3. With adverbs.
a) [zheng shi zhe hua, rang shangren, pucong deng ren dou xiaole, xiao de feichang dasheng] [27]. Это-то и веселило и купца, и лакея, и всех, и они чрезвычайно громко и развязно смеялись [eto-to i veselilo i kuptsa, i lakeya, i vsekh, i oni chrezvychayno gromko i razvyazno smeyalis'] [26] 'This amused the merchant, the lackey, and everyone, and they laughed extremely loudly and cheekily'.
b) [XTn de shuji zhizuo fangshi chuanbo sudu feichang kuai] [27]. Новый способ изготовления книг распространился чрезвычайно быстро [Novyy sposob izgotovleniya knig rasprostranilsya chrezvychayno bistro] [26] 'The new way of making books has spread extremely quickly'.
Чрезвычайно [chrezvychayno] and ^Ж [feichang] 'extremely' cannot be used with adverbs of manner, for example: Ш0Ш [paobu de] 'in a running way', etc.
The analysis of the examples allows us to conclude that the semantic valency of the adverbs Чрезвычайно [chrezvychayno] and [feichang] 'extremely' almost coincide. However, in China in recent decades, there has been a new trend in the use of the adverb [feichang] 'extremely' — in modern Chinese, the phrase [feichang] 'extremely' + noun is increasingly common [15. P. 76]. For example: a) nouns denoting a person or place: (1) [feichang shenshi] 'very (real) gentleman' — implies
a mandatory set of qualities of a well-mannered, educated and decent person, (2) ffi^ [feichang xifang] 'very western' — the character of a person is very open or the architecture is very European; b) abstract nouns with qualitative semantics: (3) # [feichang qingchun] 'very young'. Thus, the speaker expresses more information in a short statement, which is popular among native Chinese speakers, in particular, in the oral speech of the younger generation [16. P. 26]. Whereas the Russian adverb чрезвычайно [chrezvychayno] 'extremely' is impossible to combine with nouns, since this does not correspond to the accepted rules of word usage.
Comparison of the pragmatics of adverbs чрезвычайно [chrezvychayno] and ^^ [feichang] 'extremely'
1. Differences in styles.
The stylistic features of adverbs are reflected in the frequency of their use in oral and written forms. Table 2. Frequency of use in different styles combines statistics on the frequency of use of adverbs чрезвычайно [chrezvychayno] and [feichang] 'extremely' in different styles based on the Frequency Dictionary of the Modern Russian Language [17. P. 682] and the Frequency Dictionary of Modern Chinese [28. P. 862]. The frequency of use is expressed in IPM (instances per million words).
Table 2 / Таблица 2
Frequency of use in different styles / Частота использования наречий в разных стилях
Adverb Publicistic style (IPM) Popular scientific style (IPM) Fiction (IPM) Colloquial and everyday speech (IPM)
Чрезвычайно [chrezvychayno] 'extremely' 54.3 53.6 29.0 36.8
[feichang] 'extremely' 60 98 189 37
When comparing the data given in the table, we can see that both adverbs can be used in oral and written speech. The frequency of their use in writing styles varies: чрезвычайно [chrezvychayno] 'extremely' is often used in newspapers and magazines, and [feichang] 'extremely' is often used in fiction.
2. Differences in the distribution by types of sentences (narrative, imperative and
exclamatory).
To analyze the use of the considered adverbs in different types of sentences, we have taken examples from literary texts and national corpora of the Russian and Chinese languages.
1) Чрезвычайно [chrezvychayno] and [feichang] 'extremely' can be used in narrative sentences, for example:
a) мм^ш^штт-^шмл Фтю^лЁ^! [guga
gei zhizi liu xiale yige xiesidili, feichang buxing de nuren de yinxiang], На племянника тётка произвела впечатление женщины истеричной и чрезвычайно несчастливой [na plemyannika totka proizvela vpechatleniye zhenshchiny isterichnoy i chrezvychayno neschastlivoy] [26] 'The aunt impressed her nephew as a hysterical and extremely unhappy woman'.
b) [salian de jinshu feichang pianyi] [25]. Металл в Советском Союзе был чрезвычайно дешевый [metall v Sovetskom Soyuze byl chrezvychayno deshevyy] [26]. 'Metal in the Soviet Union was extremely cheap'.
The adverbs чрезвычайно [chrezvychayno] and [feichang]
'extremely' are characterized by a high degree of emotionality: according to the Chinese Xinghua dictionary, the adverb [feichang] 'extremely' has an unusual, special and strong emotional connotation [24. P. 127]. The Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language also explains the word чрезвычайно [chrezvychayno] 'extremely' as: unusual, special [18]. Therefore, such assessments as [feichang buxing] 'extremely unhappy',
[feichang pianyi] 'extremely cheap' have a clear emotional connotation. However, in Chinese comparative sentences we cannot use such adverbs of degree and measure as [feichang] 'extremely' [19. P. 244], but
in Russian we can, for example: он чрезвычайно смелый по сравнению со мной [on chrezvychayno smelyy po sravneniyu so mnoy] 'he is extremely brave compared to me' [25].
2) The adverb чрезвычайно [chrezvychayno] 'extremely' can be used in imperative sentences, for example: делай это чрезвычайно осторожно! [delay eto chrezvychayno ostorozhno] 'do it extremely carefully'.
[feichang] 'extremely' cannot be used in such sentences, since in Chinese adverbs of degree and measure can only be used to determine the real modality, and the imperative sentence is unfulfilled [19. P. 247-249].
3) The adverb [feichang] 'extremely' can be used in exclamatory sentences, for example: [zhong xinxing de zhadan! Weili feichang da] [25] 'a new type of bomb! extremely powerful!'.
Thus, there are both similarities and differences in the use of the adverbs чрезвычайно [chrezvychayno] and [feichang] 'extremely'.
3. Differences in function in sentences
Adverbs of degree and measure in Russian mainly indicate various characteristics of actions or states. From a syntactical point of view, the adverb чрезвычайно [chrezvychayno] 'extremely' acts as a modifier in sentences, which is a common and frequent occurrence [3]. For example:
a) Оценки количественных изменений пространственной мобильности — чрезвычайно сложная задача [otsenki kolichestvennykh izmeneniy prostranstvennoy mobil'nosti — chrezvychayno slozhnaya zadacha] [25] 'Estimating quantitative changes in spatial mobility is an extremely difficult task'.
b) У нас оно ничего этого не делает, зато чрезвычайно активно вмешивается в экономику, более того — сращивается с ней [u nas ono nichego etogo ne delayet, zato chrezvychayno aktivno vmeshivayetsya v ekonomiku, boleye togo — srashchivayetsya s ney] [25] 'In our country, it does nothing of the sort, but it intervenes extremely actively in the economy, moreover, it merges with it'.
c) Иван Прокофьевич человек крутого характера, но зато редких добродетелей; напротив того, Прокофий Иванович чрезвычайно любит редьку с мёдом [Ivan Prokof'yevich chelovek krutogo kharaktera, no zato redkikh dobrodeteley; naprotiv togo, Prokofiy Ivanovich chrezvychayno lyubit red'ku s modom] [25] 'Ivan Prokofievich is a man of strong character, but rare virtues; on the contrary, Prokofy Ivanovich extremely loves radishes with honey'.
In the three sentences above, чрезвычайно [chrezvychayno] 'extremely' is combined with the adjective сложная [slozhnaya] 'difficult', the adverb активно [aktivno] 'actively', the verb любить [lyubit'] 'love' and serves as a modifier.
The adverb [feichang] 'extremely' can be used both as a modifier and as a complement [20].
In modern Chinese, [feichang] 'extremely' is used as a modifier and combined with adjectives, verbs, adverbs, and nouns. This adverb can be repeated in a sentence to give expressiveness to the statement and enhance the meaning [21]. For example:
^ЙЙШШ [Women hai keyi ji zhu yi jian feichang zhongyao de shiqing: Wuzhi bushi women neixin chansheng xie'e de genyuan] [27]. И мы можем ещё одно помнить, чрезвычайно важное: не тело является причиной и источником зла в нас [i my mozhem yeshcho odno pomnit', chrezvychayno vazhnoye: ne telo yavlyayetsya prichinoy i istochnikom zla v nas] [26] 'And we can remember one more thing, extremely important: it is not the body that is the cause and source of evil in us'.
b) [ta bu jide guo ge li, dan
ta feichang xihuan xiuke liaofa] [27]. Гоголя он не помнил, но шоковая тера-
пия ему чрезвычайно понравилась [Gogolya on ne pomnil, no shokovaya terapiya yemu yemu chrezvychayno ponravilas'] [26] 'He didn't remember Gogol, but he really liked the shock therapy'.
c) [bie shuo kaiche, lian da baitian zoulu ye bian de feichang weixian] [27]. Не то, что проехать, пройти даже средь бела дня стало чрезвычайно опасно [ne to, chto proyekhat', proyti dazhe sred' bela dnya stalo chrezvychayno opasno] [26] 'Not only that it has become extremely dangerous to pass, even in broad daylight'.
d) [yingpian «feichang suiyue» huodele hen gao de pingjia] [27]. Фильм «Годы» получил высокие оценки [fil'm «Gody» poluchil vysokiye otsenki] 'The film Years received high marks'. Here, the adverb [feichang] is combined with a noun and cannot be translated as 'extremely'.
When using the adverb [feichang] as a complement, its compatibility becomes more limited. It mainly includes words such as: [renao] 'fun', [kuaile] 'happily', [meili] 'beautiful(ly)' and other laudatory lexemes [21]. For example:
a) fl [yanhui shang, zhong binke qi ju yitang, renao feichang]. На банкете собрались все гости, и было очень весело [na bankete sobralis' vse gosti, i bylo ochen' veselo] [26] 'All the guests gathered at the banquet, and it was a lot of fun'.
b) [duokui ni, women xiangshi, jiele han, kuaile feichang]. Мы познакомились благодаря вам, поженились, живем очень счастливо [my poznakomilis' blagodarya vam, pozhenilis', zhivem ochen' schastlivo] [26] 'We met thanks to you, got married and live very happily'.
c) ^ЙИШ^А, [zuo zai gebi de nuren, meili feichang]. Женщина, рядом сидящая, очень красива [Zhenshchina, ryadom sidyashchaya, ochen' krasiva] [25] 'The woman sitting next to me is very beautiful'.
Analyzing the above examples, we can notice that the adverb [feichang] 'extremely' in Chinese acts as a modifier or object depending on its position in relation to the word it defines: in cases where [feichang] 'extremely' stands before the word being defined, it is a modifier, in cases where [feichang] 'extremely' is after the word being defined it is an object.
In negative sentences, the words не [ne] and ^ [bu] 'no' can only be placed after adverbs чрезвычайно [chrezvychayno] and [feichang] 'extremely'
to express a negative emotional coloring [22]. For example:
a) [ta feichang bu xihuan lishi
shang de "lixing zhuyi fangfa" [27]. Ему чрезвычайно не нравится «рационалистический подход» в истории [yemu chrezvychayno ne nravitsya «ratsionalisticheskiy podkhod» v istorii] [26] 'He extremely dislikes (does not like) the "rationalistic approach" in history'.
[bixu shuo, zhengge dongyuan shi feichang bu jingji de, erqie shi renmin fuchule canzhong de daijia] [27]. Нужно сказать, что вся мобилизация производилась чрезвычайно не экономно и стоила народу очень дорого [nuzhno skazat', chto vsya mobilizatsiya proizvodilas' chrezvychayno ne ekonomno i stoila narodu ochen' dorogo] [26] 'It must be said that the entire mobilization was carried out extremely uneconomically (not economically) and cost the people very dearly'. Thus, the adverbs чрезвычайно [chrezvychayno] and [feichang]
'extremely' can be used as modifiers, but [feichang] 'extremely' can also be used as an object.
Conclusion
A comparative study of the adverbs of degree and measure чрезвычайно [chrezvychayno] and [feichang] 'extremely' from the point of view of semantic compatibility and pragmatics showed that, although the lexical meaning of these adverbs in dictionaries is the same, they have differences in use.
Semantic compatibility of чрезвычайно [chrezvychayno] and [feichang] 'extremely' are practically the same: both adverbs can be used with quality adjectives, adverbs, modal verbs and verbs of mental state, they cannot be used with state adjectives and action adverbs. However, in Chinese there is a tendency to combine [feichang] 'extremely' with nouns, which is impossible in Russian. Чрезвычайно [chrezvychayno] and ^Ж [feichang] 'extremely' can be seen in both spoken and written language. The adverb чрезвычайно [chrezvychayno] is most common in journalistic style — in newspapers and magazines, and # Ж [feichang] 'extremely' — in literary texts. Both adverbs are met in narrative sentences with a pronounced emotional coloring. The difference is that [feichang] 'extremely' can be used in exclamatory sentences, and чрезвычайно [chrezvychayno] — in imperatives and in sentences with comparidon. From the point of view of syntactic functions, the adverb [feichang] 'extremely' in sentences can act as a modifier and object, while чрезвычайно [chrezvychayno] 'extremely' performs only the functions of a modifier. Their use in negative sentences is the same.
Thus, in order to avoid mistakes in the use of these adverbs, it is necessary to know and take into account the differences between them, since they are not equivalent.
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Сведения об авторах:
Цзинь Лянь, аспирант кафедры общего и русского языкознания филологического факультета, Российский университет дружбы народов, научные интересы: сравнительно-историческое, типологическое и сопоставительное языкознание; e-mail: 1044558980@qq.com
Лазарева Олеся Викторовна, кандидат филологических наук, доцент кафедры общего и русского языкознания филологического факультета Российского университета дружбы народов, ответственный секретарь журнала Вестник Российского университета дружбы народов. Серия: Теория языка. Семиотика. Семантика; научные интересы: сопоставительная грамматика и лексика, язык для специальных целей, семиотика; e-mail: lazareva-ov@rudn.ru
ORCID ID: 0000-0002-1227-4493, Scopus Author ID: 57225183694, Web of Science ResearcherID: AAB-6284-2019.
Лазарева Ольга Сергеевна, «Центр спорта и образования «Самбо-70» Москомспорта, Россия, учитель английского языка высшей категории, учитель русского языка и литературы, русского языка для иностранцев, почетный работник образования города Москвы, научные интересы: переводоведение, языкознание, профессиональное общение, поэтический строй языка, семиотика; e-mail: olgalazareva.lazareva@yandex.ru
Information about the authors:
Jin Lian, PhD student of the Department of General and Russian Linguistics, Faculty of Philology, Peoples' Friendship University of Russia; Research interests: Comparative historical, typological and contrastive linguistics; e-mail: 1044558980@qq.com
Olesya V Lazareva, PhD in Philology, Associate Professor of the General and Russian Linguistics Department, Philological faculty, Peoples' Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), Executive Secretary of Editorial Team of RUDN Journal of Language Studies, Semiotics and Semantics; Research interests: language for special purpoes, comparative grammar and lexis, semiotics; e-mail: lazareva-ov@rudn.ru
ORCID ID: 0000-0002-1227-4493, Scopus Author ID: 57225183694, Web of Science ResearcherlD: AAB-6284-2019.
Olga S. Lazareva, Centre of Sports and Education "Sambo-70" of Committee of Physical culture and sport of Moscow, Russian Federation an English teacher of the highest category, Russian, Literature, a Russian language teacher for foreigners, an honorary worker of education of Moscow, Research interests: translation studies, language for special purposes, professional communication, poetic language, semiotics; e-mail: olgalazareva.lazareva@yandex.ru
